Amazonas (Brazilian state)
Amazonas | |
---|---|
Estado do Amazonas State of Amazonas | |
US$ 24.4 billion) | |
HDI | |
• Year | 2021 |
• Category | 0.700[3] – high (18th) |
Time zones | UTC−05:00 (BRT–2) |
UTC−04:00 (BRT–1) | |
Postal Code | 69000-000 to 69290-000 69400-000 to 69890-000 |
ISO 3166 code | BR-AM |
License Plate Letter Sequence | JWF to JXY, NOI to NPB, OAA to OAO, OXM, PHA to PHZ, QZA to QZZ |
Website | Amazonas.am.gov.br |
Amazonas
Amazonas is named after the
Most of the state is tropical jungle; cities are clustered along navigable waterways and are accessible only by boat or plane. The capital and largest city is Manaus, a modern city of 2.1 million inhabitants in the middle of the jungle on the Amazon River, 1,500 km upstream from the Atlantic Ocean. Nearly half the state's population lives in the city; the other large cities, Parintins, Manacapuru, Itacoatiara, Tefé, and Coari are also along the Amazon River in the eastern half of the state.
Etymology
The name was originally given to the Amazon River that runs through the state by the Spaniard Francisco de Orellana in 1541. Claiming to have come across a warlike tribe of Natives, with whom he fought, he likened them to the Amazons of Greek mythology, giving them the same name of Río de las Amazonas. [6][7][8]
History
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (January 2014) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
Administrative evolution
Adopted | January 14, 1982 |
---|---|
Design | 25 stars for municipalities of August 4, 1897, the larger one for the capital Manaus. Two white bars for hope, red bar for struggles overcome. |
Amazonas was originally the captaincy of São Jose do Rio Negro, then a District of Grão-Pará, which became a province and finally a state of Brazil.
1616 Captaincy of Maranhão begins westward expansion 1751 Maranhão reconstituted as state of Grão-Pará e Maranhão 1755 Captaincy of Rio Negro split off 1757 Captaincy of Rio Negro rejoined 1772 Grão-Pará e Rio Negro split from Grão-Pará e Maranhão. 1775 Captaincy of Grão-Pará of state of Brazil. 1821 Province of Pará 1822 Pará province of independent Brazil. 1832 Creation of Judicial District of the Upper Amazonas, under Pará. 1850 Province of Amazonas split from Pará 1889 State of Amazonas Capital 1755 village of São José do Javari; it became the vila Maryua 1758, Maryua is elevated to a town and called Barcelos 1788–1799, capital moved to Barra do Rio Negro; 1799–1808 The capital was again in Barcelos 1808 Barra do Rio Negro the capital, renamed Manaus in 1832 |
Rise of the rainforest
At one time the Amazon River flowed westward, perhaps as part of a proto-Congo (Zaïre) river system from the interior of present-day Africa when the continents were joined as part of western Gondwana. Fifteen million years ago, the Andes were formed by the collision of the South American Plate with the Nazca Plate (eastern Pacific oceanic) plate. The rise of the Andes and the linkage of the Brazilian and Guyana bedrock shields, blocked the river and caused the Amazon to become a vast inland sea. Gradually this inland sea became a massive swampy, freshwater lake and the marine inhabitants adapted to life in freshwater. For example, over 20 species of stingray, most closely related to those found in the Pacific Ocean, can be found today in the fresh waters of the Amazon.
About ten million years ago, waters worked through the sandstone to the west and the Amazon began to flow eastward. At this time the Amazon rainforest was born. During the Ice Age, sea levels dropped and the great Amazon lake rapidly drained and became a river. Three million years later, the ocean level receded enough to expose the Central American isthmus and allow mass migration of mammal species between the Americas.
