Bhikhari Thakur

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Bhikhari Thakur
Bidesiya
  • Beti Bechwa
  • Gabarghichor
    • SpouseManturna
    Children1, Shilanath Thakur
    Map depicting places in Bihar associated with Bhikhari Thakur
    Qutubpur
    Qutubpur
    Arrah
    Arrah
    Muzzafarpur
    Muzzafarpur
    Chhapra
    Chhapra
    class=notpageimage|
    Places in Bihar associated with Bhikhari Thakur

    Bhikari Thakur (Bhojpuri: 𑂦𑂱𑂎𑂰𑂩𑂲 𑂘𑂰𑂍𑂳𑂩, 18 December 1887 – 10 July 1971) was an Indian

    folk singer and social activist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the Bhojpuri language and most popular folk writer of Purvanchal and Bihar.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Thakur is often called the "Shakespeare of Bhojpuri" and "Rai Bahadur".[8] His works consist of more than a dozen plays, Monologues, poems, and Bhajans, which were printed in nearly three dozen books. His noteworthy works include Bidesiya, Gabarghichor, Beti Bechwa and Bhai Birodh. Gabarghichor is often compared with Bertolt Brecht's play The Caucasian Chalk Circle.[9] Thakur is known as the father of the naach folk theatre tradition.[10] He is also credited as the first person to cast male actors in female roles.[11]

    Thakur was born and raised in Kutubpur village of Saran. In his adolescence he married Matuna from whom he had only one son: Shilanath Thakur. In the early 1900s, Thakur started his career as an actor, writer, singer and dancer. He remained active until his death in 1971. Thakur published most of his works between 1938 and 1962. His early works were dialogues and musical plays; his later works were philosophical works, Bhajans, Harikirtans and other poems.

    Life

    Early life

    Thakur was born in a barber family on 18 December 1887 in Kutubpur or Qutubpur[12] diyara village of Chhapra.[13][14][15] Initially his village was the part of Shahabad district (present Bhojpur), but in 1926, due to the change in the course of the Ganges, the village became part of the Saran district. His maternal grandmother's house remained in Arrah.[16][17] He was the son of Dalsingar Thakur, who was a barber by profession. His mother's name was Sivkali Devi. Bhikhari Thakur was the elder of two sons, the younger one was Bahor Thakur. Due to family poverty, Thakur could not even complete his primary education. He had knowledge of only Kaithi alphabets and Ramcharitmanas.[18] In his adolescence, he married Matuna, who gave birth to a son, Shilanath Thakur, in 1911.[19] In his childhood he used to graze cattle. When he grew up he had to adopt his family profession of a barber. However, he wanted to do something else, and so he shifted from his village to the neighbouring Fatanpur village. In 1914, when Thakur was 27 years old, famine struck his village. After that he left his family in search of work, and went to Kharagpur, where his uncle had also migrated before.[20][12]

    From Kharagpur, he went to

    Calcutta, and followed his traditional occupation of cutting hair. This was the first time that he realised that the country in which he lived was Hindustan and was ruled by the Angrej. He used to watch the Ramlila, and from there he got the inspiration to write and act in plays. He also watched "Silema" (Cinema) for the first time and met Babulal, a person from Bihar who used to run a "naach hall".[12] He returned to his village formed a drama company and started performing Ramlila.[21]

    Career

    In early part of twentieth century, Bhikari Thakur returned to his village and started presenting Ramlila with a small troupe. But upper caste Hindus opposed performance of such important religious texts by lower caste people like Thakur.[22] Therefore, Thakur formed a theatrical company and started writing and directing plays by his own. Most of his plays used to revolve around the plight of women, village folks and confrontation between old values and modern values.[23][24] The first play written by Thakur was Biraha Bahar. He wrote his most famous play Bidesiya in 1917, when he was 30 years old. Between 1938 and 1962, more than three dozen books of Bhikhari Thakur were published. Most of the books were published by Dudhnath Press (Howrah) and Kachaudi Gali (Varanasi).[25]

    He impressed people all over

    Launda Naach by dressing himself in women clothes.[12] A humongous number of people would gather to watch his plays, especially for Bidesiya, whenever and wherever Bidesiya was staged and played, there used to be an uncontrollable crowd.[27]
    Thakur's plays were so impactful that, There are stories of young girls leaving the mandap and running away instead of docilely marrying the old men their parents have taken money from.

