Carl Hayden
Carl Hayden | |
---|---|
Lewis W. Douglas | |
17th Sheriff of Maricopa County | |
In office 1907–1912 | |
Preceded by | William Cunningham (acting) |
Succeeded by | Jefferson Davis Adams |
Personal details | |
Born | Carl Trumbull Hayden October 2, 1877 Hayden's Ferry, Arizona Territory, U.S. |
Died | January 25, 1972 Mesa, Arizona, U.S. | (aged 94)
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse |
Nan Downing (died 1961) |
United States National Guard | |
Rank | Major of Infantry |
Unit | 9th battalion, 166th Depot Brigade |
Battles/wars | World War I |
Carl Trumbull Hayden (October 2, 1877 – January 25, 1972) was an American politician. Representing
Having earned a reputation as a reclamation expert early in his congressional career,
Known as the "Silent Senator", Hayden rarely spoke on the Senate floor. Instead his influence came from
Background
Hayden was born to Charles Trumbull Hayden and Sallie Calvert Davis on October 2, 1877, in Hayden's Ferry, Arizona Territory (renamed Tempe in 1878).[7] Charles Hayden was a Connecticut-born merchant and freight operator who had moved west due to a lung ailment and homesteaded a claim on the south bank of the Salt River. Charles Hayden had also served as a probate judge and, following Grover Cleveland's 1884 election, had been considered for the territorial governorship. Sallie Davis was an Arkansas-born schoolteacher who served as vice president of the Arizona Territorial Suffrage Association during the 1890s.
Following the birth of their son, Charles and Sallie Hayden had three daughters: Sarah (called Sallie), Anna, and Mary (called Mapes). Anna died unexpectedly at two-and-one-half years of age. The Hayden family operated a variety of business interests including a ferry service, a gristmill, a general store, and agricultural interests.
While he was growing up, Hayden's family took several trips, including journeys to Washington, D.C., and the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. To these, Hayden added several solo trips, including a horseback trip to the Grand Canyon and a trip to Mexico City when he was fourteen.[8][9]
Hayden attended Tempe's Eighth Street School and Arizona Territorial Normal School (now Arizona State University). After his graduation from normal school in June 1896 he was enrolled at Stanford University where he studied economics, history, language, and philosophy with an interest in attending law school after graduation. While at Stanford, he was sophomore class president and participated in debate, fiction writing, football, and track. During his junior year, Hayden suffered his only election defeat when he narrowly lost the race for student body president. He attributed his loss to overconfidence and learned to "always run scared" in future elections.[10][11] Hayden met his future wife, Nan Downing, while at Stanford. The couple married on February 14, 1908, and produced no children.[12]
One semester from graduation, in December 1899, Hayden was forced to drop out of school when his father became ill. Charles Hayden died on February 5, 1900, leaving his son with responsibility for the family and control of the family business interests. Hayden sold the mercantile business to pay off outstanding debts and then rented most of the family's properties to provide an income that allowed him to move his mother and sisters to
Early political career
Soon after his return from Stanford, Hayden became active in
Hayden led the Arizona Territory delegation to the 1904 Democratic National Convention in St. Louis. Later in 1904 he was elected Maricopa County treasurer. Hayden's two years as treasurer provided him practical experience with public finance and budgetary processes. After one term as county treasurer, he chose to pursue the more lucrative office of sheriff—the position providing a travel budget and a percentage of collected fees. The November 1906 election saw Hayden defeat his Republican and Prohibition party challengers by the largest margin of victory in any of the county races.[18]
By the time Hayden became sheriff, Maricopa County had transformed from a
House of Representatives
Hayden's first run for Congress came during a 1911 special election called in anticipation of Arizona statehood. With the Democratic Party's influence in territorial politics, winning the party primary was tantamount to winning the general election. Hayden was considered an underdog to two other Democratic challengers and received an endorsement from only one Arizona newspaper. Due to his duties as sheriff along with his Arizona Territorial National Guard service, Hayden had become known to political leaders throughout the territory. These acquaintances, combined with the influence of his father's good reputation, allowed Hayden a surprise win in the Democratic primary which was followed by his election to the United States House of Representatives.[21]
