8th King's Royal Irish Hussars

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8th (King's Royal Irish) Hussars
Prince Philip

The 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars was a cavalry regiment in the British Army, first raised in 1693. It saw service for three centuries including the First and Second World Wars. The regiment survived the immediate post-war reduction in forces, and went on to distinguish itself in the battles of the Korean War, but was recommended for amalgamation in the 1957 Defence White Paper prepared by Duncan Sandys. The regiment was amalgamated with the 4th Queen's Own Hussars, to form the Queen's Royal Irish Hussars in 1958.

History

Formation and War of Spanish Succession

The regiment was first raised by

Dragoons in Derry in 1693, and ranked as the 8th Dragoons.[1] They soldiered at home as part of the Irish Establishment [2] but were deployed to Spain in 1704 to take part in the War of the Spanish Succession.[3]

The regiment took part in a skirmish near Tanarite at which Henry Conyngham was killed: Robert Killigrew took over but was also killed at the Battle of Almansa in April 1707. Under their new colonel, John Pepper, the 8th Dragoons routed a Spanish cavalry regiment at the Battle of Almenar in July 1710, and, according to tradition, took possession of the enemy regiment's crossbelts. This earned the regiment the nickname "Crossbelt Dragoons", borne for many years. The regiment was captured in its entirety at the Battle of Brihuega in December 1710.[3]

Disbandment and reformation (1713–1796)

The regiment returned home and was disbanded in 1714. It was re-raised again in 1715 and deployed to Scotland as part of the response to the

King George III as the 8th (The King's Royal Irish) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons.[1] The regiment was deployed to the Low Countries in 1794 for service in the Flanders Campaign and took part in a skirmish at Bousbecque where they captured the French guns. After being directed by King George III to wear buff accoutrements as an honour, the regiment returned to England in November 1795.[3]

South Africa, India and peace (1796–1854)

The regiment deployed to South Africa to control the

Prince Albert on their first visit to Dublin in 1849.[3]

Crimean War

Main article: Crimean War
8th King's Royal Irish Hussars (1850)
Robert Richard Scanlan

During the

River Alma in September 1854 and the 8th Hussars were awarded the battle honour for a convincing defeat of the enemy. On 28 September, following a report that Russian troops were out in front of Balaklava town, the troop of the 8th, which made up Lord Raglan's escort under Captain Chetwode, was thrown out in skirmishing order. The Horse Artillery then came up and opened fire, causing the Russians to abandon all their wagons and flee from the scene. Some 70 wagons and carts were captured, some only containing small arms ammunition, which was destroyed. The rest of the wagons contained black bread. The troops were allowed to pillage the wagons that did not contain anything of value to the Commissariat. As a result, within a few minutes, the ground was strewn with various pieces of clothing – Hussar uniforms, fur cloaks, and wigs. The carriages were said to belong to the suite of Prince Menshikov. After this engagement until 25 October, the regiment furnished patrols and outpost duties, being billeted close to vineyards and barns containing water, corn, hay and fuel.[5]

The charge of the Light Brigade, October 1854; The 8th Hussars were in the third line of cavalry (on the right of the picture)

In October, Balaklava and the

93rd Highlanders, some Turks
, and the Cavalry Division. Lieutenant Colonel Sherwell led the King's Royal Irish Hussars, forbidding two soldiers to carry their swords in the charge because they had "Disgraced the regiment by smoking in the presence of the enemy". The charge through the crossfire into the mouths of the Russian guns is vividly described by Lieutenant the Hon S Calthorpe, an 8th Hussar ADC.

The pace of our Cavalry increased every moment, until they went thundering along the valley, making the ground tremble beneath them. On they went headlong to death, disregarding aught but the object of their attack. At length they arrived at the guns, their numbers sadly thinned, but the few that remained made fearful havoc amongst the enemy's artillery.[3]

