Attacks on health facilities during the Israel–Hamas war
A significant number of attacks on healthcare facilities occurred during the
Each side has been accused of
Background
Israel is alleged to have broken
The Physicians for Human Rights organization stated that a prominent aspect of the Hamas-led attack on Israel carried out on October 7, 2023, was the assault on medical personnel and facilities, during which emergency teams were prevented from reaching the wounded, while some of those attempting to provide care were killed. They also stated that the crimes of those who knowingly murdered them must not be diminished.[15]
The World Health Organization (or WHO) said that there have been 164 attacks on healthcare in Palestine—in the Gaza Strip—since October 7 (2023). As a result of that, 198 Palestinian medical staff, 12 members of the Palestinian Civil Defense, and 103 UNRWA staff have been killed. On the other hand, 26 hospitals and also 52 healthcare centers in Gaza are out of service, with 55 ambulances damaged.[16]
Attacks in Gaza
On 12 October 2023, the
The IDF accused Hamas of military operations inside hospitals, including alleged attacks on IDF soldiers, weapon storage, fighters taking shelter, providing support for Hamas tunnels, human shielding, and holding hostages
Al-Ahli Arab Hospital
On Saturday 14 October, according to a statement by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, an Israeli rocket had damaged the upper two floors of the hospital's cancer treatment center, which contained the ultrasound and mammography wards, and injured four staff members.[26][27][28][29]
Then on 17 October 2023, an explosion took place in the parking lot of the courtyard of al-Ahli Arab Hospital in Gaza City during the war, resulting in a large number of fatalities and injuries among displaced Palestinians seeking shelter there.
The consensus from various independent studies of videos, images, and eyewitness reports of the explosion, its aftermath, and the blast area suggests that an errant rocket launch from within Gaza hitting a parking lot near a hospital is the most probable cause. While this is not a conclusive finding, it is currently considered the likeliest explanation based on the evidence gathered in investigations conducted by the Associated Press, CNN, The Economist, The Guardian, and The Wall Street Journal.[30]
Then 18 December, the al-Ahli Arab Hospital was attacked by Israeli soldiers, with displaced people forced out and two doctors arrested.[31] The following day, the al-Ahli Hospital director stated Israeli troops arrested doctors, patients, and medical staff, partially destroyed the building's grounds, leaving the hospital unable to receive patients. Four people from the 18 December attacks on the hospital died.[32]
Al-Shifa Hospital siege
Al-Shifa Hospital was under siege and bombing during the war. The hospital has been completely cut off from the rest of Gaza City, trapping 15,000 people who are either patients in need of treatment or have taken refuge in the hospital grounds.[33][34] Israel claims it is used as a military base by Hamas, a claim that Hamas denies.[35][36] Analysis from BBC, The Independent, and The Washington Post found Israel's claims of a Hamas base at al-Shifa to be "unconvincing".[37][38][39] Later examination by The New York Times suggest Hamas did store weapons and took cover at the hospital, using tunnels 213 meters long, twice the size previously known. The tunnels included bunkers, living areas, and computer and communications rooms, and established documents showed that Hamas masked its activities using the hospital. The times also verified that the tunnel was under the surgery center. The analysis confirmed that "The Israeli military, however, has struggled to prove that Hamas maintained a command-and-control center under the facility. Critics of the Israeli military say the evidence does not support its early claims, noting that it had distributed material before the raid showing five underground complexes and also had said the tunnel network could be reached from wards inside a hospital building."[40] In November 2023 the tunnels were destroyed by IDF while humanitarian activities continued in the hospital whithout interruption.[41]
On 4 February 2024, Israeli surveillance and quadcopter drones reportedly fired on people sheltering inside the hospital.[42]
Indonesian Hospital
On 20 November 2023, as part of the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, the IDF completely surrounded and besieged the hospital.[43][44] A report by Al-Haq found that the Indonesian Hospital had been the one targeted most persistently by the IDF.[45] In June 2024, footage showed Israeli forces had destroyed the Noura al-Kaabi specialised dialysis centre at the Indonesian Hospital.[46]
Al-Quds Hospital
the Palestinian Red Crescent reported that Al-Quds Hospital in Gaza City was warned by IDF to immediately evacuate. The World Health Organization has expressed its deep concern over the report.[47] On 19 January 2024, the Palestinian Red Crescent reported they were working to clean and repair Al-Quds after it sustained damage from Israeli attacks, stating, "The hospital suffered a fire, and a destruction of all its medical equipments and contents."[48] On 9 February, Palestine Red Crescent Society stated the hospital had sustained severe damage from strikes by Israeli tanks.[49]
Al-Amal Hospital
January 2024
On 26 January 2024, snipers were reported around the vicinity of the hospital.
