Help:Wikitext and Help:Special page: Difference between pages

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{{Redirect|WP:SPEC|the policy on speculative information in articles|Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a crystal ball}}
{{shortcut|H:MARKUP|WP:MARKUP}}
{{namespaces}}
'''Wiki markup''' is the [[Wikitext|text]] you use to format a Wikipedia page; please see [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to edit a page]] for details on using it.
{{shortcut|WP:SPEC}}
==Links and URLs==
'''Special pages''' are pages that have no [[WP:Wikitext|wikitext]], but are generated by the software on demand. They are found in the "Special:" [[WP:Namespace|namespace]]. It is not possible to make a redirect to a special page, or to create normal pages beginning with the "Special:" prefix.
The following characters are used to create links: <code><nowiki>[[ ]], [ ], ~~~~, ~~~, http, ISBN, RFC & {{ }}</nowiki></code>, as denoted by the following sections:
{|
|
*[[#articlelink|Article link]]


Special pages often take [[Parameter (computer science)|arguments]]. Sometimes these can be supplied after a slash (as in [[Special:Log/block]]); in other cases an index.php call is used, as in http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&days=3&limit=10. Also the content of some special pages depends on preferences that have been set by the user, e.g. classic or enhanced Recent Changes, the number of titles in Recent Changes and the watchlist, etc.
*[[#renamedlink|Renamed link]]


Some information is generated by [[WP:Toolserver|toolserver]] rather than by special pages. See [[WP:Database reports]].
*[[#blendlink|Blend link]]


The special pages can be accessed from [[Special:Specialpages]], which is found in the sidebar of every page on Wikipedia. It is located in the Toolbox section.
*[[#otherpagelink|Other page link]]


==Modifying special pages==
*[[#link-to-section|Section link]]
Although special pages are not themselves editable, they generally contain standard text which is modifiable (although only by administrators). This text is contained in pages in the [[WP:MediaWiki namespace|MediaWiki namespace]]. To find the right portion of text, see [[Special:AllMessages]]. To propose a modification, leave an {{tl|edit protected}} request on the talk page of the relevant MediaWiki page. An administrator will make the change if it seems appropriate.


==Available special pages==
*[[#examplerenamedlinks|Example renamed links]]
===General information===
*[[Special:SpecialPages]]: a list of most special pages currently available to all users.
*[[Special:AllMessages]]: displays all pages in the MediaWiki namespace.
*[[Special:Statistics]]: total number of pages and users in various categories.
*[[Special:Version]]: shows the version of the software the site is currently running, and a listing of extensions installed.
*[[Special:SiteMatrix]]: lists all Wikimedia projects (such as different language Wikipedias) and their codes.


===Page listings===
*[[#createpagelink|Create page link]]
*[[Special:AllPages]]: allows the user to access a portion of an alphabetical list of all Wikipedia pages in a specified namespace. A starting point can be given as a parameter, e.g. [[Special:AllPages/T]] (pages in the main namespace, from "T"), [[Special:Allpages/Template:]] (pages in the Template: namespace, from the start). For the order in which pages are listed, see [[Help:Alphabetical order]].
*[[Special:PrefixIndex]]: similar to AllPages. Lists all pages of a specified namespace beginning with a given prefix. Useful to find subpages, for example: [[Special:PrefixIndex/User:Example]].
*[[Special:Categories]]: shows an alphabetical list of categories, with numbers of members.
*[[Special:CategoryTree]]: displays categories in a tree structure.
*[[Special:ListFiles]]: list of images and other files uploaded; can be sorted by size or date. [[Special:ListFiles/Example]] lists files uploaded by User:Example.
*[[Special:ListRedirects]]: lists all redirects.
*[[Special:ProtectedPages]]: lists protected pages.
*[[Special:ProtectedTitles]]: lists titles which have been protected to prevent pages being created there.
*[[Special:StablePages]]: lists pages under [[WP:pending changes|pending changes]] protection.
*[[Special:PagesWithProp]]: lists pages that use a particular page property.
*[[Special:UnconnectedPages]]: lists pages not connected with any item from Wikidata.


===Tools===
*[[#navigationlinks|Navigation links]]
*[[Special:Search]]: for searching Wikipedia. See [[Help:Searching]].
*[[Special:WhatLinksHere]]: enables listing all pages linking to a given page (including transclusions and redirects). The target can be specified as a parameter, e.g. [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Swaziland]]. See [[Help:What links here]].
*[[Special:ComparePages]]: to compare two pages (diffs between two pages).
*[[Special:MobileDiff/548289653...567368971|Special:MobileDiff/''id1''...''id2'']]: diffs in mobile version. e.g., [[Special:MobileDiff/548289653...567368971]]
*[[Special:MovePage]]: for moving (renaming) a page (see [[Help:Moving a page]]). The page must be given as a parameter.
*[[Special:Upload]]: upload a file to the wiki.
*[[Special:Export]]: produces an XML file containing the wikitext and metadata of either the current version only, or all revisions, of one or more pages, specified in the form of a list; the XML file is in the format required for Special:Import; exporting is typically done either in preparation of applying the latter at another MediaWiki project, or for searching within old page revisions. See [[Help:Export]].
*[[Special:MIMESearch]]: filters files for [[MIME type]].
*[[Special:Nearby]]: to see a list articles around you! (articles near your geographical location)
*[[Special:Random]]: redirects to a random page from the main namespace which is not a redirect. Other namespaces can be specified as a parameter, e.g. [[Special:Random/Talk]].
*[[Special:RandomInCategory]]:redirects to a random page within the specified category.
*[[Special:RandomRedirect]]: redirects to a random redirect page.
*[[Special:Gadgets]]: lists gadgets that users can enable in their preferences.
*[[Special:Book]]: gives access to functionality for creating personalized sets of Wikipedia pages. See [[Help:Books]].
*[[Special:VipsTest]]: VIPS scaling test page
*[[Special:TemplateSandbox]]
*[[Special:ApiSandbox]]


===Latest changes===
*[[#signingcomments|Signing comments]]
*[[Special:RecentChanges]]: lists the latest edits in the project. Changes to watched pages appear bold. See [[Help:Recent changes]].
*[[Special:RecentChangesLinked]]: enables listing of the most recent changes in pages linked from a selected page, or belonging to a selected category. Changes to watched pages appear bold. The page can be supplied as a parameter, e.g. [[Special:RecentChangesLinked/Lesotho]]. See [[Help:Related changes]].
*[[Special:PendingChanges]]: articles with edits awaiting review. See [[Wikipedia:Pending changes]].
*[[Special:ProblemChanges]]: tagged pending changes.
*[[Special:NewPages]]: newest pages with creation date and time, current size, user who created the page, and first edit summary, in reverse order of creation. See [[Wikipedia:New pages patrol]].
*[[Special:NewPagesFeed]]: for new page patrolling. See [[Wikipedia:Page Curation]]
*[[Special:NewFiles]]: gallery of new uploaded files.
*[[Special:Log]]: combined display of various logs. The type of log, user and page affected can be specified. Parameters "block", "delete", "protect" and "upload" are available. e.g. [[Special:Log/block]] displays the block log directly. For more information, see [[Help:Log]].
*[[Special:AdvancedReviewLog]]: lists recent approvals and deprecations of pending revisions.
*[[Special:AbuseFilter]]: a set of tools for detecting problematic edits. See [[Wikipedia:Edit filter]].
*[[Special:AbuseLog]]: the log generated by the Abuse Filter.
*[[Special:Tags]]: lists the tags with which edits may be marked. See [[Wikipedia:Tags]].


