Caesaropapism

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A small cross of gold sheet, with rubbings of coins of Justin II (emperor in 565–574) and holes for nails or thread, Italian, 6th century

Caesaropapism /ˌsiːzəroʊˈpeɪpɪzəm/ is the idea of combining the social and political power of secular government with religious power, or of making secular authority superior to the spiritual authority of the Church; especially concerning the connection of the Church with government. Although Justus Henning Böhmer (1674–1749) may have originally coined the term caesaropapism (Cäseropapismus),[1] it was Max Weber (1864–1920) who wrote that "a secular, caesaropapist ruler ... exercises supreme authority in ecclesiastic matters by virtue of his autonomous legitimacy."[2] According to Weber, caesaropapism entails "the complete subordination of priests to secular power."[3]

In an extreme form, caesaropapism is where the

hierocracy in Weber), in which institutions of the church control the state. Both caesaropapism and theocracy are systems in which there is no separation of church and state
and in which the two form parts of a single power-structure.

Eastern Church

See also:
State church of the Roman Empire
the Roman Emperor Constantine (centre) and the bishops of the First Council of Nicaea (325) holding the Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed of 381
.

Caesaropapism's chief example is the authority that the

Kingdom of God and the zeal of the Byzantines "to establish here on earth a living icon of God's government in heaven."[9]

However, Caesaropapism "never became an accepted principle in Byzantium."

Bishop of Córdoba.[11] Saints, such as Maximus the Confessor, resisted the imperial power as a consequence of their witness to orthodoxy. In addition, at several occasions imperial decrees had to be withdrawn as the people of the Church, both lay people, monks and priests, refused to accept inventions at variance with the Church's customs and beliefs. These events show that power over the Church really was in the hands of the Church itself – not solely with the emperor.[12]

During a speech at the St. Procopius Unionistic Congress in 1959, John Dvornik stated, "...the attitude of all Orthodox Churches toward the State, especially the Russian Church is dictated by a very old tradition which has its roots in early Christian political philosophy... the Christian Emperor was regarded as the representative of God in the Christian commonwealth, whose duty was to watch not only over the material, but also the spiritual welfare of his Christian subjects. Because of that, his interference in Church affairs was regarded as his duty."[13]

Following the

Papacy.[14]

At the same time, however, so great was the suffering of the

Greek people under the Sultans that, in the February 14, 1908 Papal allocution Ringraziamo Vivamente, Pope Pius X accused the Greek Orthodox Church under Turkish rule of having preferred, "a harsh yoke (that of Islam) to the tenderness of their mother."[15]

Caesaropapism was most notorious in the

state terror against real and imagined traitors and their families by the Oprichnina. Metropolitan Philip also withheld the traditional blessing of the Tsar during the Divine Liturgy. In response, the Tsar convened a Church Council, whose bishops obediently declared Metropolitan Philip deposed on false charges of moral offenses and imprisoned him in a monastery. When the former Metropolitan refused a request from the Tsar to bless the 1570 Massacre of Novgorod, the Tsar allegedly sent Malyuta Skuratov to smother the former Bishop inside his cell. Metropolitan Philip was canonized in 1636 and is still commemorated within the Orthodox Church as a, "pillar of orthodoxy, fighter for the truth, shepherd who laid down his life for his flock."[17]

Tsar Ivan's level of caesaropapism far exceeded that of the Byzantine Empire

Patriarch of Moscow with a department of the civil service headed by an Ober-Procurator and called the Most Holy Synod, which oversaw the running of the church as an extension of the Tsar's government.[19]

The

Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia
.

Seeking to convince

locum tenens, tried to look for ways of peaceful reconciliation with the government. On July 29, 1927, he issued his famous declaration [ru]: an encyclical letter where he professed the absolute loyalty of the Russian Orthodox Church to the Soviet Union
and to its government's interests.

This declaration, sparked an immediate controversy among the Russian Eastern Orthodox, many of whom (including many notable and respected

True Orthodox, as a heresy
.

Later, some of these bishops reconciled with Sergius, but many still remained in opposition to the "official Church" until the election of Patriarch Alexius I in 1945.

Western Church

Main article: Byzantine Papacy
The Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy combines Western and Byzantine elements.

Byzantine Syria, or Byzantine Sicily
.

Anglican Communion

Henry VIII (c. 1531)

During the dispute between

Act in Restraint of Appeals
(1533). It stated

Where by divers sundry old authentic histories and chronicles it is manifestly declared and expressed that this realm of England is an empire, and so hath been accepted in the world, governed by one supreme head and king, having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial crown of the same.[20]

The next year Parliament passed the

First Act of Supremacy
(1534) that explicitly tied the head of church to the imperial crown:

The only supreme head in earth of the Church of England called Anglicana Ecclesia, and shall have and enjoy annexed and united to the imperial crown of this realm.[21]

The

King of Ireland and naming Henry head of the Church of Ireland
, for similar reasons.