The Charge of the Light Brigade by Richard Caton Woodville

As part of the second wave of the brigade's attack, the 8th were in line with the 4th Light Dragoons and, advancing in support at a steady pace, came under fire. Wounded men and horses from the leading squadrons kept dashing out, making the lines unsteady. With the pace increasing, the 4th were not checked by their officers and the lines separated. In spite of the fall of men and horses, the regiment passed the remains of the battery in the valley.[6] The 8th pushed through the line of Russian gunners to the remnants of the first line in retreat, unaware that a Russian brigade of light cavalry was at hand. A regiment of Russian lancers was advancing from behind, as the 8th Hussars went through the infantry crossfire and lost half their men. The remnants of the brigade formed up, totalling about 70 men. They decided to attack the Russian lancers, eventually overthrowing them. The ground was now opened up for the brigade to retire, the 8th now pursued their course to their original position, followed by all the other horsemen of the other regiments and, as their horses became blown or wounded, they tailed. The Russians were now recovering in confidence and they pursued the dismounted men. The officers of the 8th called off the men, freeing up the ground for artillery fire, which gave many the chance to escape. Overall, two officers and 19 other ranks were killed and two officers and 18 other ranks were wounded. One officer and seven other ranks were taken prisoner-of-war.[7]

The Battle of Inkerman was won by the infantry in November as the harsh winter of 1854–55 set in, killing 9,000 men. However, the loss of these men did not stop the 8th Hussars from overcoming the Russians at Kertch. In September 1855, Sevastopol fell after nearly a year, and a peace treaty was signed in March 1856.[3]

Of the 293 other ranks who had set out for the

Crimea with the regiment, two were promoted to officer rank, 42 were invalided, 68 died of wounds or disease, 26 were killed in action or died immediately afterward. One private deserted to the Russians and 154 returned with the regiment to England, including 65 who had been to the Danube. Of the 230 troop horses that had set out for the Crimea with the regiment, only 30 were brought home, including 13 that had been to the Danube.[8]

Indian Rebellion of 1857

Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi
who was killed by a soldier of the 8th Hussars

The 8th spent a year in England but were called to India to help suppress the

London Gazette of 28 January 1859, and read:[10]

War-Office, 26 January 1859.

THE Queen has been graciously pleased to confirm the grant of the Decoration of the Victoria Cross to the undermentioned Officer, Non-Commissioned Officer, Farrier, and Private of Her Majesty's 8th Hussars, which decoration has been provisionally conferred upon them by Major-General Sir Hugh Henry Rose, G.C.B., Commanding the Central India Field Force, in accordance with the rules laid down in Her Majesty's Warrant instituting the same, on account of an Act of Bravery performed by them in India, as recorded against their several names, viz.:

Captain (now Brevet-Major) Clement Walker Heneage, No. 1584. Serjeant Joseph Ward, No. 1298. Farrier George Hollis, No. 861. Private John Pearson

Date of Act of Bravery, 17 June 1858.

Selected for the Victoria Cross by their companions in the gallant charge made by a squadron of the Regiment at Gwalior, on 17 June 1858, when, supported by a division of the Bombay Horse Artillery and Her Majesty's 95th Regiment, they routed the enemy, who were advancing against Brigadier Smith's position, charged through the rebel camp into two batteries, capturing and bringing into their camp two of the enemy's guns, under a heavy and converging fire from the Fort and Town.

(Field Force Orders by Major-General Sir Hugh Henry Rose, G.C.B., Commanding Central India Field Force, dated Camp, Gwalior, 28 June 1858.)

The remaining year of the Mutiny consisted of the pursuit of the rebel forces. On 5 September 1858, a squadron of "D" Troop, 8th Hussars, caught the mutineers at

Nusserabad, all troops had been in search of the rebels. In its time in India, the 8th had gone through two hot-weather campaigns, H.Q. Troop had shifted camp 300 times and marched over 3000 miles with some of the other Troops marching close to 4000 miles. Reaching Meerut in February 1861, there was an epidemic of cholera in which the regiment lost two officers and thirty-one men. The title of the regiment was simplified in 1861 to the 8th (The King's Royal Irish) Hussars.[1]

Ireland

The 8th Hussars were based at the

Curragh in County Kildare, Ireland, between 1869 and 1875. In 1994, a man watching racehorses being trained on the Curragh glimpsed a small piece of metal being thrown up with mud by a horse galloping by; this turned out to be a Victoria Cross (minus its bar). It was presumed to have been one of the four awarded to the 8th Hussars as at the time, and until 1881, soldiers were required to wear all their medals while on duty, and it was thought likely to have belonged to either George Hollis or John Pearson as the other two medals were accounted for; Pearson's collection of medals, including his VC, were subsequently sold at auction in 2004.[11][12]

