Brihaspati
Brihaspati | |
---|---|
Guru of the Devas God of Jupiter | |
Member of Angiras (father) | |
Consort | Tara [1] |
Children | Bharadvaja, Kacha, Kesari (sons) |
Brihaspati (
Sage
Brihaspati appears in the
The reverence for sage Brihaspati endured through the medieval period, and one of the many
Brihaspati sutras
Brihaspati sutras, also called the
Some scholars suggest that Brihaspati sutras are named after Brihaspati in the Vedas, but other scholars dispute this theory because the text rejects the Vedas.[20]
Planet
Brihaspati as a planet (Jupiter) appears in various Hindu astronomical texts in Sanskrit, such as the 5th century Aryabhatiya by Aryabhata, the 6th century Romaka by Latadeva and Panca Siddhantika by Varahamihira, the 7th century Khandakhadyaka by Brahmagupta and the 8th century Sisyadhivrddida by Lalla.[21] These texts present Brihaspati as one of the planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion.[21] Other texts such as Surya Siddhanta dated to have been complete sometime between the 5th century and 10th century present their chapters on various planets with deity mythologies.[21]
The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions, present Brihaspati's motion in the skies, but vary in their data, suggesting that the text were open and revised over their lives.[22] The texts slightly disagree in their data, in their measurements of Brihaspati's revolutions, apogee, epicycles, nodal longitudes, orbital inclination, and other parameters.[23][24] For example, both Khandakhadyaka and Surya Siddhanta of Varaha state that Brihaspati completes 364,220 revolutions every 4,320,000 earth years, an Epicycle of Apsis as 32 degrees, and had an apogee (aphelia) of 160 degrees in 499 CE; while another manuscript of Surya Siddhanta accepts the revolutions to be 364,220, but revises the apogee to 171 degrees and 16 seconds and the Epicycle slightly.[25]
The 1st millennium CE Hindu scholars had estimated the time it took for sidereal revolutions of each planet including Brihaspati, from their astronomical studies, with slightly different results:[26]
Source | Estimated time per sidereal revolution[26] |
Surya Siddhanta | 4,332 days, 7 hours, 41 minutes, 44.4 seconds |
Ptolemy | 4,332 days, 18 hours, 9 minutes, 10.5 seconds |
Siddhanta Shiromani | 4,332 days, 5 hours, 45 minutes, 43.7 seconds |
20th century calculations | 4,332 days, 14 hours, 2 minutes, 8.6 seconds |
In medieval mythologies particularly those associated with Hindu astrology, Brihaspati has a second meaning and refers to Jupiter.[5][2] It became the root of the word 'Brihaspativara' or Thursday in the Hindu calendar.[5] Brihaspati as Jupiter is part of the Navagraha in the Hindu zodiac system, considered auspicious and benevolent. The word "Thursday" in the Greco-Roman and other Indo-European calendars is also dedicated to the planet Jupiter (god of sky and thunder).[27][28][29] Their zodiac signs being nearly identical.
Worship
Iconography
The icon of Brihaspati makes his body golden, with his legs striped blue and his head covered with a halo of moon and stars.
Dedicated day
Thursday is considered to be the dedicated day for Brihaspati. According to Hindu mythology, praying to Brihaspati on Thursday provides astrological benefits.[33]
See also
References
- ISBN 9780143414216.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-135-96390-3.
- ISBN 978-3-447-05645-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
- ^ ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं ४.५०, Wikisource (Sanskrit text of Rigveda)
- ISBN 978-81-208-0745-7.
- ^ Robert Lingat 1973, p. 277.
- ^ Mandagadde Rama Jois 1984, pp. 22.
- ISBN 978-81-208-2664-9.
- ^ a b c Robert Lingat 1973, p. 104.
- ^ Patrick Olivelle 2006, p. 188.
- ^ Robert Lingat 1973, pp. 14, 109–110, 180–189.
- ^ Bhattacharya 2002.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: YaleUniversity (24 October 2014), Dwight H. Terry Lecture: "How Widespread Was Skepticism In Ancient India?", retrieved 4 October 2016
- ^ a b John M. Koller (1977), Skepticism in Early Indian Thought, Philosophy East and West, 27(2): 155–164
- ISBN 978-81-206-1564-9.
Quote: These atheistical doctrines existed from the earliest times as their traces are visible even in the Rigveda in some hymns of which Prof Max Muller pointed out the curious traces of an incipient scepticism. (...) Two things are therefore clear that the Brihaspatya tenets also called Charvaka tenets are of a very old standing..."
- ^ a b Radhakrishnan 1957, pp. 227–249.
- ^ Bhattacharya 2011, pp. 21–44, 65–74.
- ISBN 978-1-119-97717-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2.
- ISBN 978-81-206-0530-5.
- ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2.
- ^ J Fleet (1911). "Arbhatiya". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 794–799.
- ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2.
- ^ Yukio Ohashi 1999, pp. 719–721.
- ^ Pingree 1973, pp. 2–3.
- ISBN 978-1-61530-127-0.
- ^ "Alangudi Guru Temple, Thanjavur|Timings, History & Images".
- ^ Coleman, Charles. Mythology of the Hindus, p. 133
- ISBN 978-1576071069. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
- ^ "Who is Dev Guru Brihaspati, Guru of all Hindu gods?". brihaspatidham.com. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-0857284334.
- Bhattacharya, Ramakrishna (2002). "Cārvāka Fragments: A New Collection". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 30 (6): 597–640. S2CID 169948463.
- S2CID 125228353.
- Pingree, David (1981). Jyotihśāstra : Astral and Mathematical Literature. Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3447021654.
- Yukio Ohashi (1999). Johannes Andersen (ed.). Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B. Springer Science. ISBN 978-0-7923-5556-4.
- Bali, Saraswati (1978). Bṛhaspati in the Vedas and the Purāṇas. Delhi: Nag Publishers.
- Parpola, Asko (3 July 2015). The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. pp. 111–114. ISBN 978-0-19-022693-0.
- Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli and Moore, Charles (1957). A Source Book in Indian Philosophy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01958-1.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ISBN 978-1-78074-672-2.
- Mandagadde Rama Jois (1984). Legal and Constitutional History of India: Ancient legal, judicial, and constitutional system. Universal Law Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7534-206-4.
- Robert Lingat (1973). The Classical Law of India. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01898-3.
- Patrick Olivelle (1999). Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283882-7.
- Patrick Olivelle (2006). Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-977507-1.
External links
- Media related to Brihaspati at Wikimedia Commons