February 2024
The Red Crescent stated two paramedics had been "targeted and directly fired upon by Israeli forces" outside the hospital.[58] On 1 February 2024, the Palestinian Red Crescent reported that the siege of al-Amal had entered its eleventh day, with "repeated raids into the courtyards of the hospital" and "direct fire on the buildings".[59] The Red Crescent reported that Israeli soldiers had killed 12 people at the hospital the day prior, and wounded six, after they opened fire as they stormed the hospital.[60] On 2 February, the Red Crescent reported another four people were killed and six were injured by Israeli forces.[61] In a post, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus reported he was "horrified by the reports about killing".[62] On 3 February, the Red Crescent stated it had buried three of its staff members.[63] Eleven displaced people were wounded after Israel threw smoke bombs at the hospital.[64] The Red Crescent reported that 43 people had been killed since the start of Israel's siege.[65]
Two people were wounded by Israeli gunfire on 7 February 2024.[66] People were reportedly being prevented from entering or exiting the premises.[67] On 9 February, Israeli conducted searches inside the hospital.[68] 18 February marked the 27th day of Israel's siege on the hospital, with intense Israeli shelling and bombardment causing severe damage.[69] Israeli forces destroyed the hospital's desalination station, leading the Red Crescent to state only three days of drinking water remained at the hospital.[70] The Red Crescent reported significant damage to the hospital from Israeli shelling on 19 February.[71] On 21 February, the Red Crescent stated they were still recovering corpses from the vicinity of the hospital and called on Israel to "to lift the imposed siege before it is too late and the hospital is forced out of service".[72][73] The hospital sustained "significant damage" on 23 February, following airstrikes in the near vicinity.[74] A UN delegation to the hospital on 25 February reportedly encountered "catastrophic conditions", including severe shortages of food, water, and medicine.[75]
The Palestinian Red Crescent stated it evacuated 24 patients on 26 February.
March 2024
On 24 March 2024, the
Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital
An air strike in the vicinity of the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital caused damage and was condemned by Turkey.[85]
Jordan Field Hospital
The
Al Awda Hospital
The
On 13 December,
Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani Hospital
The Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani Hospital for Rehabilitation and Prosthetics in Gaza reported heavy damage.[102][103] the hospital was the first in Gaza to equip individuals with prosthetic limbs and deliver comprehensive rehabilitation services. The hospital had already been damaged previously during an Israeli bombardment in 2021.[104]
Attacks on ambulances
On 14 February 2024, the Palestinian Red Crescent shared video of an ambulance destroyed by Israeli gunfire while attempting to transport oxygen from Nasser Hospital to Al-Amal Hospital.[105]
Doctors Without Borders convoy
On 18 November 2023, two people were killed while traveling in a clearly identified
Al-Shifa ambulance airstrike
An Israeli airstrike hit an ambulance convoy departing from al-Shifa Hospital carrying critically injured patients.[108] The strike killed 15 people and wounded dozens.[108] The Palestine Red Crescent Society, which formed part of the convoy, stated that all 15 casualties were civilians.[109][110] The IDF issued a statement that it had targeted and destroyed an ambulance being utilized by a Hamas terrorist cell, accusing Hamas of using ambulances to transport militants and weapons.[111]
Kamal Adwan hospital
On 3 December, the IDF striked in the vicinity of Kamal Adwan hospital, killing at least four people.