The future Field Marshal Sir

claret for breakfast.[14]

Afghanistan and Second Boer War (1863–1914)

General De Salis, a veteran of the Crimean campaign and sometime Colonel of the Regiment.
8th Hussars Boer War memorial in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin

The regiment returned to India in 1879 and then moved on to Afghanistan to bolster Lord Roberts' army, which was engaged in the Second Anglo-Afghan War; the regiment returned home in 1889.[3]

In October 1899, war broke out between the United Kingdom and the Boer republics in South Africa. The regiment sailed to South Africa on the SS Norseman in February 1900, arriving in

mentioned in Lord Roberts' final despatches of 2 April and 4 September 1901. In the first three months of 1901, the 8th was in the column of Colonel Charles Edmond Knox, at one point sweeping to the Swazi border.[16]

During the later phases of the war, the

Mafeking Relief column.[19]

After returning to England, the 8th had over six years without hostilities before returning to India in August 1914 arriving at

Marseilles on 10 November 1914 where they joined the 1st Indian Cavalry Division.[20]

First World War

Trench warfare meant that the cavalry were held in reserve, waiting for "the gap"

The 8th Hussars entered

chlorine gas. In September 1915 the 8th Hussars transferred to the 2nd Indian Cavalry Division.[20]

One of the two Maxim machine guns captured at Villiers Faucon

The majority of the casualties occurred from the unsanitary conditions of the trenches, the cavalry being held almost exclusively in reserve, waiting for "the gap" constantly warned off, but never used. In July 1916, the King's Royal Irish Hussars fought at

Flers-Courcelette the following month, both battles being in the Somme area. They returned to the Somme area in March 1917 to clear the small pockets of machine guns left by the retreating Germans. They took part in what would be the Regiment's last mounted charge at Villers-Faucon when B and D Squadrons, supported by a howitzer battery and two armoured cars, attacked a heavily defended German position. B Squadron charged, then attacked on foot (the armoured cars were quickly put out of action) and drew the enemy's fire. D Squadron charged and captured the village with few casualties. The Squadron Commander, Major Van der Byl, was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for the action.[21] Two Maxim machine guns were captured in this action and have been used as guardroom adornments by the 8th Hussars and successor regiments since 1918. During the German spring offensive of 1918, "C" Squadron under Captain Adlercron, defended the village of Hervilly until being forced to retreat, only to recapture it later that day at the loss of 66 casualties.[3]

Regimental Memorial on display at Athlone Barracks, Sennelager

In March 1918, they were transferred to the

Pursuit to Mons. On 11 November 1918, whilst camped at Maffles, the regiment heard that the Armistice had been signed. The 8th Hussars had 105 soldiers killed and countless wounded throughout the four years of the war.[3] The regiment commissioned a memorial to the fallen, which has been on display, where possible, since its unveiling and has been updated with the names of those who fell in the Second World War and the Korean War and is now on display with the successor regiment, the Queen's Royal Hussars.[23]

Inter-war

The 8th Hussars returned to England in 1919, and embarked almost immediately for India where they spent less than a year. They were soon ordered to Mesopotamia in order to deal with various native insurrections at Medali, which they put down, moving from there to Egypt. The regiment retitled as the 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars in 1921.[1] In 1923, the Regiment moved back to York and completed a three-year tour as part of the occupation forces in Germany from 1926 to 1929. They then returned to Aldershot, and received their first motorised transport for the machine-gun squadron. In 1934, the 8th moved to Abassia in Egypt. Their particular brand of soldiering was at an end after 242 years; the King's Royal Irish Hussars had their horses replaced with 15 Cwt Ford V8 pick-up trucks mounted with Vickers Berthier machine guns.[24] The last mounted parade was held at Coombe Hill in the desert near Cairo on 11 November 1935 where the three sabre squadrons and the mounted band "trotted past, wheeled and galloped" for the GOC, Army of the Nile.[24] In 1936, the regiment helped quell civil unrest in Palestine and then returned to Egypt as part of the Matruh Mobile Force.[3]

Second World War

The Desert War

Stuart tanks of the 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars in North Africa, August 1941.