    Owing to his popularity, people started selling pirated copies of his books and even such books that were not written by him, for this he had to write "Bhikhari Pustika Suchi", which had the list and details of all of his published works. He also wrote "Bhikhari Shanka Shamadhan" to clear fake news that was spreading about him.[25]

    Last years and death

    In 1946,

    Bidesiya
    was released which was based on his play. in the movie, Bhikhari Thakur made a special appearance, where he recited his own poem "Dagaria johat na". Thakur died on 10 July 1971.

    Theatrical company

    In the early 20th century, Bhikhari formed his own theatre company against his parents' will.

    Harmonium).[29]

    In those days, due to

    Launda dancers to cast them as women in his plays. Later it became one of the greatest attractions of his plays. In January 2021 government of India felicitated Ramchandra Manjhi, a Launda dancer of his company with Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honour of India.[30]

    Works

    See also:
    Bibliography of Bhikhari Thakur

    Bhikhari Thakur's works were mostly based on the problems of society like the plight of migrants and women, and poverty.[31] Thakur published almost 3 dozen books and booklets in his career. His published and unpublished works were compiled by Bhikhari Thakur Aashram and published in three parts as Bhikhari Thakur Granthavali. The first part was published in 1979 in which his five plays are compiled namely, Bidesiya, Bhai Birodh, Beti Bechwa, Kaljug Prem and Radheshyam Bahar. The second part was published in 1986 in which five more plays are there, namely Putra Badh, Gabarghichor, Nanad-Bhaujai, Ganga Asnan and Bidhwa Bilaap. The third and last part has his other plays, songs and monologues.[32]

    Issues raised

    Migration

    Migration and its impact on the society were the central issues that Thakur raised through his works. Most of his works like Bidesiya and Gabarghichor were based on migration.[33]

    Your Husband went to Calcutta, O Sajni!, breaking the ties of Husband and wife. There are no shoes in his feet and umbrella over his head, O Sajni. How will he walk on the road, O Sajni!

    In his plays, the migration mostly led to separation between Husband and wife, due to which the women had to face a lot of hardship as her husband would send any money to her not any letter.

    Mismatch Marriages

    From his play, Beti Bechwa he raises the issue of marriages of young girl with old landlords in the exchange of money.[34]

    Style and contributions

    Bhikhari Thakur's plays were different from typical modern plays of the 20th century, which used to have dialogues only. Thakur's plays were closer to the style used in classical

    Greek Theatre. The samaji used to explain about the play in the Prologue, its characters and used to draw example parallel to Hindu mythology.[36] Another important part of his plays were labār which are known as viduṣak in Indian classical theatre, who used to come in the middle of the play just to entertain the audience by doing some comedy.[11] The characters of the plays of Bhikhari Thakur are of types representing the general rather than the particular. For example, in the play Bidesiya, the character of Bidesi represents all the young men who used to go to Assam and Bengal for earning. Similarly Batohi means Traveller and represents a random person who is going to Kolkata.[36]

    He incorporated everything that he found appropriate and exciting from other popular theatre in his plays. His Bidesiya is the blend of religious, secular,

    Bidesiya, Pyari is expounding her husband's appearance to Batohi:[38]

    {{blockquote|

    Kariyā nā gor bāte, lāmā nāhi hawan nāte (17),
    Majilā jawān sām sundar batohiyā(15)...