The IDF released a video of supposed militants near Kamal Adwan surrendering their weapons.[119] These claims were quickly challenged by family members who identified their non-combatant relatives.[120]
On 14 December, the Ministry of Health reported 2,500 internally displaced persons had been forcibly evacuated, and that IDF soldiers had prevented medical staff from continuing support to 12 babies in intensive care and ten emergency department patients, leading to two deaths.[121] On 16 December, journalists reported Israeli bulldozers had crushed people sheltering outside the hospital, with one reporter describing "a terrifying massacre and unspeakable scenes" and stating, "Dozens of displaced, sick and wounded people were buried alive".[122] Palestinian health minister Mai al-Kaila called for a probe into Israeli actions at Kamal Adwan.[123] The Council on American–Islamic Relations called for a United Nations international probe.[124]
Yafa Hospital
On 8 December, the IDF damaged the Yafa hospital in central Gaza with an airstrike.[125]
Nasser Medical Complex
An Israeli shooting at the maternity ward of the
On 8 February, a doctor was reportedly shot and wounded while working in the operating room.[131] A drone strike reportedly killed one person and wounded several others the same day.[132] Paramedics were unable to leave the hospital due to Israeli snipers.[133] On 9 February, Israeli snipers outside the hospital were reportedly shooting at "every moving object".[134] An incident recorded and circulated online showed a doctor risking her life to save a young man wounded by Israeli snipers at the hospital gate.[135] Doctors Without Borders stated on 10 February that Israeli forces were firing at people inside the hospital.[136] Israeli tank and artillery fire reportedly hit the upper floor of the hospital.[137] A man was killed by an Israeli sniper on 11 February on hospital grounds.[138] Seven people in the hospital were reportedly killed by Israeli snipers on 12 February.[139]
On 13 February, the IDF ordered displaced people inside the complex to evacuate the hospital.
Al-Rantisi and Al-Nasr children's hospitals
Reports indicate that medical care at Al-Rantisi and Al-Nasr children's hospitals has nearly come to a halt. Only a small generator provided power to the intensive care and neonatal intensive care units. Al-Rantisi Hospital faced intense attacks and hostilities.
Furthermore, Al-Nasr Children's Hospital has once again suffered damage, including vital equipment. Another children's hospital in the northern region has ceased operations due to both damage and a shortage of fuel. Additionally, a specialized maternity hospital is in dire need of fuel to continue functioning.[147]
European Hospital
On 3 February 2024, Israeli attacks damaged a fuel tank at Gaza European Hospital, reportedly killing one person and injuring at least six.[148]
Al-Aqsa Martyrs Hospital
On March 31, 2024, an Israeli airstrike hit the courtyard of Al-Aqsa Hospital in Deir al-Balah, central Gaza, killing at least four people and injuring 17 (confirmed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and a hospital official). Several journalists were also injured in the attack. The Israeli military says the attack was aimed at a command center operated by the Palestinian Islamic Jihad armed group. However, the official media office in Gaza reported that the airstrike hit a tent where displaced people were seeking shelter and journalists were working. Hospital spokesman Khalid al-Dakran called on the international community to ensure the safety of health workers in Gaza.[149]
Other facilities
On 15 February 2024, the United Nations reported that Israel had destroyed its Rehabilitation Centre for Visually Impaired, a clinic for visually impaired children, stating the "centre was available to all visually impaired children across the Gaza Strip and provided braille machines, canes, [and] visual aids".