The Ice Ages caused tropical rainforest around the world to retreat. Although debated, it is believed that much of the Amazon reverted to
Native peoples
The
Colonial conflicts
In the colonial time, the territory which today belongs to the State of Amazonas, was a combination of treaties, expeditions, evangelism and military occupations. Scarce but recorded claims and indigenous uprisings in the region, were initially made by the Spanish Empire through the Treaty of Tordesillas and after the Portuguese Empire by the First Treaty of San Ildefonso. The State also includes territory from failed attempts at colonization by the European powers, such as England and the Dutch empire.
The first Spanish expedition was by
After the unification of the
Conflicting issues arose between what was granted by law in the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), and the subsequent reality of colonial expansion: the Spanish, eastward from the Pacific coastal plains (though restrained by the Andes), and the Portuguese, westward (aided by the waterways and lowlands of the mighty Amazon). The Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750) – that determined the border between the Spanish possessions and southern Portuguese Brazil – had first enunciated the principle that new states, at the time of their creation shall have dominion over the lands that were settled as colonies. It implicitly opened the door to claims by prior possession in the vast lands of the north.
After the independence of
Spanish conquistadors and Jesuits
By the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), the whole Amazon basin was in the area of the Spanish Crown. The mouth of a great river was explored by Spanish conquistador Vicente Yáñez Pinzón, who reached it in February 1500, with his cousin Diego de Lepe. He called the river Río Santa María de la Mar Dulce (River of Saint Mary of the Sweet Sea) on account of the large freshwater estuary extending into the sea at its mouth.
In 1541, Spanish conquistadores
Also in the 16th century, there were the expeditions of conquistadores Pedro de Ursúa and Lope de Aguirre in search of the legendary El Dorado, the Lost City of Gold (1559–1561) Spanish
English, Dutch and French outposts
Starting about 1580, without effective occupation, English, Dutch, French (and even some Irish) searching for so-called Drogas do Sertão (spices of the backlands[Note 3]) had established some outposts upstream of the mouth of the Amazon.
Portuguese usurpation
From at least the time of the Tordesillas Treaty in 1494[Note 4] until the Treaty of Madrid in 1750, the region of the upper Amazon was part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru (Viceroyalty of New Granada after 1717). Everything north of the Amazon (Solimões) and west of the Nhamundá River (Yamundá, in Spanish), an affluent of the left bank of the Amazon that forms the boundary of Amazonas with Pará, was known as Spanish Guyana.
Portuguese expansion westward and northward of the Torsedillas Line began from the frontier of the northernmost captaincy of Maranhão with the expulsion of the French from São Luis in 1615, and the founding of Belém at the mouth of the Amazon in 1616. Exploration and colonization thence followed the waterway upstream.
There are accounts of Portuguese
Tropical jungle is hostile and impenetrable as well as European settlements were exclusively along the waterways. Portuguese expansion generally was east to west, and from the main channel, the Solimões, north and south along the tributaries. The character of the settlements was of three kinds: defense and occupation (fortes), economic (feitorias), and evangelical (missões). The first permanent Portuguese settlements in the region were Itacoatiara 176 km east of Manaus, founded in 1655 by Portuguese Jesuit Padre António Vieira as Mission of Aroaquis on the island of Aibi near the mouth of Lake Arauató, followed by São Gabriel, founded in 1668 as by Franciscan Friar Teodózio [or Teodósio] da Veiga and Captain Pedro da Costa Favela on the Rio Negro, near the mouth of the Rio Aruím. In 1761, a fort was built on the location, and the settlement became the town of São Gabriel da Cachoeira. The first missionary aldea of the Portuguese in the Negro was that known as Santo Elias dos Tarumas (originally aldeia of Nossa Senhora da Conceição, and later called Airão), dating from 1692. the capital Manaus, was founded in 1669 as the Fort of São José do Rio Negro (later called Lugar da Barra do Rio Negro or "place on the shore of Rio Negro") on the confluence of the Rio Negro and Solimões Rivers.