===Users===
*[[#redirects|Redirects]]
*[[Special:ListUsers]]: lists all registered users. Can be filtered by group (e.g. administrators) and other criteria. Note that [[Special:ListAdmins]] redirects to [[Special:ListUsers/sysop]].
*[[Special:ActiveUsers]]: lists editors who have performed at least one action in the last 30 days.
*[[Special:BlockList]]: blocked IPs and usernames.
*[[Special:Contributions]]: enables listing of a user's contributions, or all new users' contributions. The user can be supplied as a parameter, e.g. [[Special:Contributions/Jimbo Wales]]. See [[Help:User contributions]].
*[[Special:CentralAuth]]: global user statistics e.g. [[Special:CentralAuth/Jimbo Wales]]
*[[Special:ListGroupRights]]: shows the rights assigned to particular groups of users on Wikipedia.
*[[Special:GlobalUsers]]
*[[Special:GlobalBlockList]]
*[[Special:GlobalGroupPermissions]]
*[[Special:EmailUser]]: e.g. [[Special:EmailUser/Jimbo Wales]]


===Personal===
*[[#wikimedialink|Wikimedia link]]
*[[Special:UserLogin]]: to log in (creates a new login [[HTTP cookie|cookie]]). [[Special:UserLogin/signup]] to create an account. See [[Help:Logging in]].
||
*[[Special:UserLogout]]: to log out (destroys the login cookie).
*[[#linkedandwhy|Linked and why]]
*[[Special:CentralLogin]]
*[[Special:ChangePassword]], [[Special:ChangeEmail]], [[Special:ConfirmEmail]] and [[Special:ResetTokens]]
*[[Special:Preferences]]: allows you to view and modify your personal settings. See [[Help:Preferences]].
*[[Special:MyContributions]]: links to your contributions page. See [[Help:User contributions]].
*[[Special:MyUploads]]: lists files you have uploaded.
*[[Special:MyPage]]: links to your [[WP:User page|user page]].
*[[Special:Notifications]]: links to your [[WP:notifications|notifications]] page
*[[Special:MyTalk]]: links to your user talk page.
*[[Special:Watchlist]]: shows recent changes to the pages you are watching. See [[Help:Watching pages]].
*[[Special:EditWatchlist]] and [[Special:EditWatchlist/raw]]: To edit your watchlist.
*[[Special:MergeAccount]]: to create a unified account to log on to any Wikimedia project. See [[Help:Unified login]].


===Maintenance===
*[[#useredits|User edits]]
*[[Special:BrokenRedirects]]: broken redirects.
*[[Special:DisambiguationPages]]: lists all the disambiguation pages.
*[[Special:DisambiguationPageLinks]], which lists all of the pages that link to disambiguation pages. (This is a replacement for the old Special:Disambiguations page which is deprecated.)
*[[Special:Disambiguations]]: shows pages that link to a disambiguation page, which should link to the appropriate topic instead. A disambiguation page is defined as a page on which a disambiguation template is transcluded; a disambiguation template is defined as a template linked from [[MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage]].
*[[Special:DoubleRedirects]]: lists redirects that redirect to another redirect. May contain false positives.
*[[Special:LongPages]]: pages in the main namespace, with size in bytes, in order of decreasing size.
*[[Special:ShortPages]]: pages in the main namespace, with size (of the wikitext excluding that of templates used) in bytes, in order of increasing size.
*[[Special:MostLinkedFiles]]: lists images and other files linked from the largest number of pages.
*[[Special:WithoutInterwiki]]: pages without links to other language Wikipedias.
*[[Special:UncategorizedPages]]: pages without category tags. Note that after adding a tag to a page, refreshing this page does not immediately reflect the change. Note also that [[Special:UncategorizedCategories]] is disabled; use [[Wikipedia:Database reports/Uncategorized categories]] instead.
*[[Special:UncategorizedFiles]]: images and other files without category tags (see above).
*[[Special:UncategorizedTemplates]]: templates without category tags (see above).
*[[Special:UnusedCategories]]
*[[Special:UnusedFiles]]
*[[Special:UnusedTemplates]]: templates which are not transcluded (however, they may be used for substitution).
*[[Special:WantedCategories]]: categories with members but no category page.
*[[Special:WantedFiles]]: missing image files and others.
*[[Special:FileDuplicateSearch]]


===Miscellaneous===
*[[#categorize|Categorize]]
*[[Special:BlankPage]]: a blank page.
*[[Special:Cite]]: generates bibliographic citations, in several formats, for citing a Wikipedia article as a reference.
*[[Special:BookSources]]: search sources for a book by inputting the book's [[ISBN]] number.
*[[Special:Captcha]]: shows "Captcha" help.
*[[Special:ExpandTemplates]]: an extension used to produce expanded wikitext, i.e. templates, parser functions and variables in the input text are expanded recursively. See also [[mw:Extension:ExpandTemplates]].
*[[Special:FilePath]]: returns the complete path for a file.
*[[Special:LinkSearch]]: for searching for external links. See [[Help:Linksearch]].
*[[Special:MobileOptions]]: change settings for Mobile view.
*[[Special:Permalink/532639569|Special:Permalink/''Oldid'']]: for linking to a specific version of a wiki page. See [[Help:Permanent link]].
*[[Special:Redirect]]: redirect by file, user, or revision ID. [[Special:Redirect/revision/532639569]] is equivalent to [[Special:Permalink/532639569]]
*[[Special:GettingStarted]]: inviting newcomers to edit. See [[Wikipedia:GettingStarted]]
*[[Special:ValidationStatistics]]: page review statistics.
*[[Special:Interwiki]]: view interwiki data.
*[[Special:SecurePoll]]
*[[Special:WikiSets]]
*[[Special:ValidationStatistics]]: page review statistics for pending changes.
*[[Special:Hieroglyphs]]: to try out hieroglyph markup.


===Restricted special pages===
*[[#categorypagelink|Category page link]]
The following pages can be accessed only by users with certain privileges.
*[[Special:Block]]: available to [[WP:Administrator|administrators]]. Used to block or unblock users, IPs and ranges of IPs.
*[[Special:Import]]: available to administrators and importers. See [[Help:Import]].
*[[Special:Undelete]]: available to administrators. Provides one way to undelete a page.
*[[Special:DeletedContributions]]: available to administrators.
*[[Special:UnwatchedPages]]: available to administrators.
*[[Special:Oversight]]: available to users with the [[WP:Oversight|oversight]] privilege.
*[[Special:MakeSysop]] and [[Special:MakeBot]]: available to [[WP:Bureaucrat|bureaucrats]] and [[WP:Steward|stewards]].
*[[Special:MassMessage]]: allows administrators to send a message to a list of users ([[:mw:Help:Extension:MassMessage|help]]).
*[[Special:Nuke]]: available to administrators.
*[[Special:LockDB]] and [[Special:UnlockDB]]: available only to [[WP:Developer|developers]]. Used to switch the database between read/write and read-only modes.
*[[Special:UserRights]]: available to administrators. Used to assign and remove user access rights (e.g. [[WP:Rollback|rollbacker]] status).
*[[Special:CheckUser]]: available to users with the [[WP:CheckUser|checkuser]] privilege.


===Wikipedia Education Program===
*[[#link-external|External links]]
*[[Special:CampusVolunteers]]
*[[Special:OnlineVolunteers]]
*[[Special:Courses]]
*[[Special:MyCourses]]: your courses
*[[Special:ManageCourses]]: manage your courses
*[[Special:Students]]
*[[Special:StudentActivity]]
*[[Special:Institutions]]


===Inactive===
*[[#wikimediatextlink|Wikimedia text link]]
The following special pages are stored, but are not currently updated. Some of these pages have analogues on the [[WP:Toolserver]].
*[[Special:FewestRevisions]]: lists articles with the fewest revisions.
*[[Special:MostCategories]]: lists articles whose number of categories is largest.
*[[Special:MostRevisions]]: lists articles with the most revisions.
*[[Special:DeadendPages]]: pages without any outgoing links.
*[[Special:MostLinkedCategories]]: lists categories with the most pages.
*[[Special:MostLinkedPages]]: lists pages linked from the largest number of other pages.
*[[Special:MostLinkedTemplates]]: lists templates for which the number of pages in which the template is transcluded is largest, not counting transclusions through redirects.
*[[Special:LonelyPages]]: orphaned articles i.e. articles with no links to them in the wiki.
*[[Special:WantedPages]]
*[[Special:WantedTemplates]]
*[[Special:AncientPages]]: pages in the main namespace, in order of last edit. See [[Wikipedia:Dusty pages]].


