1957 Polish parliamentary election

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1957 Polish parliamentary election
← 1952 January 20, 1957 (1957-01-20) 1961 →
All 459 seats in the Sejm
Turnout94.14%
  First party
 
Leader Władysław Gomułka
Party FJN - PZPR
Seats won 459
Seat change Increase 34
Premier before election

Józef Cyrankiewicz
PZPR

Premier

Józef Cyrankiewicz
PZPR

Parliamentary elections were held in

Polish United Workers Party. However, as in all Communist countries, there was no opportunity to elect any true opposition members to the Sejm. The elections resulted in a predictable victory for the Front of National Unity
, dominated by the PZPR.

While the elections were a clear victory for Gomułka, they did not guarantee lasting changes in the Polish society. Gomułka's rule was somewhat more humane than that of his predecessor, hardline Stalinist

Polish 1970 protests
.

The previous elections in Poland were held in

1961 elections
.

Background

Władysław Gomułka, at the height of his popularity, addresses hundreds of thousand of people in Warsaw on 24 October 1956. He appealed for an end to demonstrations and return to work. "United with the working class and the nation", he concluded, "the Party will lead Poland along a new way of socialism." Gomułka's popularity at that time probably equalled that of Józef Piłsudski's in 1920 and Lech Wałęsa's in 1980; but disillusionment would soon follow.[2]

The elections were originally planned for December 1956 but due to significant political changes in the government, resulting from Gomułka's

Służba Bezpieczeństwa) and the government against the opposition was limited.[4]

The candidates were divided into two groups - one officially supported by the party and the 'independents' (broadly following the communist party line but not declared members of the party).[5] The latter would be only considered if over half of the registered voters in the district voted against the official candidates; otherwise all seats from the district (on average between 3 and 6) would be awarded to the official candidates.[5]

Over 60,000 candidates were registered for the 459 seats in the Sejm.[4][5][a] The government was not prepared to release its hold on power, so the candidates were screened and only 720[4] or 723[5] out of 60,000 were finally allowed to participate and be published on the official list by the Front of National Unity (Polish: Front Jedności Narodu, FJN), the only organization allowed to put forth candidates in Polish elections.[6][7] Factors such as the number of signatures in support of a candidate were deemed to be irrelevant.[5]

According to

Democratic Party (SD), United People's Party (ZSL)). There was no opposition party in Poland since all political groupings had to support the program of the PZPR.[4] As a result, no real opposition candidates were permitted to run in the elections, but in theory the Polish voters could have stripped the communists from their claimed legitimacy by abstaining from voting.[4][5] Another means of preventing the PZPR from obtaining a political victory would have occurred if all of the PZPR candidates were struck out, leaving only 100 to be elected.[4]

Despite the lack of genuine opposition, the liberalized election format allowed for various power struggles to be played out, primarily between the communist party candidates.[8] A particularly notable case was the rivalry between certain candidates from the main communist party (PZPR) and one of the lesser communist parties (ZSL).[8]

A day before the elections, Gomułka appealed to Polish citizens not to vote against the Party's candidates, asserting that 'crossing them out would equal crossing Poland off the map of Europe'

Radio Free Europe, which noted that Gomułka's argument while "cruel", is likely "entirely correct."[9] Gomułka also persuaded the Catholic Church to urge voters to go to the polls and declare a vote of confidence in the government.[4][10] Supporting him, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński officially declared his support for the 'no crossing' policy.[5]

Results

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Democratic Party
39+14
Independents63+26
Blank ballots270,0021.60––
Total16,833,316100.00459+34
Valid votes16,833,31699.65
Invalid votes58,8970.35
Total votes16,892,213100.00
Registered voters/turnout17,944,08194.14
Source: Nohlen & Stöver

The

Democratic Party and United People's Party) and a few independents.[4] PZPR 237 seats gave it 51.7% of total, ZSL with 120[4] (118 after by-elections)[11][b] had 26.1%, the independents with 63 had 14% (non-party faction, 51, and Catholics from the Znak association,[12] 12) and SD with 39 had 8.5%.[4]
The FJN alliance was victorious, with 80.8% of the seats.