The Royal Charter of 1693 divided Amazonia among the Jesuits, Carmelites, Capuchines and Franciscans: the Jesuits restricted their activities to the south bank of the Amazon upstream to the mouth of the Madeira; the north shore of the Amazon as far as the Trombetas fell to the Franciscans, to the mouth of the Rio Negro to the Mercedarians, and the Negro itself and the Solimoes to the Carmelites.
The Portuguese Carmelites got a later start than the Spanish Jesuits, but their impact was more durable. Between 1697 and 1757, they established eight missions on the Solimões and nine on the Rio Negro.
Antidote to settlement was disease: fierce smallpox epidemics in 1661, 1695, 1724, and 1743/49 left the region nearly depopulated. A Carmelite Friar had notable success with the method of variolation in 1729, but the technique was not propagated. The Jenner cowpox vaccine was not introduced in Brazil until 1808. Variolation was prohibited in 1840, and vaccination was mandated in 1854. But epidemics got worse until finally petering out around the turn of the century.
Within the project of occupying the Amazon hinterland, was formed the royal
The borders of Brazil
The boundary between the Portuguese and Spanish domination of the Amazon was eventually fixed at the Rio Javari (river that rises on the border between Amazonas state, Brazil, and Loreto department, Peru) by the Treaty of Madrid in 1750.
By the mid-18th century, the effective boundary between the two empires, the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru and Portuguese Brazil, had shifted to the area of the confluence of the Rio Negro and Amazon Rivers, in upper Amazonia. While the Treaty of Madrid in 1750 implicitly recognized the principle of uti possiditis, it did not actually specify the northern borders of the country. At that time, the border of contention between Spanish and Portuguese domains was in the upper Solimões, at the junction of the Rio Negro. In the upper Salomoes, Spanish missionary influence was being displaced, and the Viceroy was indifferent to colonization, but Portuguese settlements were not yet established. Part of the northern boundary between Brazil and what was then British Guyana, was set by the Spanish Boundary-line Commission of Yturriaga and Solano (1757–1763). After two indecisive wars between Portuguese and Spanish colonial forces 1761–1763 and 1776–1777, the border between the Spanish and Portuguese possessions, the Viceroyalty of Peru (and successor states) and Grão-Pará region of Brazil, was set between 1781 and 1791 by negotiation.
Age of rebellion
In 1821, Grão-Pará and Rio Negro provinces became the unified Grão-Pará. The following year, Brazil proclaimed its independence and Grão-Pará became the Province of Pará of state of Brazil.
When Emperor Pedro I declared independence from Portugal, in 1822, he had to fight also the provinces of Grão-Pará and Maranhão. In 1823, a ship commanded by British officer John Pascoe Grenfell arrived at the port of Belém, to combat rebels. Only in August 1824 did the new governor swear loyalty to the Brazilian Emperor. The Province of Pará, including the comarca of Rio Negro, the upper Amazon region, was incorporated into the Empire of Brazil in 1824.
A revolt in 1832 demanded the autonomy of the Amazonas region as a separate province of Pará. The rebellion was suppressed, but the Amazons were able to send a representative to the Imperial Court, Friar José dos Santos Inocentes, who got up the creation of the District of the Upper Amazon. During Cabanagem in 1835–40, the Amazon remained loyal to the imperial government and not joined the revolt.
As a sort of reward for loyalty, the Province of Amazonas was officially created by Emperor Pedro II in 1850.
Rubber and economic exploitation
From the mid-19th century, the territory began to receive migrants from the northeast seeking a better life. Attracted by the rubber boom, they settled in important Amazonian cities such as Manaus, Tabatinga, Parintins, Itacoatiara and Barcelos, the first capital of Amazonas. The state had an era of splendor in the 1890s, at the peak of the rubber boom. However, the economic gains were largely the result of great human suffering: untold thousands of enslaved Amerindian seringueiros (rubber tappers) died through disease and overwork.