== Linking and transcluding ==
*[[#booksources|Book sources]]
{{anchor|Linking to or listing special pages}}
To create a link to a special page:
* <code><nowiki>[[Special:PrefixIndex/HMS]]</nowiki></code> → [[Special:PrefixIndex/HMS]]
It can take a label:
*<code><nowiki>[[Special:PrefixIndex/HMS|All HMSs]]</nowiki></code> → [[Special:PrefixIndex/HMS|All HMSs]]


To present the list on a page, transclude the name:
*[[#rfcnumber|RFC number]]
* <code><nowiki>{{Special:PrefixIndex/HMS}}</nowiki></code>
However, some pages cannot be transcluded and would produce only a wikilink (e.g., <code><nowiki>{{Special:Random}}</nowiki></code> → {{Special:Random}}). When non-existent pages are linked or transcluded, a red link is produced (e.g., [[Special:Example]]).


==Special pages in other languages==
*[[#asoftag|“As of” tag]]
The term in the site language equivalent to English "Special" is used in each project. E.g.
* "Speciaal" in Dutch
* "Spezial" in German
* "Speciális" in Hungarian
* "מיוחד:" in Hebrew
* "특수" in Korean
* and "خاص" in Urdu
These also appear in the [[Help:URL|URLs]]. The English word "Special" works as an alternative in most sites depending on the configuration. If "Special" does not work, you can change the language displayed by the site to English in your [[Special:Preferences|preferences]]. This will enable you to see and access the Special pages in English.


==See also==
*[[#medialink|Media link]]
*[[mw:Writing a new special page|Writing a new special page]] on the MediaWiki site
*[[mw:Category:Special page extensions|Special page extensions]]: MediaWiki category
*[[m:Category:Special page extensions|Special page extensions]]: Meta category
*[[m:Help:Special page|Help:Special page]] on Meta
*[https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/php/html/classSpecialPage.html MediaWiki special page class definitions]


[[Category:Wikipedia features|Special Page]]
*[[#editlinks|Edit links]]
[[Category:Wikipedia sidebar help]]
|}
[[Category:Wikipedia interface help]]


[[es:Wikipedia:Lista de páginas especiales]]
{| class="wikitable"
[[gan:Help:特殊頁面]]
|- valign="top"
[[hi:विकिपिडिया:विशेष पन्ने]]
! width=“50%”|What it looks like
[[no:Hjelp:Spesialside]]
! width=“50%”|What you type
[[simple:Wikipedia:Special pages]]
|- id="articlelink" valign="top"
[[sr:Википедија:Посебне странице]]
| width=“50%”|
[[ur:معاونت:خصوصی صفحہ]]
London has [[public transport]]. (Article link)

* A link to another Wiki article.
* Internally, the first letter of the target page is automatically capitalized and spaces are represented as underscores (typing an underscore in the link has the same effect as typing a space, but is not recommended).
* Thus the link above is to the [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport, which is the Wikipedia article with the name "Public transport". See also [[Help:Link|Canonicalization]].
*[[Intentionally permanent red link|A red link]] is a page that doesn't exist yet, they can be created by clicking on the link.
| width=“50%” valign="top"|
<code><nowiki>London has [[public transport]].</nowiki></code>
|- id="renamedlink" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
San Francisco also has [[public transport|public transportation]]. (Renamed link)

* Same target, different name.
* The target ("piped") text must be placed '''first''', then the text to be displayed, '''second'''.
| width=“50%” valign="top"|
<code><nowiki>San Francisco also has [[public transport|public transportation]].</nowiki></code>
|- id="blendlink" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
San Francisco also has
[[public transport]]ation. (Blend link)

Examples include [[bus]]es, [[taxicab]]s,
and [[tram]]s.

* Endings are blended into the link.
**''Exception'': a trailing [[apostrophe]] (') and any characters following the apostrophe are ''not'' blended.
* Preferred style is to use this instead of a piped link, if possible.
* Blending can be suppressed by using <nowiki><nowiki></nowiki></nowiki> tags, which may be desirable in some instances. Example: a [[micro-]]<nowiki>second</nowiki>.
| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>San Francisco also has
[[public transport]]ation.</nowiki></code>

<code><nowiki>Examples include [[bus]]es,
[[taxicab]]s, and [[tram]]s.</nowiki></code>

<code><nowiki>a [[micro-]]<nowiki>second</nowiki></nowiki></code>
|- id="otherpagelink" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|

See the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]]. (Other page link)

* A link to another [[Help:namespace|namespace]].
| width=“50%”|

<code><nowiki>See the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]].</nowiki></code>
|- id="link-to-section" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Italics]] is a link to a [[Section_editing#Creation_and_numbering_of_sections|section]] within another page.

[[#Links and URLs]] is a link to another section on the current page.

[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Italics|Italics]] is a piped link to a section within another page.

* The part after the number sign (#) must match a [[Section_editing#Creation_and_numbering_of_sections|section heading]] on the page. Matches must be exact in terms of spelling, case, and punctuation. Links to non-existent sections are not broken; they are treated as links to the top of the page.
* Include "| link title" to create a stylish (piped) link title.
*If sections have the same title, add a number to link to any but the first.[[#Example section 3]] goes to the third section named "Example section".

| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Italics]] is a link to a section within another page.</nowiki></code>

<code><nowiki>[[#Links and URLs]] is a link to another section on the current page.</nowiki></code>


<code><nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Italics|Italics]] is a piped link to a section within another page.</nowiki></code>
|- id="examplerenamedlinks" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
(Example renamed links)

Automatically hide stuff in parentheses:
[[kingdom (biology)|kingdom]].

Automatically hide namespace:
[[Wikipedia:Village pump|Village pump]].

Or both:
[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]

But not:
[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Links|]]
* The server fills in the part after the pipe character (|) when you save the page. The next time you open the edit box you will see the expanded piped link. When [[Help:Show preview|previewing]] your edits, you will not see the expanded form until you press '''Save''' and '''Edit''' again. The same applies to links to sections within the same page ([[#link-to-section|see previous entry]]).
* See [[Help:Pipe trick|Pipe trick]] for details.

| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>Automatically hide stuff in parentheses: [[kingdom (biology)|]].</nowiki></code>



<code><nowiki>Automatically hide namespace: [[Wikipedia:Village pump|]].</nowiki></code>



<code><nowiki>Or both:[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (headings)|]]</nowiki></code>



<code><nowiki>But not:[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Links|]]</nowiki></code>
|- id="createpagelink" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
(Create page link)

Links to pages that don’t exist yet look red:
[[Wikipedia:Community portal/Opentask/Requested articles]]

* You can create it by clicking on the link.
* To create a new page:
*# Create a link to it on some other (related) page.
*# Save that page.
*# Click on the link you just made. The new page will open for editing.
* For more information, see [[Wikipedia:Starting an article|starting an article]] and check out Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions|naming conventions]].
* Please do not create a new article without linking to it from at least one other article.
| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>Links to pages that don’t exist yet look red:
[[Wikipedia:Community portal/Opentask/Requested articles]]</nowiki></code>
|- id="navigationlinks" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
(Navigation links)

[[Help:Wiki markup]] is a link to this page.