In 1938, the regiment was transferred to the Light Cavalry Brigade of the Mobile Division, (The Matruh Mobile Force)

Light tanks were issued in January 1939 as the regiment transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps.[1] These were cast-offs from the 7th Hussars and the band was converted to an Anti-Tank Troop in 15 Cwt trucks (Portees).[26] Transfer from Cavalry of the Line to the Royal Armoured Corps came in May 1939 as the regiment prepared for war after the Italian invasion of Albania. For the first time, black berets were worn as working dress instead of the traditional cavalry "side-hat".[27] In August 1939, the regiment was sent into the desert to prepare positions at the Mersa Matruh Line. As part of the preparations, petrol dumps were created by burying supplies in the sand with a piece of wood indicating the burial site and marking the position on maps.[28]

The regiment was part of the offensive against the

Greece before returning to North Africa as part of the 1st Armoured Division. The regiment then returned to refit at Mena, Cairo in time for St Patrick's Day.[30]

Grant tank.

In July 1941, the 8th Hussars, in

City of London Yeomanry (casualties having reduced the size of both regiments) before having to withdraw with the rest of the British Eighth Army to El Alamein. In June, the remnants of the regiment under command of Lieutenant Colonel "Cuthie" Goulbourn detached one squadron to their future partners, the 4th Queen's Own Hussars, to form a temporary regiment called the 4th/8th Hussars. The brigade, including the 8th and the 4th/8th faced the massive enemy onslaught at Alam Halfa, defeating the enemy. They helped breach the minefields at the Second Battle of El Alamein and then joined the pursuit for three weeks. The regiment then enjoyed a short tour in Cyprus before returning to England.[3]

Normandy and beyond

Cromwell tank
Chaffee tank
Sherman Firefly – Hamburg 1945
Officers of the 8th Hussars wearing the distinctive Tent Hat unique to the regiment(1944)

On its return from North Africa, the regiment was re-equipped with

Fallingbostel[42] before ending the war close to Hamburg. The regiment then went to Berlin on 7 July 1945 to take part in the Victory celebrations – the 2nd senior British Army regiment on parade.[43] The regiment stayed in Itzehoe, Germany, for a year, before moving to the Dutch border to help with internal security and occupation duties.[44]

Korean War

Centurion Tank
Centurion tank of the 8th Hussars at Battle of Imjin.

In 1948, the 8th returned to

HMT Empire Fowey on 11 October 1950, docking in Pusan on 14 November. Having reached the front, north of Pyongyang, all squadrons found themselves in full retreat, regrouping on the Han River. Early in 1951, Recce Troop saw action on the Han River in an area known as "Compo Valley"[46] and had twenty three soldiers killed or missing. During this action, a Cromwell tank was captured by the Chinese and had to be knocked out several days later by fire from the Hussars own Centurions.[46] Captain Donald Lewis Astley-Cooper, who was in command of Recce Troop, then put together a scratch force known as "Cooper Force" of Cromwell tanks borrowed from 7 RTR, which assisted the hard-pressed Royal Ulster Rifles, who had been under attack by superior forces since 2 January.[47]

Astley-Cooper was last seen dismounting his brewed up Cromwell and running away with his loader. His subsequent fate is unknown. In February, the

Northumberland Fusiliers and the Royal Ulster Rifles
. The 8th were forced to make several sorties into overrun positions to rescue infantrymen cut off by the advancing Chinese infantry. The fighting was fierce:

Captain Ormrod's tanks had forced their way down the last lap of the valley through milling Chinamen. They could see what was estimated at 2,000 more, swarming down the western hillsides, from the heights where they had been held up all day. The Centurions came through, crushing enemy under their tracks. Sgt. Cadman found a Chinaman battering at his turret to get in, and directed the tank straight through the wall of a house, to brush him off, and then ran over an M.G. post beside the road. Cornet Venner, who had behaved with great gallantry at every stage of the day's fighting, lost his scout-car, but guided one Centurion out of trouble and escaped, wounded, himself. Captain Ormrod was wounded in the head by a grenade. Three platoons of Infantry suddenly appeared, in parade-ground order, out of the river bed – and were blown to confusion with some of the last ammunition the tanks carried. Some tanks took to the paddy and were ploughing-in Communists, crouched under every bank. The firing was a continuous iron rain on the outside of the tanks, and only a small proportion of the Infantry on the top survived this death-ride. The tanks came out of the valley to see the

