Bricolage
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In
The term bricolage has also been used in many other fields, including anthropology, philosophy, critical theory, education, computer software, and business.
Origin
Bricolage is a French
The arts
Visual art
In art, bricolage is a technique or creative mode, where works are constructed from various materials available or on hand, and is often seen as a characteristic of
Architecture
Bricolage is considered the jumbled effect produced by the close proximity of buildings from different periods and in different architectural styles.[6]
It is also a term that is admiringly applied to the architectural work of Le Corbusier, by Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter in their book Collage City, whom they called "a fox in hedgehog disguise," commenting on his wily approach to assembling ideas from found objects of the history of architecture, in contrast to Frank Lloyd Wright, who is called a "hedgehog" for being overly focused on a narrow concept.[7]
Academics
Anthropology
In anthropology, the term has been used in several ways. Most notably, Claude Lévi-Strauss invoked the concept of bricolage to refer to the process that leads to the creation of mythical thought, which "expresses itself by means of a heterogeneous repertoire which, even if extensive, is nevertheless limited. It has to use this repertoire, however, whatever the task in hand because it has nothing else at its disposal".[8] Later, Hervé Varenne and Jill Koyama used the term when explaining the processual aspect of culture, i.e., education [9]
Literature
In literature, bricolage is affected by intertextuality, the shaping of a text's meanings by reference to other texts.
Cultural studies
In
Social psychology
The term "psychological bricolage" is used to explain the mental processes through which an individual develops novel solutions to problems by making use of previously unrelated knowledge or ideas they already possess. The term, introduced by Jeffrey Sanchez-Burks, Matthew J. Karlesky and Fiona Lee[11] The Oxford Handbook of Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship of the University of Michigan, draws from two separate disciplines. The first, "social bricolage," was introduced by cultural anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss in 1962. Lévi-Strauss was interested in how societies create novel solutions by using resources that already exist in the collective social consciousness. The second, "creative cognition," is an intra-psychic approach to studying how individuals retrieve and recombine knowledge in new ways. Psychological bricolage, therefore, refers to the cognitive processes that enable individuals to retrieve and recombine previously unrelated knowledge they already possess.[12][13] Psychological bricolage is an intra-individual process akin to Karl E. Weick's notion of bricolage in organizations, which is akin to Lévi-Strauss' notion of bricolage in societies.[14]
Philosophy
In his book The Savage Mind (1962, English translation 1966), French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss used "bricolage" to describe the characteristic patterns of mythological thought. In his description it is opposed to the engineers' creative thinking, which proceeds from goals to means. Mythical thought, according to Lévi-Strauss, attempts to re-use available materials in order to solve new problems.[15][16][17]
Jacques Derrida extends this notion to any discourse. "If one calls bricolage the necessity of borrowing one's concept from the text of a heritage which is more or less coherent or ruined, it must be said that every discourse is bricoleur."[18]
Education
In the discussion of constructionism, Seymour Papert discusses two styles of solving problems. Contrary to the analytical style of solving problems, he describes bricolage as a way to learn and solve problems by trying, testing, playing around.
Joe L. Kincheloe and Shirley R. Steinberg have used the term bricolage in educational research to denote the use of multiperspectival research methods. In Kincheloe's conception of the research bricolage, diverse theoretical traditions are employed in a broader critical theoretical/critical pedagogical context to lay the foundation for a transformative mode of multimethodological inquiry. Using these multiple frameworks and methodologies, researchers are empowered to produce more rigorous and praxiological insights into socio-political and educational phenomena.
Kincheloe and Steinberg theorize a critical multilogical epistemology and critical connected ontology to ground the research bricolage. These philosophical notions provide the research bricolage with a sophisticated understanding of the complexity of knowledge production and the interrelated complexity of both researcher positionality and phenomena in the world. Such complexity demands a more rigorous mode of research that is capable of dealing with the complications of socio-educational experience. Such a critical form of rigor avoids the reductionism of many monological, mimetic research orientations (see Kincheloe, 2001, 2005; Kincheloe & Berry, 2004; Steinberg, 2015; Kincheloe, McLaren, & Steinberg, 2012).
