Anarta tradition

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Anarta Tradition
Geographical range
Harappan Civilization
Defined byP. Ajithprasad and V. H. Sonawane
History of Gujarat
Stone Age (before 4000 BCE)
Stone Age(before 4000 BCE)
Chalcolithic to Bronze Age (4000–1300 BCE)
Black and Red Ware
 (3950–900 BCE)
 – Reserved Slip Ware(3950–1900 BCE)
 – Micaceous Red Ware(2600–1600 BCE)
 – Malwa Ware
 – Jorwe Ware
Indus Valley Civilisation(3300–1300 BCE)
 – Early Harappan(3300–2600 BCE)
 – Mature Harappan(2600–1900 BCE)
 – Late Harappan(1900–1300 BCE)
Late cultures(2200–1700 BCE)
 – Prabhas Assemblage(2200–1700 BCE)
 – Lustrous Red Ware (1900–1300 BCE)
Vedic Civilisation(2000–500 BCE)
Iron Age (1500–300 BCE)
Dwaraka Kingdom
 –Sindhu Kingdom
 –Saurashtra Kingdom
Classical period (380 BCE – 1299 CE)
Western Chalukya
(9–10th century)
Chalukyas of Lata (c. 970 – c. 1070 CE)
Chaulukya dynasty (c. 940 – 1243 CE)
Vaghela dynasty (1243–1299 CE)
Medieval and early modern periods (1299–1819)
Maratha Empire
 (1756–1819)
 –Peshwa
 –Gaekwad
Cutch State(1365–1947)
Colonial period (1819–1961)
Portuguese India(1534–1961)
Company Raj (1819–1858)
British Raj (1858–1947)
 –Princely states(till 1948)
 –Residencies (1819–1947)
 –Agencies of British India(1819–1947)
 –Bombay Presidency(1618–1947)
Post-independence (1947–)
Saurashtra State
 (1948–1956)
Kutch State (1947–1956)
Bombay State (1947–1960)
Gujarat (1960–)
History of South Asia
South Asia (orthographic projection)
Outline
Palaeolithic (2,500,000–250,000 BC)
Madrasian culture
Soanian culture
Edakkal culture
 (5000–3000 BC)
Chalcolithic (3500–1500 BC)
Anarta tradition (c. 3950–1900 BC)
Ahar-Banas culture (3000–1500 BC)
Pandu culture (1600–1500 BC)
Malwa culture (1600–1300 BC)
Jorwe culture (1400–700 BC)
Bronze Age (3300–1300 BC)
Indus Valley Civilisation(3300–1300 BC)
 – Early Harappan culture(3300–2600 BC)
 – Mature Harappan culture(2600–1900 BC)
 – Late Harappan culture(1900–1300 BC)
Vedic Civilisation(2000–500 BC)
 – Ochre Coloured Pottery culture(2000–1600 BC)
 – Swat culture(1600–500 BC)
Sangam period
 (c. 300 BC – c. 300 AD)
Pandya Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1345)
Chera Kingdom (c. 300 BC – AD 1102)
Chola Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1279)
Pallava Empire (c. 250 AD – AD 800)
Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire (c. 250 BC – c. AD 500)
Parthian Empire (247 BC – AD 224)
Hoysala Empire (1040–1347) Sena Empire (1070–1230) Eastern Ganga Empire (1078–1434) Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323) Zamorin Kingdom (1102–1766) Kalachuris of Tripuri (675-1210) Kalachuris of Kalyani (1156–1184) Chutiya Kingdom (1187–1673) Deva Kingdom
(c. 1200 – c. 1300)
Berar Sultanate (1490–1574)  – Bidar Sultanate (1492–1619)  – Bijapur Sultanate (1492–1686)  – Golkonda Sultanate (1518–1687) Keladi Kingdom (1499–1763) Koch Kingdom
(1515–1947)
Sikh Confederacy (1707–1799) Travancore Kingdom (1729–1947) Sikh Empire
(1799–1849)
Colonial states (1510–1961)
Portuguese India (1510–1961)
Dutch India (1605–1825)
Danish India (1620–1869)
French India (1759–1954)
Company Raj (1757–1858)
British Raj (1858–1947)
National histories
Regional histories
Specialised histories

The Anarta tradition or Anarta ware is a

culture tentatively dated between c. 3950 BCE to 1900 BCE based on radio carbon dates from Loteshwar and Gola Dhoro.[1] The sites associated with it are located in Gujarat
, India.

Nomenclature

During the earlier excavations at Surkotada, the ceramics of this culture were described as the coarse red or gray "local" ware. P. Ajitprasad and V. H. Sonawane described these non-Harappan ceramics from north Gujarat as the "Anarta ware". Anarta is a historical name of north Gujarat. The name later applied retrospectively to this type of ceramics found from other sites.[2]

Geographical range

The core area of Anarta tradition is located in

Kutch and three sites from Saurashtra regions. The Padri Ware[3] is not very different from the Anarta tradition. So if it is considered as the Anarta tradition, its ten sites in Saurashtra can be added to the Anarta tradition.[1][2][4]

Sites and association with Harappans

The ceramics similar to the Anarta tradition was first reported from

Desalpur.[2] These sites are concentrated in Patan, Mehsana and Banaskantha districts in north Gujarat.[4] These sites in north Gujarat are located in sand dunes which may have provided fresh water from its interdunal depressions and pastures for animals. These people may have originated from the early Mesolithic people settled here.[4] The lived alongside other "aboriginal" hunter-gatherer people.[6]

Ceramics

The Anarta ceramics include gritty red ware, fine red ware, burnished red ware and burnished grey/black wares. The pottery from this tradition are hand or slow wheel made and are coarse and well-fired. The vessel forms include straight or convex sided bowls with incurved rims; basins with thick flaring rim; pots or jars with flaring rim, narrow neck and bulging body. These vessels are treated with red slip with paintings in red, black and white.[1][2][7]

References

  1. ^ a b c d K., Krishnan; S. V., Rajesh (2015). Dr., Shakirullah; Young, Ruth (eds.). "Scenario of Chalcolithic Site Surveys in Gujarat". Pakistan Heritage. 7. Department of Archaeology, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan: 4–5 – via Academia.edu.
  2. ^ a b c d e Suzanne, Harris (2011). Mobility and Variation in Chalcolithic North Gujarat, India (Ca 3600 – 1800 Bc) (Thesis). University of Pennsylvania. pp. 101–106. Open access icon Publicly accessible Penn Dissertations. Paper 359.
  3. ^ Shirvalkar, Prabodh. "In Search of Padri Culture Sites along the Gulf of Cambay Region, Gujarat". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ a b c SV, Rajesh (2011). "I. Introduction". A Comprehensive Study of the Regional Chalcolithic Cultures of Gujarat (Ph.D.). Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Faculty of Arts, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. pp. 3–4, 168–169 – via Academia.
  5. ISBN 9789350501450
    .
  6. ISBN 978-1-938770-97-5
    .
  7. JSTOR 42931224
    .
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