* [[Help:Self link|Self links]] appear as bold text when the article is viewed.
* Do not use this technique to make the article name bold in the first paragraph; see [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Article titles|Article titles]].
| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>[[Help:Wiki markup]] is a link to this page.</nowiki></code>
|- id="signingcomments" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
(Signing comments)

The character '''tilde''' (~) is used when adding a comment to a Talk page.
You should sign your comment by appending four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>)
to the comment so as to add your user name plus date/time:
: User:Patricia Zhang 13:40, Jan 14, 2007 (UTC)
Adding three tildes (<nowiki>~~~</nowiki>) will add just your user name:
: User:Patricia Zhang
and adding five tildes (<nowiki>~~~~~</nowiki>) gives the date/time alone:
: 13:40, Jan 14, 2007 (UTC)

* The first two both provide a link to your [[Wikipedia:user page|user page]].
| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>The character '''tilde''' (~) is used when adding a comment to a Talk page. You should sign your comment by appending four tildes (~~~~) to the comment so as to add your user name plus date/time: </nowiki></code><br />
<code><nowiki>:~~~~</nowiki></code><br />
<code><nowiki>Adding three tildes (~~~) will add just your user name:</nowiki></code><br />
<code><nowiki>: ~~~</nowiki></code><br />
<code><nowiki>and adding five tildes (~~~~~) gives the date/time alone:</nowiki></code><br />
<code><nowiki>: ~~~~~</nowiki></code><br />
|- id="redirects" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
(Redirects)

* [[Wikipedia:Redirect|Redirect]] one article title to another by placing a directive like the one shown to the right on the ''first'' line of the article (such as at a page titled "[[USA]]").
* It is possible to redirect to a section. For example, a redirect to [[United States#History]] will redirect to the History section of the [[United States]] page, if it exists.
| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>#REDIRECT [[United States]] </nowiki></code>



<code><nowiki>#REDIRECT [[United States#History]] will redirect to the [[United States]] page, to the History section, if it exists</nowiki></code>
|- id="wikimedialink" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
(Wikimedia link)

To connect, via interwiki link, to a page on the same subject in another language, put a link of the form: <nowiki>[[language code:Title]]</nowiki> near the bottom of the article.
For example, in article "[[Plankton]]", which is available on a lot of other wikis, the interwiki link to the [[German Wikipedia]] looks like:
:<tt><nowiki>[[:de:Plankton]]</nowiki></tt>
where the "de" is the language-code for ''"Deutsch"'' (the [[German language]]).
* It is recommended interwiki links be placed at the very end of the article.
* Interwiki links are not visible within the formatted article but, instead, appear as language links on the extreme left-margin column of a Wikipedia page (under menu section "languages").
* Please see [[Help:Interlanguage links|Interlanguage links]] and the [[Wikipedia:Complete list of language wikis available|Complete list of language wikis available]].
| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>
[[:de:Plankton]]
[[:es:Plancton]]
[[:ru:Планктон]]
[[:simple:Plankton]]
</nowiki></code>
|- id="linkedandwhy" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
(Linked and why)

'''What links here''' and '''Related changes'''
pages can be linked as:<br />
[[Special: Whatlinkshere/Help:Wiki markup]]
and
[[Special: Recentchangeslinked/Help:Wiki markup]]
| width=“50%”|
<code>
<nowiki>'''What links here'''</nowiki> and <nowiki>'''Related changes'''</nowiki>
pages can be linked as:<br />
[[Special:
WhatLinkshere/Help:Wiki markup]]
and<br />
[[Special:
RecentChangeslinked/ Help:Wiki markup]]
</code>
|- id="useredits" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
(User edits)

A user's '''Contributions''' page can be linked as:
[[Special:Contributions/UserName]]
or
[[Special:Contributions/192.0.2.0]]
| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>A user's '''Contributions''' page can be linked as: [[Special:Contributions/UserName]] or [[Special:Contributions/192.0.2.0]]</nowiki></code>
|- id="categorize" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
(Categorize)

* To put an article in a [[Wikipedia:Categorization|category]], place a link like the one to the right anywhere in the article. As with interlanguage links, it does not matter where you put these links while editing as they will always show up in the same place when you save the page, but placement at the end of the edit box is recommended.
| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>[[Category:Character sets]]</nowiki></code>
|- id="categorypagelink" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
(Category page link)
* To ''link'' to a [[Wikipedia:Categorization|category]] page without putting the article into the category, use a colon prefix (":Category") in the link. The formatted text link will appear as: [[:Category:Character sets]].
| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>[[:Category:Character sets]]</nowiki></code>
|- id="link-external" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
(External links)

Three ways to link to external (non-wiki) sources:
# Bare URL: http://www.wikipedia.org/ (bad style)
# Unnamed link: [http://www.wikipedia.org/] (only used within article body for footnotes)
# Named link: [http://www.wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia]

:See [[Wikipedia:InterWikimedia links]] for the list of shortcuts.

* Square brackets indicate an external link. Note the use of a ''space'' (not a pipe) to separate the URL from the link text in the "named" version.
* In the [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]], all symbols must be among:<br/>'''A-Z a-z 0-9 . _ \ / ~ % - + & # ? ! = ( ) @'''
* If a URL contains a character not in this list, it should be encoded by using a percent sign (%) followed by the [[hexadecimal|hex]] code of the character, which can be found in the table of [[ASCII#ASCII printable characters|ASCII printable characters]]. For example, the caret character (^) would be encoded in a URL as '''%5E'''.
* If the "named" version contains a closing square bracket "]", then you must use the [[HTML]] special character syntax, i.e. '''&amp;#93;''' otherwise the [[MediaWiki]] software will prematurely interpret this as the end of the external link.
* There is a class that can be used to remove the arrow image from the external link. It is used in [[Template:Ref]] to stop the URL from expanding during printing. It should '''never''' be used in the main body of an article. However, there is an exception: wikilinks in Image markup. An example of the markup is as follows:
** Markup: <nowiki><span
class="plainlinks neverexpand">
[http://www.sysinternals.com/
ntw2k/freeware/winobj.shtml WinObj]</span></nowiki>
** Display: <span class="plainlinks neverexpand"> [http://www.sysinternals.com/ntw2k/freeware/winobj.shtml WinObj]</span>
* See [[Wikipedia:External links|External links]] for style issues.
| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>Three ways to link to external (non-wiki) sources:</nowiki></code><br />
<code><nowiki># Bare URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/ (bad style)</nowiki></code><br />
<code><nowiki># Unnamed link: [http://en.wikipedia.org/] (only used within article body for footnotes)</nowiki></code><br />
<code><nowiki># Named link: [http://en.wikipedia.org Wikipedia]</nowiki></code><br />
|- id="wikimediatextlink" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
(Wikimedia text link)

Linking to other wikis:
# [[InterWiki]] link: [[Wiktionary:Hello]]
# Interwiki link without prefix: [[Wiktionary:Hello|Hello]]
# Named interwiki link: [[Wiktionary:Hello|Wiktionary definition of 'Hello']]

* All of these forms lead to the URL http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hello
* Note that interwiki links use the ''internal'' link style.
* See [[MetaWikiPedia:Interwiki_map]] for the list of shortcuts; if the site you want to link to is not on the list, use an external link ([[#link-external|see above]]).
* See also [[Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects|Wikimedia sister projects]].

Linking to another language's wiktionary:
# [[Wiktionary:fr:bonjour]]
# [[Wiktionary:fr:bonjour|bonjour]]
# [[Wiktionary:fr:bonjour|fr:bonjour]]

* All of these forms lead to the URL http://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/bonjour
| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>Linking to other wikis:</nowiki></code><br />
<code><nowiki># [[InterWiki]] link: [[Wiktionary:Hello]]</nowiki></code><br />
<code><nowiki># Interwiki link without prefix: [[Wiktionary:Hello|]]</nowiki></code><br />
<code><nowiki># Named interwiki link: [[Wiktionary:Hello|Wiktionary definition of 'Hello']] </nowiki></code><br />

<code><nowiki>Linking to another language's wiktionary:</nowiki></code><br />

<code><nowiki># [[Wiktionary:fr:bonjour]]</nowiki></code><br />
<code><nowiki># [[Wiktionary:fr:bonjour|bonjour]]</nowiki></code><br />
<code><nowiki># [[Wiktionary:fr:bonjour|]]</nowiki></code><br />
|- id="booksources" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
(Book sources)

ISBN 012345678X

ISBN 0-12-345678-X

Link to a book using [[Special:BookSources/0670037818|alternate text, such as its title]].

* Link to books using their [[Wikipedia:ISBN|ISBN]]. This is preferred to linking to a specific online bookstore, because it gives the reader a choice of vendors. However, if one bookstore or online service provides additional free information, such as table of contents or excerpts from the text, then a link to that source will aid the user and is recommended. ISBN links do not need any extra markup, provided you use one of the indicated formats.
* To create a link to [[Special:BookSources|Book Sources]] using alternate text (e.g. the book's title), use the internal link style with the appropriate namespace.
| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>ISBN 012345678X</nowiki></code>

<code><nowiki>ISBN 0-12-345678-X</nowiki></code>

<code><nowiki>[[Special:BookSources/0670037818|alternate text, such as its title]]</nowiki></code>
|- id="rfcnumber" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
(RFC number)

Text mentioning an RFC number anywhere, e.g. RFC 4321.