    𑂍𑂩𑂱𑂨𑂰 𑂢𑂰 𑂏𑂷𑂩 𑂥𑂰𑂞𑂵, 𑂪𑂰𑂧𑂰 𑂢𑂰𑂯𑂱 𑂯𑂫𑂢 𑂢𑂰𑂗𑂵 (१७), 𑂧𑂕𑂱𑂪𑂰 𑂔𑂫𑂰𑂢𑂹 𑂮𑂰𑂧 𑂮𑂳𑂢𑂹𑂠𑂩 𑂥𑂗𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂨𑂰 (१५)

    Messages and impact

    The plays and songs of Bhikhari Thakur depict the evils that were corroding the society.

    stepson. Ganga Asnan exposes the frauds of the dhongi Brahmins.[40] His plays and songs did the biggest impact on the caste system.[41]

    He started a social movement by his plays. There are stories of young girls leaving the mandap and running away instead of docilely marrying the old men their parents have taken money from. In Nautanwa village in Uttar Pradesh, after the play was staged there, the villagers sent back a Baraat of an old bridegroom. After a performance in Dhanbad, Jharkhand, some members of the audience marched to a nearby temple and took an oath that they would stop this practice.[12]

    Filmography

    Thakur made a special appearance in a song of Bhojpuri movie Bidesiya in 1963.[42] In the film, Thakur recites his own poetry.[43]

    Critical reputation

    Statue or Bhikhari Thakur in Chhapra

    Bhikhari Thakur got immense appreciation for his play who used to reveal the reality of the society. People called him with the titles like Raibahadur and Shakespeare of Bhojpuri. Rahul Sankrityayan who gave him the title of Shakespeare has commented on him:[44] In 1944, Bihar Government gave him the title of Rai Bahadur or Rai Sahab[45] and was felicitated with a Copper Shield.[46] Kalpana Patowary, the famous Bhojpuri folk singer from Assam, who has compiled Thakur's songs in the album named The Legacy of Bhikhari Thakur, has commented on Thakur that:[47]

    Reception by Feudal-Casteist society

    Bhikhari Thakur, despite having a great impact among the lower class, was beaten up by several caste and classes on various occasions.[34]