Belgians leaving their ridge, that all day had guarded this southern opening.[51]

Richard Napier, (a tank commander in the battle) in his book From Horses to Chieftains recalls: "After about three hours of continuous firing, my machine gun barrels needed changing; my recoil system was so hot that it wouldn't run back and my loader/operator Ken Hall, had fainted with the continual hard work and fumes."[52]

Napier relates how, unable to use his weapons, he withdrew, allowing infantrymen to hitch a ride on his tank. The Chinese had infiltrated behind them and were swarming around them, shooting at the infantrymen on the tank. The crew resorted to lobbing grenades out of the hatches at the mass of Chinese infantry.[53] On one occasion, the

Glosters, the other under Capt Strachan in support of the Royal Ulster Rifles. They held their positions for two days in anticipation of further Chinese attacks, which did not come, before withdrawing to Seoul.[51]
Major Henry Huth received the DSO for his part in the Imjin battles and Captain Peter Ormrod won the Military Cross.[50]

"It was at the Battle of the Imjin River in April 1951 that the Centurions of the 8th Hussars won lasting fame when their tanks covered the withdrawal of the 29th Brigade in heroic fashion in the face of the overwhelming Chinese Spring Offensive".[55]

Amalgamation

Prince Philip takes the salute on Amalgamation Day

Between 1952 and 1958 the 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars soldiered in Lüneburg enjoying an extended period of peace. In the 1957 Defence White Paper, the 8th Hussars were slated for reduction. In 1958, the Regiment was amalgamated with the 4th Queen's Own Hussars to form the Queen's Royal Irish Hussars.[1]

Regimental museum

The regimental collection is moving to a new facility in Warwick known as "Trinity Mews": it is due to open in 2018.[56]

Battle honours

The 8th Hussars received a number of

Third Maratha War.[1]

Notable personalities

Regimental colonels

Tomb marker of Alexander father and son in Ireland, both officers of the 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars.

Colonels of the Regiment were:[1]