* Link to [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] [[Request for Comments|Request for Comments (RFCs)]].
| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>Text mentioning an RFC number anywhere, e.g. RFC 4321.</nowiki></code>
|- id="asoftag" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
(“As of” tag)

“[[WP:As of|As of]]” tags like "As of April 2009" and "as of April 2009" categorize info that will need updating.
| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>“[[WP:As of|As of]]” tags like "{{As of|2009|4|df=us}}" and "{{As of|2009|4|df=us|lc=on}}" categorize info that will need updating.</nowiki></code>
|- id="medialink" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
(Media link)

[[media:Classical guitar scale.ogg|Sound]]

*To include links to non image uploads such as sounds, use a "media" link. For images, [[#Images|see next section]].

Some uploaded sounds are listed at [[Commons:Sound]].
| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>[[media:Classical guitar scale.ogg|Sound]]</nowiki></code>
|- id="editlinks" valign="top"
| width=“50%”|
(Edit links)

Link directly to '''edit''' for an existing page, or apply other link attributes.
* use <nowiki>{{fullurl:}}</nowiki>
* or use [[template:edit|<nowiki>{{template:edit}}</nowiki>]] which conceals the edit label for page printing
| width=“50%”|
<code><nowiki>{{fullurl:page name|action=edit}}</nowiki></code>
|}

==Images==
Only images that have been uploaded to Wikipedia can be used. To upload images, use the [[Special:Upload|upload page]]. You can find the uploaded image on the [[Special:Imagelist|image list]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! What it looks like
! What you type
|- valign="top"
|A picture:
[[Image:wiki.png]]
|<pre>A picture:
<nowiki>[[Image:wiki.png]]</nowiki></pre>

|- valign="top"
|With alternative text:
[[Image:wiki.png|alt=Puzzle globe logo]]
|<pre>With alternative text:
<nowiki>[[Image:wiki.png|alt=Puzzle globe logo]]</nowiki></pre>
* Alternative text, used when the image is unavailable or when the image is loaded in a text-only browser, or when spoken aloud, is '''strongly''' encouraged. See [[Wikipedia:Alternative text for images|Alternative text for images]] for help on choosing it.

|- valign="top"
|Floating to the right side of the page using the ''frame'' attribute and a caption:
[[Image:wiki.png|frame|alt=Puzzle globe logo|Wikipedia Encyclopedia]]<br clear=all>
|<pre>Floating to the right side of the page
using the ''frame'' attribute and a caption:
<nowiki>[[Image:wiki.png|frame|alt=Puzzle globe logo|Wikipedia Encyclopedia]]</nowiki></pre>
* The frame tag automatically floats the image right.
* The last parameter is the caption that appears below the image.

|- valign="top"
|Floating to the right side of the page using the ''thumb'' attribute and a caption:
[[Image:wiki.png|thumb|alt=Puzzle globe logo|Wikipedia Encyclopedia]]<br clear=all>
|<pre>Floating to the right side of the page
using the ''thumb'' attribute and a caption:
<nowiki>[[Image:wiki.png|thumb|alt=Puzzle globe logo|Wikipedia Encyclopedia]]</nowiki></pre>
* The thumb tag automatically floats the image right.
* An enlarge icon is placed in the lower right corner.

|- valign="top"
|Floating to the right side of the page ''without'' a caption:
[[Image:wiki.png|right|Wikipedia Encyclopedia]]
|<pre>Floating to the right side of the page
''without'' a caption:
<nowiki>[[Image:wiki.png|right|Wikipedia Encyclopedia]]</nowiki></pre>
* The [[WP:PIC|picture tutorial]] explains more options.

|- valign="top"
|A picture resized to 30 pixels...
[[Image:wiki.png|30 px|Wikipedia Encyclopedia]]
|<pre>A picture resized to 30 pixels...
<nowiki>[[Image:wiki.png|30 px|Wikipedia Encyclopedia]]</nowiki></pre>
* The [[WP:PIC|picture tutorial]] explains more options.

|- valign="top"
|Linking directly to the description page of an image:
[[:Image:wiki.png]]
|<pre>Linking directly to the description page
of an image:
<nowiki>[[:Image:wiki.png]]</nowiki></pre>
* Clicking on an image displayed on a page (such as any of the ones above) also leads to the description page.

|- valign="top"
|Linking directly to an image without displaying it:
[[Media:wiki.png|Image of the jigsaw globe logo]]
|<pre>Linking directly to an image
without displaying it:
<nowiki>[[Media:wiki.png|Image of the jigsaw globe logo]]</nowiki></pre>
* To include links to images shown as links instead of drawn on the page, use a "media" link.

|- valign="top"
|Using the [[Span and div|span and div tag]] to separate images from text (note that this may allow images to cover text):
|<pre><nowiki>Example:
<div style="display:inline;
width:220px; float:right;">
Place images here </div></nowiki></pre>

|- valign="top"
|Using wiki markup to make a table in which to place a vertical column of images (this helps edit links match headers, especially in Firefox browsers):
|<pre><nowiki>Example: {| align=right
|-
|
Place images here
|}
</nowiki></pre>

|}

See the Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Image use policy|image use policy]] as a guideline used on Wikipedia.

For further help on images, including some more versatile abilities, see the [[WP:PIC|picture tutorial]].

==Section headings==
{{further|[[Help:Section]]}}
Use headings to split articles into sections. Put a heading on a separate line. A level-two heading is the highest level editors use in an article.

{| class="wikitable"
! style="width: 50%" | What it looks like
! style="width: 50%" | What you type
|-
|
<div style="font-size:150%;border-bottom:1px solid rgb(170,170,170);">Section headings</div>

''Headings'' organize your writing into sections.
The Wiki software can automatically generate
a [[Help:Section|table of contents]] from them.

<div style="font-size:132%;font-weight:bold;">Subsection</div>
Using more equals signs creates a subsection.

<div style="font-size:116%;font-weight:bold;">A smaller subsection</div>

Start with 2 equals signs.
Don't skip levels, like from two to four equals signs.

|<pre>
==Section headings==

''Headings'' organize your writing into sections.
The Wiki software can automatically generate
a table of contents from them.

==Subsection==

Using more equals signs creates a subsection.

===A smaller subsection===
Start with 2 equals signs.
Don't skip levels, like from two to four equals signs.
</pre>
|}

==Lists==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="width: 50%" | What it looks like
! style="width: 50%" | What you type
|- id="lists"
|
* ''Unordered [[Help:List|list]]s'' are easy to do:
** Start every line with a star.
*** More stars indicate a deeper level.
*: Previous item continues.
** A new line
* in a list
marks the end of the list.
*Of course you can start again.
|<pre>
* ''Unordered lists'' are easy to do:
** Start every line with a star.
*** More stars indicate a deeper level.
*: Previous item continues.
** A new line
* in a list
marks the end of the list.
* Of course you can start again.
</pre>
|-
|
# ''Numbered lists'' are:
## Very organized
## Easy to follow
#: Previous item continues
A new line marks the end of the list.
# New numbering starts with 1.

|<pre>
# ''Numbered lists'' are:
## Very organized
## Easy to follow
#: Previous item continues
A new line marks the end of the list.
# New numbering starts with 1.
</pre>
|}

==Character formatting==
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
! What it looks like
! What you type
|- id="emph" valign="top"
|You can ''italicize text'' by putting 2
apostrophes on each side.

3 apostrophes will '''bold the text'''.

5 apostrophes will '''bold''' and ''italicize''
'''''the text'''''.
|<pre>
You can ''italicize text'' by putting 2
apostrophes on each side.

3 apostrophes will '''bold the text'''.

5 apostrophes will '''bold''' and ''italicize''
'''''the text'''''.
</pre>
|- valign="top"
|
[[mw:Extension:SyntaxHighlight GeSHi|Syntax highlighting]] for source code.