Manaus, which already boasted as the capital administrative of the State, experienced a great population growth and the economic advancement, resulting mainly from exports of raw materials until then exclusively from Amazon Region. With the wealth generated by the production and export of natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), the amazonian capital received large works such as the port of Manaus, the Amazonas Opera House, Palace of Justice, Reservoir of Mocó,[10] the first network of electric energy and public transport services as trams. Vista as a reference, your headquarters became a symbol of prosperity and civilization for the Amazonas State, being the center of important artistic and cultural events. Bloomed so trade in luxury products and superfluous, with men and women from all over the world parading its streets and avenues, at purchase of the so-called "black gold", as was dubbed the natural rubber, to resell big profits in the main capitals of Europe and in the United States from 1910,[11] difficult times began,[12][13] due to the strong competition of natural rubber planted in rubber plantations the Asian continent, to European and American markets with superior advantages, which ultimately enact bankruptcy of Amazonian economy. By the late 19th century, the Brazilian rubber monopoly was slowly dying, as British and Dutch plantations in South-East Asia were producing cheaper, superior quality rubber, and by 1900 the Amazonas state had fallen into serious economic decline. [14][13]
Free Economic Zone
Free trade zone of Manaus (also called Manaus Industrial Pole or Industrial Pole of the Brazilian Amazon) was an economic development project implemented by Act number 3 173 of 3 June 1957,[15] that reframed, enlarged and established tax incentives for deployment of an industrial, commercial and agricultural pole in a physical area of 10 000 km2, with headquarters in the city of Manaus. Despite the adoption in 1957, that project has only been in fact deployed, by Decree-Law number 288 of 28 February 1967.[16]
The project was implemented by the
Geography
Characterized by being the largest of the States of Brazil, with an area of 1,559,159.148 square kilometres (601,994.713 sq mi). Amazonas has most of its land occupied by forest reserves and water. The access to the region is mainly made by waterway or by plane. It is located in the North of Brazil, bordering the States of Mato Grosso, Rondônia, and Acre to the South; Pará and Roraima, in the North East beyond the republics of
Climate
The average temperature varies very little by season, between 26 by 28 °C (79 by 82 °F), the rainfall varies from 50 to 250 mm per month, averaging 2100 mm per year. Most of the state is in the tropical rainforest climate zone, a type of tropical climate in which there is no dry season—all months have mean precipitation values of at least 60 mm. Its latitude is within five degrees of the equator—which is dominated by the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The equatorial climate is denoted Af in the Köppen climate classification.
Relief
The relief of the state is relatively low, since in the region, 85% does not surpass 100 metres (330 ft) of altitude. The highest points of the state are the Pico da Neblina, with an approximate height of 2,994 metres (9,823 ft), followed by Pico Phelps or Pico 31 of March of 2,973 metres (9,754 ft), located in the border between Venezuela and Brazil, both mountains are in the municipality of Santa Isabel do Rio Negro and ironically, are the highest in Brazil.
Vegetation
Amazonas is almost entirely covered by the
- igapos – permanently flooded land, roots of vegetation always submerged
- varzeas – higher than igapos, land is only submerged when rivers are at their highest during the wet season
- low plateau – higher still, never submerged
The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species-rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia.[21] As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity. More than 1⁄3 of all species in the world live in the Amazon Rainforest.[22] and species are discovered on an almost daily basis. The largest biodiversity of the planet is present across the State of Amazonas, generating great surprise in its visitors.
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1872 | 57,610 | — |
1890 | 147,915 | +156.8% |
1900 | 249,756 | +68.9% |
1920 | 363,166 | +45.4% |
1940 | 438,008 | +20.6% |
1950 | 514,099 | +17.4% |
1960 | 708,459 | +37.8% |
1970 | 955,235 | +34.8% |
1980 | 1,430,089 | +49.7% |
1991 | 2,103,243 | +47.1% |
2000 | 2,813,085 | +33.7% |
2010 | 3,480,917 | +23.7% |
sources: IBGE |
This population represents 1.9% of the population in Brazil.