    Adaptations of works

    Legacy

    See also

    References

    1. ISBN 9780313335297
      .
    2. ^ The Journal of the Bihar Purāvid Parishad, Vol. 19-20. Bihar Purāvid Parishad. 1995.
    3. ^ Shalaja Tripathi (16 June 2012). "On the Shakespeare of Bhojpuri". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
    4. ^ Agra University Journal of Research: Letters, Volumes 1-5. Agra University. 1952.
    5. ISBN 978-0-521-43437-9
      .
    6. ISBN 978-0-19-564446-3
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    7. ISBN 978-1-4081-4591-3
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    8. ISBN 9788186208359
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    9. ^ Bajeli, Diwan Singh (27 February 2020). "Bhikhari Thakur: Voice of the marginalised". THE Hindu.
    10. ISBN 978-1315448039
      .
    11. ^ a b Narayan, Badri. Culture and Emotional Economy of Migration. p. 76.
    12. ^ a b c d e f g "Remembering Bhikhari Thakur, the bard of Bihar". Hindustan Times. 7 August 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
    13. ^ "जयंती विशेष: भोजपुरी के 'शेक्सपियर' भिखारी ठाकुर की 10 बड़ी बातें". Aaj Tak.
    14. ^ a b Indian Literature, vol. 44. Sahitya Akademi. 2000.
    15. ^ Sangeet Natak, Volume 37. Sangeet Natak Akademi. 2002. p. 49.
    16. ^ Singh, Durgashankar Prasad. Bhojpuri ke Kavi aur Kavya. Patna: Kalika press.
    17. ISBN 81-85377-41-3
      .
    18. ^ "एक आम आदमी, जो बना भोजपुरी का शेक्सपियर!". Amar Ujala.
    19. ^ Dwiwedi, Bhagwati Prasad. Bhikhari Thakur: Bhojpuri ke Bharatendu. Allahabad: Aashu Prakashan. p. 28.
    20. ISBN 9788126717842
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    21. ISBN 9788189859114
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    22. ^
      S2CID 163187967
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    23. ISBN 9788189859114
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    24. ISBN 9788186208359
      .
    25. ^ a b Dwiwedi, Bhagwati Prasad. Bhikhari Thakur: Bhojpuri ke Bharatendu. Allahabad: Aashu Prakashan. p. 29.
    26. ^ Garagi, Balawanta (1962). Theatre in India. Theatre Arts Books. p. 147.
    27. ^ Misra, Ram Baksh (2003). Sociology of Bhojpuri Language. Swasti Publications.
    28. ISBN 9780521434379
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    29. ^ Dwiwedi, Bhagwati Prasad (2000). Bhikhari Thakur: Bhojpuri ke Bharatendu. Aashu Prakashan. p. 70.
    30. ^ "Padma Shri Ramchandra Manjhi and Dulari Devi: Tale of two artists, and of art, caste and grit in Bihar". The Indian Express.
    31. ^ Golmej. Vani Prakashan. p. 97.
    32. ^ Bhikhari Thakur: Bhojpuri ke Bharatendu. Allahabad: Aashu Prakashan. 2005. p. 38.
    33. ^ "भिखारी ठाकुर के 'बेटी बेचवा' का कोयला मजदूरों पर हुआ था व्याप्क असर, शो के दाैरान रोते हुए खाई यह कसम". Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). Retrieved 14 November 2022.
    34. ^ a b Dost 2017, p. 108.
    35. ^ Gomez. Vani Prakashan. p. 97.
    36. ^ a b Chaturvedi, Namrata. ""BIDESIA" – THE FOLK THEATRE OF EASTERN INDIA". The Theatre Times.
    37. ^ Shandilya, Rajeshwari (2001). Bhojpuri Lokgeetan me geeti tatva. Patna: Bhojpuri Sansthan. p. 189.
    38. ^ Bhikhari Thakur Rachnawali: Part 1. Qutubpur (Saran): Lok Kalakar Bhikhari Thakur Aashram. 1979. p. 33.
    39. ^ Bihar District Gazetteers: Saran. Bihar: Superintendent, Secretariat Press. 1960. p. 116.
    40. ^ Dwiwedi, Mahesvari Prasad. Bhikhari Thakur: Bhojpuri ke Bharatendu. Allahabad: Aashu Prakashan. pp. 50–54.
    41. ^ Waiting in the Wild. Educreation Publishing. 20 January 2019.
    42. ^ Patel, Raviraj. Bhojpuri Filmon Ka Safanama.
    43. ^ Cinema Bhojpuri by Abhijit Das
    44. ISBN 9788178357416
      .
    45. ^ There is a debate of the exact name of the title, whether it was "Rai Bahaur" or "Rai Sahab". Some scholars also believe that the award was only announced but he never received it.
    46. ^ Bhikhari Thakur: Bhojpuri ke Bharatendu. Allahabad: Aashu Prakashan. 2005. p. 23.
    47. ISBN 978-981-15-7118-3
      .
    48. ISBN 9789390543519
      .
    49. ^ Narayan, Badri. Culture and Emotional Economy of Migration. p. 77.
    50. ^ The Tradition of Kannada Theatre. IBH Prakashana. 1986.
    51. ^ Tripathi, Shailaja. "On the Shakespeare of Bhojpuri". The Hindu.
    52. ^ "Play narrates life, struggles of folk artist Bhikhari Thakur". Outlook.
    53. ^ Chatarjer, Shoma A. "Naach Bhikari Naach: A Film on the Fading Folk Art of Naach". The Citizen. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.

    Bibliography

    External links
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