Computer code has a colored background
and more stringent formatting. Suppose we
want to define <code>int main()</code>:
<source lang=cpp>#include <iostream>
int main ( int argc, char **argv ) {
std::cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}</source>
|
<pre><nowiki>
Computer code has a colored background
and more stringent formatting. Suppose we
want to define &lt;code&gt;int main()&lt;/code&gt;:

<source lang=cpp>#include <iostream>
int main ( int argc, char **argv ) {
std::cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}</source>
</nowiki></pre>
|- valign=top
|
You can use <small>small text</small> for captions.
|
<pre><nowiki>
You can use <small>small text</small> for captions.
</nowiki></pre>
|- valign="top"
|
Better stay away from <big>big text</big>, unless
<small> it's <big>within</big> small</small> text.
|
<pre><nowiki>
Better stay away from <big>big text</big>, unless
<small> it's <big>within</big> small</small> text.
</nowiki></pre>
|- valign="top"
|
You can <s>strike out deleted material</s>
and <u>underline new material</u>. <small>([[Template:Double underline|{{du|Double underlining}}]] is also possible.)</small>

You can also mark <del>deleted material</del> and
<ins>inserted material</ins> using logical markup.
For backwards compatibility better combine this
potentially ignored new <del>logical</del> with
the old <s><del>physical</del></s> markup.

* When editing regular Wikipedia articles, just make your changes and do not mark them up in any special way.
* When editing your own previous remarks in talk pages, it is sometimes appropriate to mark up deleted or inserted material.
|
<pre><nowiki>
You can <s>strike out deleted material</s>
and <u>underline new material</u>.

You can also mark <del>deleted material</del> and
<ins>inserted material</ins> using logical markup.
For backwards compatibility better combine this
potentially ignored new <del>logical</del> with
the old <s><del>physical</del></s> markup.
</nowiki></pre>
|-
|
'''Extra spacing''' within text can best be achieved using the [[Template:Pad|pad]] template:

Mary {{pad|4em}} had a little lamb.
|
<br />
<pre><nowiki>Mary {{pad|4em}} had a little lamb.
</nowiki></pre>
|-
|
'''Typewriter font'''
(does not work beyond the end of a paragraph):<br>
<tt>arrow &rarr;</tt>

<tt>''italics''</tt>
<tt>[[link]]

New paragraph.</tt>
|
<pre><nowiki><tt>arrow &amp;rarr;</tt>

<tt>''italics''</tt>
<tt>[[link]]</nowiki>

New paragraph.</tt></pre>
|}

===Special characters===
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
! What it looks like
! What you type
|- valign="top"
|
'''<span id="diacritics">Diacritical marks:</span>'''
<br/>
À Á Â Ã Ä Å <br/>
Æ Ç È É Ê Ë <br/>
Ì Í
Î Ï Ñ Ò <br/>
Ó Ô Õ
Ö Ø Ù <br/>
Ú Û Ü ß
à á <br/>
â ã ä å æ
ç <br/>
è é ê ë ì í<br/>
î ï ñ ò ó ô <br/>
œ õ
ö ø ù ú <br/>
û ü ÿ

* See [[Help:Special characters]].
|
<br/>
<pre><nowiki>
&amp;Agrave; &amp;Aacute; &amp;Acirc; &amp;Atilde; &amp;Auml; &amp;Aring;
&amp;AElig; &amp;Ccedil; &amp;Egrave; &amp;Eacute; &amp;Ecirc; &amp;Euml;
&amp;Igrave; &amp;Iacute; &amp;Icirc; &amp;Iuml; &amp;Ntilde; &amp;Ograve;
&amp;Oacute; &amp;Ocirc; &amp;Otilde; &amp;Ouml; &amp;Oslash; &amp;Ugrave;
&amp;Uacute; &amp;Ucirc; &amp;Uuml; &amp;szlig; &amp;agrave; &amp;aacute;
&amp;acirc; &amp;atilde; &amp;auml; &amp;aring; &amp;aelig; &amp;ccedil;
&amp;egrave; &amp;eacute; &amp;ecirc; &amp;euml; &amp;igrave; &amp;iacute;
&amp;icirc; &amp;iuml; &amp;ntilde; &amp;ograve; &amp;oacute; &amp;ocirc;
&amp;oelig; &amp;otilde; &amp;ouml; &amp;oslash; &amp;ugrave; &amp;uacute;
&amp;ucirc; &amp;uuml; &amp;yuml;
</nowiki></pre>
|- valign="top"
|
'''Punctuation:'''
<br/>
¿ ¡ § ¶<br/>
† ‡ • &ndash; &mdash;<br/>
‹ › « »<br/>
‘ ’ “ ”
|
<br/>
<pre><nowiki>
&amp;iquest; &amp;iexcl; &amp;sect; &amp;para;
&amp;dagger; &amp;Dagger; &amp;bull; &amp;ndash; &amp;mdash;
&amp;lsaquo; &amp;rsaquo; &amp;laquo; &amp;raquo;
&amp;lsquo; &amp;rsquo; &amp;ldquo; &amp;rdquo;
</nowiki></pre>
|- valign="top"
|
'''Commercial symbols:'''
<br/>
™ © ® ¢ € ¥<br/>
£ ¤
|
<br/>
<pre><nowiki>
&amp;trade; &amp;copy; &amp;reg; &amp;cent; &amp;euro; &amp;yen;
&amp;pound; &amp;curren;
</nowiki></pre>
|- valign="top"
|
'''Subscripts:'''
<br/>
x<sub>1</sub> x<sub>2</sub> x<sub>3</sub> or
<br/>
x₀ x₁ x₂ x₃ x₄
<br/>
x₅ x₆ x₇ x₈ x₉

'''Superscripts:'''
<br/>
x<sup>1</sup> x<sup >2</sup > x<sup >3</sup > or
<br/>
x⁰ x¹ x² x³ x⁴
<br/>
x⁵ x⁶ x⁷ x⁸ x⁹

'''Combined:'''
<br/>
ε<sub>0</sub> = 8.85 &times; 10<sup>&minus;12</sup> C² / J m.
<br/>
1 [[hectare]] = [[1 E4 m&sup2;]]

*The [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (mathematics)#Superscripts and subscripts|Manual of Style]] prefers the <nowiki>x<sub>1</sub></nowiki> format.
*The latter methods of sub/superscripting cannot be used in the most general context, as they rely on Unicode support which may not be present on all users' machines. For the 1-2-3 superscripts, it is nevertheless preferred when possible (as with units of measurement) because most browsers have an easier time formatting lines with it.

|
<br/>
<pre><nowiki>
x<sub>1</sub> x<sub>2</sub> x<sub>3</sub> or
x&amp;#8320; x&amp;#8321; x&amp;#8322; x&amp;#8323; x&amp;#8324;
x&amp;#8325; x&amp;#8326; x&amp;#8327; x&amp;#8328; x&amp;#8329;
</nowiki></pre>

<pre><nowiki>
x<sup>1</sup> x<sup>2</sup> x<sup>3</sup> or
x&amp;#8304; x&amp;sup1; x&amp;sup2; x&amp;sup3; x&amp;#8308;
x&amp;#8309; x&amp;#8310; x&amp;#8311; x&amp;#8312; x&amp;#8313;
</nowiki></pre>

<pre><nowiki>
&amp;epsilon;<sub>0</sub> = 8.85 &amp;times;
10<sup>&amp;minus;12</sup> C&amp;sup2; / J m.