In May 2024, the Kuwaiti Hospital stated it was nonoperational due to attacks by Israeli forces.[153] The Gaza Health Ministry condemned Israel's killing of two health workers at the Hospital, calling it a "heinous crime".[154] The same month, an Israeli hit reportedly damaged the upper floors of the Indonesian field hospital in Rafah.[155]
Attacks in Israel
Attacks on ambulances and medical crews
Israel's national emergency service reported three employees were killed, four volunteers remain injured, nine ambulances were put out of use due to gunshot and fire damage on the October 7 attack, and a patient was shot inside an ambulance.[15] Director General of the service said that paramedics’ bodies were found with their medical gloves still on, and claimed that Hamas had killed them in the midst of treating the wounded; ambulance drivers were killed while sitting in the drivers’ seats, and ambulances were intentionally torched and blown up by Hamas militants to prevent any attempt to save potential victims.[156][157] Several people that were hiding in an abandoned ambulance were killed when it was bombed by Hamas gunmen at the Re'im music festival massacre.[158][159] A Battalion Aid Station team took cover under an armored vehicle due to AK-47 fire on them from the front and from its right side, while they were providing medical care, near Sufa.[160]
Attack on medical helicopter
On October 7, an ambulance helicopter was transporting three critically wounded people while rockets were flying overhead. Debris hit its rotors. The helicopter lost its balance and started the helicopter spinning. No casualties were reported.[161]
Be'eri Clinic
During Be'eri massacre on October 7, the local dental clinic became the site of a standoff between attacking militants and the kibbutz's security teams.[162] Militants eventually stormed the clinic, reportedly killing all of the staff and patients.[163][164]
Barzilai Hospital
Barzilai Hospital in Ashkelon suffered 3 direct rocket strikes:[166] with one rocket striking a bridge between buildings at the hospital[167] and another hitting the childcare clinic.[168]
Soroka Medical Center
Soroka Medical Center in Beer Sheba was used as the main hub for treating the injured during initial attacks from the Gaza Strip on October 7, 2023. According to the head of the hospital, Shlomi Codish, while the medical personnel were treating the patients, there were repeated rocket attacks on the area, of which 18 landed in the area around the hospital.[163]
Sheba Medical Center
On 21 October 2023, a cyber attack against Sheba Medical Center occurred.[169] Israel’s Ministry of Health instructed several hospitals to temporarily disconnect from the internet amid fears of a cyberattack.[170]
Attacks in the West Bank
Khalil Suleiman hospital
A 17-year-old was shot and killed by IDF forces inside the Khalil Suleiman hospital compound near the Jenin refugee camp, according to accounts by Doctors Without Borders.[171]
Jenin Governmental Hospital
Israeli forces reportedly fired shots and tear gas on 29 January 2024, damaging the hospital's maternity ward.[172]
Lebanon
Meiss Ej Jabal Hospital
On 10 November, the IDF shelled Meiss Ej Jabal Hospital which injured a doctor. The Lebanese health ministry condemned the attack, saying that “Israeli authorities were fully responsible for this unjustifiable act, which would have led to catastrophic results", and called for an investigation.[173]
Hanin Hospital
On 11 January 2024, the IDF conducted strikes in the town of Hanine and targeted an emergency center affiliated with the Hezbollah-backed Islamic Health Committee. The attack killed two workers from the rescue force and destroyed an ambulance.[174]
UN Aid workers and other medical personnel
Medical personnel have taken a heavy toll in the conflict, as many doctors have been killed by Israeli airstrikes,
According to an update from the UN World Health Organization (WHO), doctors in Gaza have been conducting surgeries without the use of anesthesia or other essential surgical resources. The report highlights that fuel has now become the most crucial commodity in the region. Dr. Rick Brennan, the Emergencies Director for the Eastern Mediterranean Region at the UN health agency (WHO), expressed the urgent need for continuous, expanded, and safeguarded humanitarian operations.[177]
UN health agency
The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported a significant increase in cases of diarrhoea in Gaza, with a 66 percent rise among children under five and a 55 percent increase in the rest of the population; although these figures may not accurately reflect the full extent of the situation due to incomplete information and the collapsing health system in the region. Doctors and aid workers have expressed concerns about the potential for epidemics in this dire humanitarian situation. The inhabitants of the Gaza Strip, who are currently enduring the onslaught of Israel's bombings and gunfire, are now confronted with the escalation of illnesses due to the torrential winter rains that have inundated their temporary dwellings. Moreover, they are grappling with a severe scarcity of nourishment and safe drinking water.[178]