The chief commercial cities are
The state achieved a very great population growth in the early 20th century, due to the golden period of rubber, and after installation of the Industrial Pole of Manaus, in the 1960s. The state still maintains population rates above the national average. In the 1950s the state had a population growth of 3.6% per year, while Brazil has maintained a growth of 3.2%. In the period between the years 1991 and 2000, Amazon grew by 2.7% per annum while the national average remained at 1.6%. For 2018, the estimate is 4,080,611 inhabitants.
The composition of Amazonian population by gender shows that for every 100 female residents of the state there are 96 men; this small imbalance between the sexes is because women have a life expectancy of eight years higher than that of men. However, the migration to the state is mostly male.
The capital, Manaus, is the largest city in the northern region, with about 2,145,444 inhabitants. 52% of the state's population lives in the city.
Amazonas is the second largest precinct in northern Brazil, with 2,428,098 voters,[25] according to the Superior Electoral Court.
Urbanization: 77.6% (2006); Population growth: 3.3% (1991–2000); Houses: 819,000 (2006).[26]
The 2022 National Census revealed the following numbers:
Amazonas is the Brazilian state with the biggest indigenous population, and 53 out of the known 274 indigenous languages in Brazil are spoken in Amazonas.[28]
According to a 2013 genetic study, the ancestry of the inhabitants of Manaus is 45.9% European, 37.8% Native American and 16.3% African.[29]
Religion
Religion | Percentage | Number |
Catholic
|
59,46 % | 2 071 453 |
Protestant | 31,16 % | 1 085 480 |
Irreligious | 6,03 % | 209 952 |
Spiritist | 0,42 % | 14 800 |
Umbanda and Candomblé | 0,05 % | 1 677 |
Jewish | 0,05 % | 1 696 |
Source: IBGE 2010.[30] |
The Catholic Church in Amazonas comprises:
- the Archdiocese of Manaus (1892) with 92 parishes under Archbishop Leonardo Ulrich Steiner(2019),
and five suffragan dioceses of:
- Alto Solimões (1910) with eight parishes under Bishop Adolfo Zon Pereira (2015),
- Borba (1963) with eight parishes under Bishop Zenildo Luiz Pereira da Silva (2017),
- Marek Marian Piatek(2011),
- Parintins (1955) with nine parishes under Bishop José Albuquerque de Araújo (2022),
- São Gabriel da Cachoeira (1925 as Rio Negro) with 11 parishes under Bishop Edson Tashetto Damian (2009)
and two Territorial Prelates of:
- Itacoatiara (1963) with 13 parishes under Bishop José Ionilton Lisboa de Oliveira(2017), and
- Tefé (1910) with 31 parishes under Bishop José Altevir da Silva(2022);
Also two suffragans of Porto Velho (Rondônia):
- the diocese of Humaitá (1961) with eight parishes under Bishop Antônio Fontinele de Melo (2020) and
- the Territorial Prelature of Labrea (1925) with five parishes under Bishop Santiago Sánchez Sebastián(2016).
Largest cities
Largest cities or towns in Amazonas
(2016 census by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics)[31] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Mesoregion
|
Municipal pop. | Rank | Mesoregion
|
Municipal pop. | ||||
Manaus Parintins |
1 | Manaus | Centro | 2,094,391 | 11 | Iranduba | Centro | 46,703 | Itacoatiara Manacapuru |
2 | Parintins | Centro | 112,716 | 12 | Lábrea | Sul | 44,071 | ||
3 | Itacoatiara | Centro | 98,503 | 13 | São Gabriel da Cachoeira | Norte | 43,831 | ||
4 | Manacapuru | Centro | 95,330 | 14 | Benjamin Constant | Sudoeste | 40,417 | ||
5 | Coari | Centro | 83,929 | 15 | Borba | Sul | 39,885 | ||
6 | Tabatinga | Sudoeste | 62,346 | 16 | Autazes | Centro | 37,752 | ||
7 | Tefé | Centro | 62,230 | 17 | São Paulo de Olivença | Sudoeste | 37,300 | ||
8 | Maués | Centro | 61,110 | 18 | Careiro | Centro | 36,922 | ||
9 | Manicoré | Sul | 53,890 | 19 | Nova Olinda do Norte | Centro | 35,800 | ||
10 | Humaitá | Sul | 52,354 | 20 | Eirunepé | Sudoeste | 34,461 |
Statistics
- Vehicles: 651,536 (March/2007);
- Mobile phones: 4.4 million (April/2007)
- Telephones: 998 thousand (April/2007)
- Cities: 62 (2007).[32]
Education
Nheengatu, an indigenous Tupian language, also has official status in the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira and has a few thousand speakers in that region.