1 [[hectare]] = [[1 E4 m&amp;sup2;]]
</nowiki></pre>
|- valign="top"
|
'''Greek characters:'''
<br/>
α β γ δ ε ζ<br/>
η θ ι κ λ μ ν<br/>
ξ ο π ρ σ ς<br/>
τ υ φ χ ψ ω<br/>
Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π<br/>
Σ Φ Ψ Ω
|
<br/>
<pre><nowiki>
&amp;alpha; &amp;beta; &amp;gamma; &amp;delta; &amp;epsilon; &amp;zeta;
&amp;eta; &amp;theta; &amp;iota; &amp;kappa; &amp;lambda; &amp;mu; &amp;nu;
&amp;xi; &amp;omicron; &amp;pi; &amp;rho; &amp;sigma; &amp;sigmaf;
&amp;tau; &amp;upsilon; &amp;phi; &amp;chi; &amp;psi; &amp;omega;
&amp;Gamma; &amp;Delta; &amp;Theta; &amp;Lambda; &amp;Xi; &amp;Pi;
&amp;Sigma; &amp;Phi; &amp;Psi; &amp;Omega;
</nowiki></pre>
|- valign="top"
|
'''Mathematical characters:'''
<br/>
∫ ∑ ∏ √ &minus; ± ∞<br/>
≈ ∝ ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥<br/>
&times; · ÷ ∂ &prime; &Prime;<br/>
∇ ‰ ° ∴ ℵ ø<br/>
∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇<br/>
¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀<br/>
⇒ ⇐ ⇓ ⇑ ⇔<br/>
→ ↓ ↑ ← ↔<br/>
* See also [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematics|WikiProject Mathematics]] and [[TeX]].
|
<br/>
<pre><nowiki>
&amp;int; &amp;sum; &amp;prod; &amp;radic; &amp;minus; &amp;plusmn; &amp;infin;
&amp;asymp; &amp;prop; &amp;equiv; &amp;ne; &amp;le; &amp;ge;
&amp;times; &amp;middot; &amp;divide; &amp;part; &amp;prime; &amp;Prime;
&amp;nabla; &amp;permil; &amp;deg; &amp;there4; &amp;alefsym; &amp;oslash;
&amp;isin; &amp;notin; &amp;cap; &amp;cup; &amp;sub; &amp;sup; &amp;sube; &amp;supe;
&amp;not; &amp;and; &amp;or; &amp;exist; &amp;forall;
&amp;rArr; &amp;lArr; &amp;dArr; &amp;uArr; &amp;hArr;
&amp;rarr; &amp;darr; &amp;uarr; &amp;larr; &amp;harr;
</nowiki></pre>
|- valign="top"
|
'''Mathematical formulae:'''
<br/>
<math>\,\! \sin x + \ln y</math><br>
{{math|sin ''x'' + ln ''y''}}

<math>\mathbf{x} = \mathbf{0}</math><br>
{{math|<b>x</b> {{=}} <b>0</b>}}

* Complex formulae should use [[Help:Displaying a formula|<code>&lt;math&gt;</code> markup]].
* Simple formulae may use either <code>&lt;math&gt;</code> markup or HTML/wiki markup using the <code >{{tl|math}}</code > template with <code>&lt;i&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;b&gt;</code> or <code><nowiki>''</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>'''</nowiki></code> for formatting. Make sure to replace <code>=</code> with <code>{{tl|{{=}}}}</code>.
* Ordinary text should use [[#emph|wiki markup for emphasis]]. However, mathematical formulae often use italics, and sometimes use bold, for reasons unrelated to emphasis. Per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (mathematics)#Using HTML|Wikipedia:Manual of Style (mathematics)]], wiki markup (<code><nowiki>''</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>'''</nowiki></code>) is preferred over HTML markup (<code>&lt;i&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;b&gt;</code>), but both are allowed.
|
<br/>
<pre><nowiki>
<math>\,\! \sin x + \ln y</math><br>
{{math|sin ''x'' + ln ''y''}}

<math>\mathbf{x} = \mathbf{0}</math><br>
{{math|<b>x</b> {{=}} <b>0</b>}}
</nowiki></pre>
|- valign="top"
|
'''Spacing in simple math formulae:'''
<br/>
Obviously, {{math|''x''<sup>2</sup> ≥ 0}} is true when {{math|''x''}} is a real number.
* Using <code>&amp;nbsp;</code> to prevent linebreak is not needed; the <code>{{tl|math}}</code> template will prevent line breaks anyway; you can use <code>&lt;br></code> if you need an explicit line break inside a formula.
|
<br/>
<pre><nowiki>
Obviously, {{math|''x<''<sup>2</sup> ≥ 0}} is true
when {{math|<VAR >x</VAR >}} is a real number.
</nowiki></pre>
|- valign="top"
|
'''Complicated formulae:'''
<br/>
: <math>\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n!}</math>
* See [[Help:Displaying a formula]] for how to use <tt>&lt;math></tt>.
* A formula displayed on a line by itself should probably be indented by using the colon (:) character.
|
<br/>
<pre><nowiki>
: <math>\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n!}</math>
</nowiki></pre>
|}
''(see also: [[Chess symbols in Unicode]])''

==No or limited formatting—showing exactly what is being typed==

A few different kinds of formatting will tell the Wiki to display things as you typed them — what you see, is what you get!

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!What it looks like
!What you type
|-
|'''&lt;nowiki&gt; tag:'''<br/>
<nowiki>
The nowiki tag ignores [[Wiki]] ''markup''.
It reformats text by removing newlines and multiple spaces.
It still interprets special characters: &rarr;
</nowiki>
|<pre><nowiki>
&lt;nowiki&gt;
The nowiki tag ignores [[Wiki]] ''markup''.
It reformats text by removing newlines
and multiple spaces.
It still interprets special
characters: &amp;rarr;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;
</nowiki></pre>
|-
|'''&lt;pre&gt; tag:'''</br>
<pre>
The pre tag ignores [[Wiki]] ''markup''.
It also doesn't reformat text.
It still interprets special characters: &rarr;
</pre>
|<pre>&lt;pre&gt;<nowiki>
The pre tag ignores [[Wiki]] ''markup''.
It also doesn't reformat text.
It still interprets special characters:
&amp;rarr;
</nowiki>&lt;/pre&gt;</pre>
|-
|'''Leading space:'''<br/>
Leading spaces are another way
to preserve formatting.


Putting a space at the beginning of each line
stops the text from being reformatted.
It still interprets [[Wiki]] ''markup'' and
special characters: →
|<pre><nowiki>
Leading spaces are another way
to preserve formatting.
Putting a space at the beginning of each line
stops the text from being reformatted.
It still interprets [[Wiki]] ''markup'' and
special characters: &amp;rarr;
</nowiki></pre>
|}

==Invisible text (comments)==
{{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Invisible comments}}
It's uncommon, but on occasion acceptable, to add a hidden comment within the text of an article. Most comments should go on the appropriate [[Wikipedia:Talk page|Talk page]]. <!-- This is an example of text that won't normally be visible except in "edit" mode. --> The format is this:
<nowiki><!-- This is an example of text that won't normally be visible except in "edit" mode. --></nowiki>

==Table of contents==
When a page has at least four headings, a table of contents (TOC) will appear in front of the first header (after the lead). Putting <nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki> anywhere forces the TOC to appear at that point (instead of just before the first heading). Putting <nowiki>__NOTOC__</nowiki> anywhere forces the TOC to disappear. See also [[Wikipedia:Section#Compact_TOC|Compact TOC]] for alphabet and year headings.

==Tables==
There are two ways to build tables:
*in special Wiki-markup (see [[Help:Table|Table]])
*with the usual HTML elements: &lt;table&gt;, &lt;tr&gt;, &lt;td&gt; or &lt;th&gt;.

For the latter, and a discussion on when tables are appropriate, see [[Wikipedia:When to use tables|When to use tables]].

==Variables==
''(See also [[mw:help:magic_words|Variable]])''
{| style="text-align:center"
|-
! Code
! Effect
|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTWEEK}}</nowiki> || {{CURRENTWEEK}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTDOW}}</nowiki> || {{CURRENTDOW}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTH}}</nowiki> || {{CURRENTMONTH}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}</nowiki>
| {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}}</nowiki>
| {{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTDAY}}</nowiki> || {{CURRENTDAY}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}</nowiki> || {{CURRENTDAYNAME}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTYEAR}}</nowiki> || {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{CURRENTTIME}}</nowiki> || {{CURRENTTIME}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}</nowiki>
| {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}</nowiki>
| {{NUMBEROFUSERS}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki> || {{PAGENAME}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{NAMESPACE}}</nowiki> || {{NAMESPACE}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki> || {{REVISIONID}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{localurl:pagename}}</nowiki>
| {{localurl:pagename}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{localurl:</nowiki>''Wikipedia:Sandbox''<nowiki>|action=edit}}</nowiki>
| {{localurl:Wikipedia:Sandbox|action=edit}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{fullurl:pagename}}</nowiki>
| {{fullurl:pagename}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{fullurl:pagename|</nowiki>''query_string''<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
| {{fullurl:pagename|query_string}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{SERVER}}</nowiki> || {{SERVER}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{ns:1}}</nowiki> || {{ns:1}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{ns:2}}</nowiki> || {{ns:2}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{ns:3}}</nowiki> || {{ns:3}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{ns:4}}</nowiki> || {{ns:4}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{ns:5}}</nowiki> || {{ns:5}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{ns:6}}</nowiki> || {{ns:6}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{ns:7}}</nowiki> || {{ns:7}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{ns:8}}</nowiki> || {{ns:8}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{ns:9}}</nowiki> || {{ns:9}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{ns:10}}</nowiki> || {{ns:10}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{ns:11}}</nowiki> || {{ns:11}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{ns:12}}</nowiki> || {{ns:12}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{ns:13}}</nowiki> || {{ns:13}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{ns:14}}</nowiki> || {{ns:14}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{ns:15}}</nowiki> || {{ns:15}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{SITENAME}}</nowiki> || {{SITENAME}}
|}

'''NUMBEROFARTICLES''' is the number of pages in the main namespace which contain a link and are not a redirect, in other words number of articles, stubs containing a link, and disambiguation pages.