In its latest report on conditions in Gaza, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs mentioned the WHO has reported diverse cases of the items such as: meningitis, chickenpox, jaundice and upper respiratory tract infections.[178]
Casualties
So far, 374 medical personnel have been killed in Gaza, and about 120 ambulances have been completely destroyed.[179] In Gaza, 12 of 35 hospitals are partially functioning, and 51 of 72 primary medical care facilities are closed.[180]
Impact
Attacks on healthcare facilities have had devastating consequences for the population.[1] Hospitals in Gaza are facing severe shortages of medical supplies amid Israel's blockade. Hospitals are running on external generators – a backup that is heading into its last few hours. Israel has cut off water, electricity and fuel supplies, leaving 2.3 million people stranded.[181] The World Health Organization has stressed the urgent need to end the violence and create a humanitarian corridor in the Gaza Strip.[182][183]
Because of the fuel shortage, Gaza’s health facilities are not able to run generators to deliver lifesaving healthcare, it is impossible for ambulances to run, water desalination plants cannot function, as well as for garbage disposal, and other problems.[184]
According to a recent report by the United Nations, water consumption in Gaza has plummeted by 92% compared to pre-conflict levels. This decline is alarming considering the already dire state of the water supply in Gaza, which has been catastrophic since before October 7. The situation worsened on November 4 and 5 when seven water desalination facilities across the Gaza Strip were directly targeted and suffered significant damage. Among the affected infrastructure were three sewage pipelines in Gaza City, two water reservoirs in Gaza City, Rafah, and Jabalia refugee camp, as well as two water wells in Rafah. Given that it is currently winter in Gaza and heavy rainfall is not uncommon, the Gaza municipality has issued a warning about the imminent risk of sewage flooding.[185]
Reactions
Health officials and medical organizations in the Gaza Strip accused Israel of deliberately bombing ambulances and health facilities in the besieged enclave. And said that these attacks are considered a violation of international laws that include such attacks in the list of war crimes.[186]
The
Human Rights Watch (HRW) said the attack on an ambulance near al-Shafa Hospital should be investigated as a possible war crime.[187] The UN Special Rapporteur on the right to health, Tlaleng Mofokeng, stated "Protected sites under international human rights law and international humanitarian law have been bombed and attacked".[188]
President
Adele Khodr, the Regional Director of UNICEF Middle East and North Africa, emphasized that the rights of children to life and health are being violated. She stressed that the laws of war require the protection of hospitals and the provision of life-saving medical supplies, both of which are urgently needed. In addition to the already burdened medical facilities in the middle and southern areas of the Gaza Strip, there is now the added challenge of providing healthcare to the hundreds of thousands of people who have recently arrived and are residing in densely populated areas. It is crucial to provide the necessary support and reinforcement to these existing services in order to effectively address the growing challenges they are facing.[147]
Mohamed Elmasry, a Canadian engineering professor at the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, stated, "For four and a half months Israel has been seeking to make life unlivable for Palestinians, and part of that operation is attacking hospitals... What Israel has been doing is part of the 'Greater Israel' plan. They will not finish until they ethnically cleanse Gaza."[192]
Doctors from the US, UK and France who were involved in humanitarian missions in Gaza in recent months accused Israeli Defense Forces of systematically targeting healthcare facilities in Gaza and "dismantling the whole healthcare system". Professor
See also
- List of engagements during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war
- Timeline of the 2023 Gaza Strip healthcare collapse
- Refugee camp airstrikes in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war
- School airstrikes in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war
- Russian strikes on hospitals during the Russian invasion of Ukraine
- Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign
- Killing of health workers in the Israel–Hamas war
- Airstrikes on hospitals in Yemen
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External links
- How Gaza's hospitals became battlegrounds. CNN.
- Why is Israel targeting hospitals in Gaza?. Al Jazeera World Documentary.