Information technology
Information systems
In
Internet
In her book
Visual arts
The visual arts is a field in which individuals often integrate a variety of knowledge sets in order to produce inventive work. To reach this stage, artists read print materials across a wide array of disciplines, as well as information from their own social identities.[22] For instance, the artist Shirin Neshat has integrated her identities as an Iranian exile and a woman in order to make complex, creative and critical bodies of work.[23] This willingness to integrate diverse knowledge sets enables artists with multiple identities to fully leverage their knowledge sets. This is demonstrated by Jeffrey Sanchez-Burks, Chi-Ying Chen and Fiona Lee, who found that individuals were shown to exhibit greater levels of innovation in tasks related to their cultural identities when they successfully integrated those identities.[24]
Business
- Intimate knowledge of resources
- Careful observation and listening
- Trusting one's ideas
- Self-correcting structures, with feedback
In popular culture
Fashion
In his essay "Subculture: The Meaning of Style", Dick Hebdige discusses how an individual can be identified as a bricoleur when they "appropriated another range of commodities by placing them in a symbolic ensemble which served to erase or subvert their original straight meanings".[25] The fashion industry uses bricolage-like styles by incorporating items typically utilized for other purposes.
Television
- MacGyver is a television series in which the protagonist is the paragon of a bricoleur,[26] creating solutions for the problem to be solved out of immediately available found objects.
See also
References
- ISBN 9780199208272. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
- ISBN 0-415-26647-5.
- ISBN 9780415347686– via Google Books.
- ISBN 9781552452998.
- ISBN 9780415993135.
- ^ "bricolage - definition of bricolage by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-262-68042-4. Retrieved 12 May 2023 – via Google Books.
- ^ The Savage Mind, pg. 24)
- ^ pg. 53, "Education, Cultural Production, and Figuring Out What to do Next," In The Companion to the Anthropology of Education
- ^ Hebdige, Dick. Subculture: the Meaning of Style. London: Routledge, 1979.
- ^ Sanchez-Burks, J., Karlesky, M., & Lee, F. (in press). Psychological Bricolage and the Creative Process. In C. Shalley, M. Hitt, and J. Zhou (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship.
- ^ Sanchez-Burks, J., Karlesky, M., & Lee, F. "Psychological Bricolage, Integrating social identities to produce creative solutions."
- ^ C. Shalley, M. Hitt, & J. Zhou. Oxford Handbook of Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship.
- ^ a b Karl Weick, "Organizational Redesign as Improvisation", reprinted in Making Sense of the Organization
- ISBN 0-226-47484-4.
- ^ "Bricolage [Tesugen]". Tesugen.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
- ^ "Varenne: quotes from Lévi-Strauss (1963 [1962])". Varenne.tc.columbia.edu. 11 May 1999. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
- ^ Derrida, Jacques. "Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences". Hydra.humanities.uci.edu.
- Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem, and Helen R. Lane. Continuum edition. London: Continuum, 2004 (1972). p.7-8.
- ^ Ciborra, Claudio (1992). "From Thinking to Tinkering: The Grassroots of Strategic Information Systems", The Information Society 8, 297–309
- ^ Turkle, Sherry. "Epistemological Pluralism". Papert.org.
- ^ Cobbledick, Susie. "Information-Seeking Behavior of Artists: Exploratory Interviews."
- ^ 2010 TED Talk, "Shirin Neshat: Art in Exile."
- ^ Sanchez-Burks, J., Cheng, C. & Lee, F. "Increasing Innovation Through Identity Integration."
- ^ "Subculture: The Meaning of Style". Dick Hebdige. In Cultural Studies: An Anthology. Ed. Michael Ryan. 2008. p. 592
- ^ Bogost, Ian (2006). "Comparative Video Game Criticism". Games and Culture. pp. 41–46.