'''CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN''' is the genitive (possessive) grammatical form of the month name, as used in some languages; '''CURRENTMONTHNAME''' is the nominative (subject) form, as usually seen in English.

In languages where it makes a difference, you can use constructs like <nowiki>{{grammar:case|word}}</nowiki> to convert a word from the nominative case to some other case. For example, <nowiki>{{grammar:genitive|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}</nowiki> means the same as <nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}}</nowiki>. <!-- Is there a reference for this, other than the source code (for example, phase3/languages/Lnaguage*.php) ? -->

==Templates and Transcluding Pages==
{{main|Wikipedia:Transclusion}}

'''[[Help:Template|Templates]]''' are segments of Wiki markup that are meant to be copied automatically ("transcluded") into a page.
You add them by putting the template's name in <nowiki>{{double braces}}</nowiki>. It is also possible to transclude other pages by using <nowiki>{{:colon and double braces}}</nowiki>.

There are three pairs of [[html element|tags]] that can be used in [[wikitext]] to control how transclusion affects parts of a template or article.
They determine whether or not wikitext renders, either in it's own article, which we will call "'''here'''", or in another article where it is transcluded, which we will call "'''there'''".
*'''<nowiki><noinclude></nowiki>: ''' the content '''will not be rendered ''there'''''. These tags have no effect ''here''.
*'''<nowiki><includeonly></nowiki>: ''' the content '''will render only ''there''''', and '''will not render ''here''''' (like [[invisible ink]] made visible by means of transclusion).
*'''<nowiki><onlyinclude></nowiki>: '''the content '''will render ''here''''' and '''will render ''there''''', but it will only render ''there'' what is between these tags.
There can be several such section "[[HTML#Elements|elements]]". Also, they can be nested. All possible renderings are achievable. For example, to render ''there'' one or more sections of the page ''here'' use '''<nowiki><onlyinclude></nowiki>''' tags. To append text ''there'', wrap the addition in '''<nowiki><includeonly></nowiki>''' tags above, within, or below the section. To omit portions of the section, nest '''<nowiki><noinclude></nowiki>''' tags within it.

If a page is transcluded without transclusion markup,
it may cause an unintentional [[Help:Category#Putting_pages_in_categories|categorization]].
Any page transcluding it will contain the same category as the original page.
Wrap the category markup with '''<nowiki><noinclude></nowiki>''' tags to prevent incorrect categorization.

Some templates take ''parameters'', as well, which you separate with the pipe character.

{| class="wikitable"
!width="1000"|What it looks like
!width="500"|What you type
|-
|
{{Transclusion demo}}
|<pre>
{{Transclusion demo}}
</pre>
|-
|
{{Help:Transclusion Demo}}
|<pre>
{{Help:Transclusion Demo}}
</pre>
|-
|

This template takes two parameters, and
creates underlined text with a hover box
for many modern browsers supporting CSS:

{{H:title|This is the hover text|
Hover your mouse over this text}}

Go to this page to see the H:title template
itself: {{tl|H:title}}

|<pre>
This template takes two parameters, and
creates underlined text with a hover box
for many modern browsers supporting CSS:

{{H:title|This is the hover text|
Hover your mouse over this text}}

Go to this page to see the H:title template
itself: {{tl|H:title}}
</pre>
|}

==HTML==
Many [[HTML]] tags can be used in in Wiki markup, see [[Help:HTML in wikitext]] for a list.

==Further reading==
For further examples of the use of Wiki markup, see [[Help:Wikitext examples]].

Revision as of 09:17, 5 June 2014

"WP:SPEC" redirects here. For the policy on speculative information in articles, see Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not § Wikipedia is not a crystal ball.
Wikipedia data structure
Namespaces
Subject namespaces Talk namespaces
0 (Main/Article) Talk 1
2 User User talk 3
4 Wikipedia Wikipedia talk 5
6 File File talk 7
8 MediaWiki MediaWiki talk 9
10 Template Template talk 11
12 Help Help talk 13
14 Category Category talk 15
100 Portal Portal talk 101
118 Draft Draft talk 119
710 TimedText TimedText talk 711
828 Module Module talk 829
Former namespaces
108 Book Book talk 109
442 Course Course talk 443
444 Institution Institution talk 445
446 Education Program Education Program talk 447
2300 Gadget Gadget talk 2301
2302 Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 2303
2600 Topic 2601
Virtual namespaces
-1 Special
-2 Media
Current list (API call)
Shortcut

Special pages are pages that have no

wikitext, but are generated by the software on demand. They are found in the "Special:" namespace
. It is not possible to make a redirect to a special page, or to create normal pages beginning with the "Special:" prefix.

Special pages often take

arguments. Sometimes these can be supplied after a slash (as in Special:Log/block); in other cases an index.php call is used, as in http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&days=3&limit=10
. Also the content of some special pages depends on preferences that have been set by the user, e.g. classic or enhanced Recent Changes, the number of titles in Recent Changes and the watchlist, etc.

Some information is generated by toolserver rather than by special pages. See WP:Database reports.

The special pages can be accessed from Special:Specialpages, which is found in the sidebar of every page on Wikipedia. It is located in the Toolbox section.

Modifying special pages

Although special pages are not themselves editable, they generally contain standard text which is modifiable (although only by administrators). This text is contained in pages in the

edit protected
}} request on the talk page of the relevant MediaWiki page. An administrator will make the change if it seems appropriate.

Available special pages

General information

  • Special:SpecialPages: a list of most special pages currently available to all users.
  • Special:AllMessages: displays all pages in the MediaWiki namespace.
  • Special:Statistics: total number of pages and users in various categories.
  • Special:Version: shows the version of the software the site is currently running, and a listing of extensions installed.
  • Special:SiteMatrix: lists all Wikimedia projects (such as different language Wikipedias) and their codes.

Page listings

Tools

Latest changes

Users

Personal

Maintenance

Miscellaneous

Restricted special pages

The following pages can be accessed only by users with certain privileges.

Wikipedia Education Program

Inactive

The following special pages are stored, but are not currently updated. Some of these pages have analogues on the WP:Toolserver.

Linking and transcluding

To create a link to a special page:

It can take a label:

  • [[Special:PrefixIndex/HMS|All HMSs]] → All HMSs

To present the list on a page, transclude the name:

  • {{Special:PrefixIndex/HMS}}

However, some pages cannot be transcluded and would produce only a wikilink (e.g., {{Special:Random}} → Special:Random). When non-existent pages are linked or transcluded, a red link is produced (e.g., Special:Example).

Special pages in other languages

The term in the site language equivalent to English "Special" is used in each project. E.g.

  • "Speciaal" in Dutch
  • "Spezial" in German
  • "Speciális" in Hungarian
  • "מיוחד:" in Hebrew
  • "특수" in Korean
  • and "خاص" in Urdu

These also appear in the URLs. The English word "Special" works as an alternative in most sites depending on the configuration. If "Special" does not work, you can change the language displayed by the site to English in your preferences. This will enable you to see and access the Special pages in English.

See also

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Wikitext&oldid=611653557"