Overall, the FJN alliance gained 8 seats compared to its 1952 results, but the independents nearly doubled their presence, from 37 to 63 (this is explained as the Sejm of 1957 had 459 seats, an increase of 34 from the 1952, which had only 425 seats).[11] PZPR was the biggest loser, with 34 seats less than in 1952, ZSL gained 28, and SD, 14.[11] However, as the other parties and "independents" were in fact subordinate to PZPR, its control of the Sejm was, in fact, total.[11][13] The representational pattern in the Sejm would be nearly stable for the next 30 years, following a slight swing from the independents to PZPR in 1961.[11]

According to official data, turnout was 94.14%,[4][5] which are considered to be somewhat suspect considering heavy snowfalls and unfavorable weather conditions prevailing in Poland at the time,[4] and 98.4% of votes were cast for official candidates.[5] Approximately 10.6% of the voters disobeyed the calls for "no crossing", but in the end only one seat (in Nowy Sącz) remained unfilled due to no candidate achieving absolute majority.[14]

The new Sejm had its first session on 20 February. Its

Sejm marshal was Czesław Wycech.[15] Only 12% of the new deputies were members of the previous, 1952, Sejm.[14]

Two by-elections were held after the main election.[4] The first took place on 17 March 1957 at Nowy Sącz.[4] The second took place at Wieluń on 5 May 1957 to replace the incumbent who died on February 5.[4] Those by-elections were won by the PZPR and the ZSL respectively.[4] Two more by-elections took place on October 19, 1958, in Myślenice and Oleśnica.[16] In those by-elections, ZSL lost the seats to PZPR.[b]

Aftermath

Despite Gomułka's hopes, the elections, while victorious for him, did not mean the end of opposition to the communist rule.

Polish 1970 protests, soon after the 1968 Polish political crisis, would eventually cause him to lose support with the PZPR party; suffering from nervous exhaustion, Gomułka would be forced to resign and replaced by Edward Gierek.[21][22]

Notes

a. ^ Staar (1958), Davies (2005) and majority of other sources report there were 459 seats. Diskin (2001:113) notes that in January 1957 there were 458 representatives. This illustrates the fact that one seat that did not get filled until the by-election held on 17 March 1957 at Nowy Sącz. A few sources incorrectly report that there were 458 seats available in the election.

b. ^ Staar (1958) reports results as cited by the Trybuna Ludu newspaper on January 27, 1957, and cites results of the February and March by-elections that year, as reported by Radio Warsaw in March and May that year. As his article was published in May 1958, his results thus cannot include the results of by-elections from October 1958. Michalski, Bardach and Ajnenkiel (1989) mention that two more by-elections occurred at that time, and Davies (2005) gives the results presumably corrected for by-elections results, indicating that two seats from ZSL went to PZPR.

References

  1. ISBN 9783832956097
  2. ISBN 978-0-521-61857-1
    . Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  3. ^ (in Polish) Sławomir Iwaniuk, Białorusini w wyborach do Sejmu PRL II kadencji 1957 roku Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine, Białoruskie Zeszyty Historycznye Nr 6, pod red. E. Mironowicza, Białystok 1996, str. 130-165
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Richard F. Staar, Elections in Communist Poland, Midwest Journal of Political Science, Vol. 2, No. 2 (May, 1958), pp. 200-218, JSTOR
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l (in Polish) Bartłomiej Kozłowski, Wybory styczniowe do Sejmu 1957 Archived 2009-01-03 at the Wayback Machine Last accessed on 5 April 2007
  6. ^ (in Polish) Front Jedności Narodu Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine in WIEM Encyklopedia
  7. ^ (in Polish) Front Jedności Narodu Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine in Encyklopedia PWN
  8. ^
    ISBN 83-7059-369-0
    (blurb)
  9. ISBN 978-0-8131-9045-7
    . Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  10. ISBN 978-0-231-08093-4
    . Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-0-231-12819-3
    . Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  12. ISBN 978-0-231-12819-3
    . Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  13. ISBN 978-0-271-02308-3
    . Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  14. ^
    ISBN 978-0-521-27501-9
    . Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  15. ISBN 978-83-01-10386-6
    . Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  16. ISBN 978-83-01-08532-2
    . Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  17. ISBN 978-963-9241-16-9
    . Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  18. ISBN 978-0-521-27501-9
    . Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  19. ISBN 978-0-521-27501-9
    . Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  20. ISBN 978-0-521-27501-9
    . Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  21. ISBN 978-0-231-05353-2
    . Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  22. ISBN 978-0-7146-4589-6
    . Retrieved 26 May 2011.

Further reading

External links

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