Educational institutions
- Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM) (Portuguese: Universidade Federal do Amazonas);
- University of the State of Amazonas(UEA) (Portuguese: Universidade do Estado do Amazonas);
- Federal Institute of Amazonas (IFAM) (Portuguese: Instituto Federal do Amazonas).
- National Institute of Amazonian Research (Portuguese: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia).
Private Universities
- Paulista University (Unip-AM) (Universidade Paulista).
- University Nilton Lins.
- Lutheran University of Brazil (Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA)).
- University Center of Amazon Higher Education (Portuguese: Centro Universitário de Educação Superior de Amazonas (CIESA)).
- Instituto de Ensino Superior Materdei.
- University Literatus (Uni-Cel).
- Metropolitan College (FAMETRO) (Portuguese: Faculdade Metropolitana).
- Amazon Baptist Graduate School (ESBAM) (Portuguese: Escola Superior Batista do Amazonas).
- Laureate International University Uninorte (Laureate Uninorte).
- DeVry Martha Falcao.
- Unilasalle.
Economy
This section needs to be updated.(January 2017) |
The
Share of the Brazilian economy: 1.5% (IBGE: 2015).
Amazonas economy was once reliant almost entirely upon rubber; today it has wide and varied industries, including the farming of cassava, oranges, and other agricultural products.
Recently the Brazilian government is pursuing the development of industries whose main focus will be the exporting of consumer goods. Due to its geographical proximity to the markets in the northern hemisphere and Amazon countries, like Venezuela, they believe this move will have a great economic impact not only in the north region of Brazil but in the entire country.
Over the last decades, a system of federal investments and tax incentives have turned the surrounding region into a major industrial center (the
Tourism
Tourism is now focused on ecotourism, centered in the cities of Barcelos, Manaus, Parintins, Presidente Figueredo, and Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira.
Ecotourism
- Amazon Rainforest.
- Amazon River
- Meeting of the Waters (Rio Negro river and Solimões river, in Brazilian Portuguese the river Solimões is the local name of an extension of the Amazon River).
- Rio Negro
- Anavilhanas Archipelago- The world's largest fresh water archipelago of river islands, Anavilhanas is located on the Rio Negro in the Brazilian Amazon - 100 km upstream from Manaus.
- Lago Janauari Ecological Park
- Pico da Neblina National Park, Pico 31 de Março (Pico Phelps in Venezuela).
- State Park Ecological Serra do Acará.
- State Reserve Ecological of Nhamundá.
- Amazon Jungle Hikes & Canopy Tours
- Adolfo Ducke Forest Reserve
- Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve
- Jaú National Park
- Abufari Biological Reserve
- Pompadour fish.
- Cardinal tetra
- Pterophyllum scalare (freshwater angelfish).