  • 1693–1706: Maj-Gen. Henry Conyngham
  • 1706–1707: Maj-Gen. Robert Killigrew
  • 1707–1714: Maj-Gen. John Pepper
  • disbanded 1714
John Pepper's Regiment of Dragoons - (reformed 1715)
  • 1715–1716: Maj-Gen. John Pepper (reappointed)
  • disbanded 1716
Phineas Bowles's Regiment of Dragoons - (reformed 1719)
8th Regiment of Dragoons - (1751)
8th (The King's Royal Irish) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons - (1777)
8th (The King's Royal Irish) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons (Hussars) - (1822)
  • 1833–1839: Gen. Sir William Kerr Grant, KCB, GCH
  • 1839–1840: Lt-Gen. Sir
    Joseph Straton
    , CB, KCH
  • 1840–1843: Lt-Gen. Philip Philpot
  • 1843–1855: Gen. Sir John Brown, KCH
  • 1855–1865: F.M.
    George Charles Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan
    , GCB
8th (The King's Royal Irish) Hussars - (1861)
8th King's Royal Irish Hussars - (1921)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "8th King's Royal Irish Hussars". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  2. ^ A Military Dictionary, William Duane. 1810 p 140
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "History, 8th Kings's Royal Irish Hussars". Queen's Royal Hussars. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  4. ^ "Lives of the Light Brigade: 8th Hussars to the Crimea 1854". The James Boys Archive. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
  5. ^ "Lives of the Light Brigade: 8th Hussars in the Crimea". The James Boys Archive. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
  6. ^ "The Crimea". Digger History. Archived from the original on 23 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
  7. ^ "Lives of the Light Brigade: 8th Hussars in the Charge". The James Boys Archive. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
  8. ^ "Lives of the Light Brigade: 8th Hussars after Balaklava". The James Boys Archive. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
  9. ^ Original Warrant, Clause 13: "Thirteenthly. It is ordained that in the event of a gallant and daring act having been performed by a squadron, ship's company, or detached body of seamen and marines not under 50 in number, or by a brigade, regiment, troop or company in which the admiral, general, or other officer commanding such forces may deem that all are equally brave and distinguished, and that no special selection can be made by them, then is such case the admiral, general, or other officer commanding, may direct that for any such body of seamen or marines, or for every troop or company of soldiers, one officer shall be selected by the officers engaged for the Decoration, and in like manner one petty officer or non-commissioned officer shall be selected by the petty officers and non-commissioned officers engaged, and two seamen or private soldiers or marines shall be selected by the seamen, or private soldiers, or marines engaged, respectively for the Decoration, and the names of those selected shall be transmitted by the senior officers in command of the Naval force, brigade, regiment, troop, or company, to the admiral or general officer commanding, who shall in due manner confer the Decoration as if the acts were done under his own eye." From "No. 21846". The London Gazette. 5 February 1856. p. 411.
  10. ^ "No. 22223". The London Gazette. 28 January 1859. p. 294.
  11. ^ Niall Fallon, 'A rare medal is unearthed on Curragh' in The Irish Times, 21 May 1994, p.22
  12. ^ "Victoria Cross daredevil who helped crush Indian Mutiny". Halifax Courier. 13 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  13. ^ "No. 24074". The London Gazette. 10 March 1874. p. 1591.
  14. ^ Holmes 2004, pp.20-2
  15. ^ "Latest intelligence - The War - Movements of Transport". The Times. No. 36087. London. 12 March 1900. p. 5.
  16. ^ "8th King's Royal Irish Hussars". Anglo-Boer War. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  17. ^ "BOERS BADLY DEFEATED; Lose Seven Guns, Twenty-three Dead, and Many Captured. Fight Was Near Bothaville with De Wet and Steyn's Forces -- British Colonel Killed". New York Times. 10 November 1900. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
  18. ^ "Kwazulu Natal Branch; Newsletter No. 342". South African Military History Society. 10 January 2004. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
  19. ^ Wilson, H. W. (1901). With the Flag to Pretoria: A History of the Boer War, 1899–1900. Harmsworth Brothers, London. pp. Chapter XXV. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2008.
  20. ^ a b "The Hussars". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  21. ^ a b Patterson, Ian. "Armoured Regiments: 8th (King's Royal Irish) Hussars". Affiliated to Desert Rats Memorial Trust. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
  22. ^ Becke 1935, p. 5
  23. ^ "QRH soldiers remember fallen comrade". Ministry of Defence. 11 November 2013. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  24. ^ a b Napier 1992, p. 61
  25. ^ Napier 1992, p. 122
  26. ^ Napier 1992, pp. 131–132
  27. ^ Napier 1992, p. 134
  28. ^ Napier 1992, p. 140
  29. ^ Napier 1992, p. 159
  30. ^ Napier 1992, p. 165
  31. ^ Napier 1992, p. 174
  32. ^ Napier 1992, p. 179
  33. ^ Unit histories—Lt Col Gerald "Smash" Kilkelly Archived 4 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ Napier 1992, p. 187
  35. ^ Bellamy 2005, p. 16
  36. ^ Bellamy 2005, pp. 18–20
  37. ^ Bellamy 2005, p. 127
  38. ^ Bellamy 2005, p. 167
  39. ^ Bellamy 2005, p. 183
  40. ^ "Lt-Col Wingate Charlton". The Daily Telegraph. London. 15 November 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  41. ^ "General Sir Desmond Fitzpatrick". The Daily Telegraph. London. 18 October 2002. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  42. ^ Fallingbostel Military Museum
  43. ^ Bellamy 2005, p. 227
  44. ^ Napier 1992, p. 239
  45. ^ Napier 1992, pp. 255–256
  46. ^
    ISBN 9781855322974
  47. ^ Captain Donald Lewis Astley-Cooper: Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003.
  48. ^ Napier 1992, p. 269
  49. ^ Napier 1992, p. 271
  50. ^ a b "Colonel Peter Ormrod". The Times. London. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  51. ^ a b c "The Korean Supplement of "Crossbelts", Regimental Journal". 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  52. ^ Napier 1992, p. 280
  53. ^ Napier 1992, pp. 280–281
  54. ^ Paul, James; Spirit, Martin. "Gloster Hill". Britain's Small Wars. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
  55. ISBN 978-1-84176-387-3
  56. ^ "More about the New Museum". The Queen's Own Hussars Museum. Retrieved 11 June 2018.

Bibliography

External links
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