During the reign of

English Restoration
.

When Elizabeth I restored royal supremacy, she replaced the title "Supreme Head" with that of "Supreme Governor", a conciliatory change to moderate English Catholics and Protestants.

According to Nicholas Sanders, however, "The Queen lays down for her clergy a rule of life, outside of which they dare not move, not only in those things which Protestants call indifferent, but in all matters of Faith, discipline, and doctrine, in virtue of that supreme spiritual power with which she is invested: she suspends her bishops when she pleases, she grants a license to preach, either to those who are ordained according to her rite or to simple laymen, in the same way at her pleasure reduces those whom she will to silence. To show her authority in these things, she occasionally, from her closet, addresses her preacher, and interrupts him in the presence of a large congregation, in some such way as this: 'Mr. Doctor, you are wandering from the text, and talking nonsense. Return to your subject.'"[22]

Since then, the monarchs of England, of Great Britain, and of the United Kingdom have claimed the "Supreme Governor" status as well as the title of

Defender of the Faith (which was originally bestowed on Henry VIII by Pope Leo X but later revoked by Pope Paul III, as that was originally an award for Henry VIII's Defence of the Seven Sacraments
).

Despite his continued persecution of both Catholic

King James I preferred not to do anything else that might otherwise encourage factional strife within the Anglican Communion. His son and heir, King Charles I, through his insistence upon promoting the High Church reforms advocated by the Caroline Divines and by Archbishop William Laud, alienated opponents of Anglo-Catholicism and lost both his throne and his head at the end of the English Civil War
.

The

Royal Prerogative. In response, Parliament successfully invited the King's son in law, William of Orange
to invade England and take the throne.

Even though King James II and his exiled heirs remained Catholics, their overthrow divided the

Catholic priest
and Cardinal.

Since 1948, the

His Majesty's Government
.

In popular culture

See also

References

  1. ^ Kenneth Pennington, "Caesaropapism," The New Catholic Encyclopedia: Supplement 2010 (2 Vols. Detroit: Gale Publishers 2010) 1.183–185 Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^
    ISBN 9780804750950
    . Retrieved 2017-02-02. Weber's formal definition of caesaropapism in Economy and Society reads as follows: 'a secular, caesaropapist ruler... exercises supreme authority in ecclesiastic matters by virtue of his autonomous legitimacy.
  3. ^
    ISBN 9780804750950
    . Retrieved 2017-02-02. Caesaropapism entails 'the complete subordination of priests to secular power,' and it essentially means that church matters have become part of political administration ... .
  4. ^ Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A. (1983), Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2nd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 218
  5. ^ Douglas, J.D. (1978), The New International Dictionary of the Christian Church (revised ed.), Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, p. 173
  6. ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. II, 1985, pp. 718–719
  7. ^ Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1975), A History of Christianity to A.D. 1500, vol. I (revised ed.), San Francisco: Harper & Row, pp. 283, 312
  8. ^ Schaff, Philip (1974), History of the Christian Church: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity: A.D. 311–600, vol. II (5th ed.), Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing Company, p. 135
  9. Ware, Timothy
    (1980), The Orthodox Church (revised ed.), New York: Penguin Books, p. 50
  10. ^ Meyendorff, John (1983), Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes (rev. 2nd ed.), New York: Fordham University Press, p. 6
  11. ^ Dawson, Christopher (1956), The Making of Europe (2nd ed.), New York: Meridian Books, pp. 109–110
  12. ^ Meyendorff, John (1983), Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes (rev. 2nd ed.), New York: Fordham University Press, p. 5
  13. ^ Hélène Iswolsky (1960), Christ in Russia: The History, Tradition, and Life of the Russian Church, The Bruce Publishing Company, Milwaukee. Page 80.
  14. ^ Charles A. Frazee (2006), Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire1453-1923, Cambridge University Press. Pages 5-45.
  15. Angelus Press
    . Page 278.
  16. ^ Bainton, Roland H. (1966), Christendom: A Short History of Christianity, vol. I, New York: Harper & Row, p. 119
  17. ^ Constantine de Grunwald (1960), Saints of Russia, The Macmillan Company, New York. Pages 104-124.
  18. ^ Billington, James H. (1966), The Icon and the Axe: An Interpretive History of Russian Culture, New York: Random House, p. 67
  19. ^ James Cracraft (1971), The Church Reform of Peter the Great, Stanford University Press. Pages 112-302.
  20. ^ The opening words of the Act in restraint of Appeals, 1533
  21. ^ Excerpt from The Act of Supremacy (1534)
  22. ^ Philip Caraman (1960), The Other Face: Catholic Life under Elizabeth I, Longman, Green, and Co. Page 65.
Attribution

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