- Açutuba Beach
- Tupe Beach
Heritage and culture sites
- City of Manaus (Rio Negro Palace, Amazon Theater, Justice Palace, Pied TamarinEcological Reserves, Municipal Park of Mindú, CIGS Zoo, and Police Museum)
- City of Parintins (folklore festival occurs in June each year, including the carnival, which occurs in February)
- City of Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira (culture of indigenous tribes: , the highest mountain in Brazil)
- Ponta Negra Beach
- Presidente Figueiredo (natural waterfalls)
- Balbina Lake (piranha fishing and other Amazonian fish)
- The Science Grove
- Boi-Bumbas of Parintins Festival
- Adolpho Lisboa Municipal Market
Infrastructure
Airports
Eduardo Gomes International Airport(MAO) in Manaus employs roughly 3,300 people, among employees of Infraero, public agencies, concession holders, airlines and auxiliary services. The airport has two passenger terminals, one for scheduled flights and the other for regional aviation. It also has three cargo terminals: Terminal I was opened in 1976, Terminal II in 1980 and Terminal III in 2004. Eduardo Gomes International Airport is Brazil's third largest in freight movement, handling the import and export demand from the Manaus Industrial Complex.
Other airports include Tabatinga International, and a further 31 domestic airports including Tefé (regular flights to Manaus by Rico Linhas Aereas), Parintins (Julio Belem), Coari, Lábrea, Manicoré, Novo Aripuanã, Borba, Itacoatiara, Presidente Figueiredo, São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Cucuí, Iaguarete, Benjamin Constant, Eirunepé, and Boca do Acre.
Highways
One road to Roraima state: BR-174.
One road to Para state: BR-230.
One road to Rondônia state: BR-319.
One road to Acre state: BR-317, plus BR-364 from Rondônia to Acre passes through Amazonas for 8.6 km.
Culture
The state also holds one of the greatest folkloric festivals of the country: Parintins Folklore Festival, which combines music, dance and all the cultural roots of the state, and the Amazonas Opera Festival.
Main theaters of the Amazonas
- Amazon Theatre (The most famous)
- Manauara Theater
- Chaminé Theater
- LaSalle Theater
- Cultural Center Peoples of Amazonian
Main museums of the Amazonas
- MUSA - Amazonia Museum
- Indians Museum (Museu do Índio)
- Casa Eduardo Ribeiro Museum
- Paço da Liberdade Museum
- Museum of Natural Sciences
- Caucho Museum or Seringal Museum (Official name: Museu do Seringal)
- Tiradentes Museum Manaus
Malls in Amazonas
- Manauara Mall Center
- Amazonas Mall Center
- ViaNorte Mall
- Ponta Negra Mall
- Millennium Mall
- Samauma Park and Mall Center
- Cidade Leste Mall
- Grande Circular Mall
- UAI São José Mall
- Parintins Mall
Sports
Manaus was one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, for which Brazil was the host nation. There are other small soccer stadiums in the Amazonas, they are:
- Stadium Carlos Zamith
- Stadium Roberto Simonsen
- Stadium of Colina
- Stadium Gilberto Mestrinho
- Stadium Tupy Cantahede
- Stadium Floro de Mendonça
- Stadium Francisco Garcia
- Among other stadiums in the Amazonas
The Amazonia Arena is the largest stadium in the Amazonas, it was built to host some matches of the FIFA World Cup of 2014 and to host some football matches of the 2016 Summer Olympics.[33][34]
See also
- Amazonas, Venezuela
- Amazonas Department, in Colombia
- Amazonas Region, in Peru
Further reading
- Jackson, Joe (2008) The Thief at the End of the World: Rubber, Power, and the Seeds of Empire
- Levy, Buddy (2011) River of Darkness: Francisco Orellana's Legendary Voyage of Death and Discovery Down the Amazon. Bantam
- Heaton, H.C., ed.(2007) The Discovery of the Amazon
- March, K. and Passman, K. (1993) The Amazon Myth and Latin America in Haase & Meyer, eds., European Images of the Americas and the Classical Tradition. De Gruyter ISBN 978-3110115727
Notes
- ^ The river the English language calls the Amazon has three names in Spanish and Portuguese: the Amazonas applies only from the estuary to the junction with the Rio Negro Thereafter the river becomes the Solimões until it enters Peru, where it is called the Maranon
- ^ Including San Ignacio
- ^ including cacao, sarsaparilla, urucu(annalto), cloves, cinnamon, anil, seeds, puxuri, vanilla
- ^ the treaty line passed north-south through the coastal border of Maranhão/Pará in the north to a little south of São Paulo in the south.
- ^ On the Solimões, they were Coari, Tefe, Manerua, Paraguari, Turucuatuba, São Paulo, and Sao Pedro; on the Rio Negro, they were Jau, Caragai, Aracari, Comaru, Mariua, Sao Caetano, Cabuquena, Baratua, and Dari
References
- ^ Population estimates for the Brazilian municipalities and Federation Units on July 1, 2018
- ^ "PIB por Unidade da Federação, 2021". ibge.gov.br.
- ^ "Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil. Pnud Brasil, Ipea e FJP, 2022". www.atlasbrasil.org.br. Retrieved 2023-06-11.
- ^ "Amazonas | History, Map, Population, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
- ^ Governo do Estado do Amazonas. "Dados". Archived from the original on 2012-10-27. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
- ^ "Delle nauigationi et viaggi". In Venetia, : MDCVI. Appresso i Giunti. 1606.
- ^ "Historia general de los hechos de los castellanos en las Islas i Tierra firme del Mar Océano - Memoria Chilena".
- ^ Real Academia Hispano Americana de Ciencias, Artes y Letras
- ISBN 85-00-80007-0.
- ^ GARCIA, Etelvina (2005). Manaus:Referências Históricas [Manaus: Historical References] (in Portuguese). Norma.
- ^ Brazilian State Fails to Recover., New York, US: The New York Times (in version PDF currently), September 15, 1929
- ^ "Ciclo da Borracha" (in Portuguese). 21 December 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
- ^ a b Temple, C.L. (1900). The State of Amazonas. London.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 978-1-144-88368-1.
- ^ Presidency of the Republic. "Law of creation of the free trade zone" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 February 2017.
- ^ Presidency of the Republic (28 February 1967). "Law of implementation of free trade zone" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 February 2017.
- ^ Queiroz, Diego (18 March 2016). "SUFRAMA assists Amapá State to disclose opportunities" (in Portuguese). SUFRAMA. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
- ^ CAVALCANTI TEIXEIRA, Louisiana. The Manaus free trade Zone: evolution and Results (PDF) (Thesis) (in Portuguese). Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State; Institute of Economy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-03. Retrieved 2017-02-02.
- ^ Nagy, Laszlo (2016). Interactions Between Biosphere, Atmosphere and Human Land Use in the Amazon Basin. Springer. p. 35.
- ^ The New York Times article on 2005 drought in Amazonas
- ISBN 0-521-80183-4.
- ^ Amazon Rainforest, Amazon Plants, Amazon River Animals
- ^ "Tabela 2094: População residente por cor ou raça e religião". sidra.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
- ^ "SEPLAN" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-07. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
- ^ "Regional Electoral Court - Amazonas" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
- ^ Source: PNAD.
- ]
- ^ Royo Gual, Joan (4 September 2023). "Brasil abre una tímida puerta al reconocimiento institucional de las lenguas indígenas" [Brazil opens a timid door to institutional recognition of indigenous languages]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- PMID 24073242.
- ^ "Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática — SIDRA". Sidra.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ "Censo Populacional 2016" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). 1 July 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ^ Source: IBGE.
- ^ The New York Times - "In the Brazilian Rain Forest, 'a White Elephant, a Big One'", Page accessed at day 19 of October 2016
- ^ Futterman, Matthew (12 August 2016). "U.S. Women's Soccer Team Slips Before Even Getting to Rio". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04.
- Amazon The Flooded Forest by Michael Goulding 1990
External links
- (in Portuguese) Official Website
- Indigenous language of Pirahans
- Indigenous language of Tikunas
- Amazon Opera House