The 1911 election set a number of precedents that would characterize Hayden's later political campaigns. The first was his tradition of never mentioning his opponent's name in public.[22] He also began a practice of caravaning around the state with other members of his party, a pattern that continued until war-time rationing of the 1940s ended the custom. He also kept a lookout for candidates with a potential to run against him, occasionally sending letters encouraging the rumored candidates to run. With good home service of his constituents, Hayden rarely faced a strong challenge for his office.[23]
Hayden gave the jail house keys to Deputy Jeff Adams and, with his wife, began the trip to Washington, D.C. the same day President
With the 1913 start to his first full term, Hayden supported
Beginning with an appropriation during his first term for the United States Army Corps of Engineers to perform a study accessing the feasibility of building a flood control dam, Hayden sought to bring a reclamation project to the Gila River.[31] Following a favorable feasibility report on the project, Hayden introduced legislation authorizing the San Carlos Project in 1914. Bill opponents claimed that Arizona had already received an overly large share of federal reclamation funds and the legislation was defeated.[32]
Using the fact that the
Hayden voted for American entry into World War I and then successfully added an amendment to a military manpower bill that prohibited conscripted personnel from avoiding military service by buying their way out and requiring all draftees to remain in the military until the end of the war. He also favored humane treatment of conscientious objectors. In the summer of 1917 Hayden proposed to President Wilson that the Industrial Workers of the World labor union be declared an outlaw organization so that vigilantes could take care of them.[35] As an officer in the Arizona National Guard prior to the war, Major Hayden volunteered to join his unit and served as commander of the 9th battalion, 166th Depot Brigade at Camp Lewis, Washington helping prepare his division for active duty. The war ended before his unit was transferred to Europe.[36]
While still in the House of Representatives, Hayden became involved in a decades-long dispute over
As a result of this disagreement when Representative
Senate
During Hayden's first run for the Senate in 1926, he based his campaign on his record of defending Arizona's interests in the water rights dispute with California. To this effort his campaign poster was composed of editorial headlines from California newspapers decrying Hayden's effectiveness at preventing passage of the Swing-Johnson Bill authorizing construction of Boulder Dam.[39] The campaign saw allegations of misconduct raised with incumbent Ralph H. Cameron claiming Hayden had used a slush fund received from out-of-state interests. An inquiry led by Senator William H. King was begun several days before the election and found no evidence of wrongdoing.[40][41] "Senator Cameron's 'slush fund' charges proved to be a boomerang which added considerably to my majority" observed Hayden after the election.[42]
Upon Hayden's election to the Senate, he received what Senator
1920s
Upon moving to the Senate in March 1927, Hayden continued his opposition to the Boulder Canyon Project. With growing national support for the project, however, it became obvious to Hayden that passage of the bill was inevitable. Seeking time to gain terms more favorable to Arizona, he continued his opposition with the aid of two
Passage of the Boulder Canyon Project came shortly after Congress reconvened in December 1928. Politically unpopular in Arizona, the final bill did contain several important concessions for Arizona. An amendment by Nevada Senator Key Pittman was added to the bill and set water allotments from the Colorado to 300,000 acre-feet (0.37 km3) per year to Nevada, 4,400,000 acre-feet (5.4 km3) per year to California and 2,800,000 acre-feet (3.5 km3) per year to Arizona with exclusive rights to all waters from the Gila River also going to Arizona. The final bill also included authorization to pay both Arizona and Nevada an amount comparable to the tax revenues that would be generated if the dam had been built by private enterprise.[47] Following passage of the bill, Hayden switched his form of opposition by working to deny funds for the Boulder Canyon Project.[48]
1930s
Hayden's 1932 campaign saw him coming close to defeat. Votes against early payment of the World War I veterans' bonus and for prohibition, the Senate vote for repeal of prohibition not coming until 1933, caused him to lose support from his Depression-era constituents and he only won a plurality during the primary. Hayden later speculated that if he had faced only one opponent, he might not have won.[49]
With President Franklin D. Roosevelt 1932 election and the start of the New Deal, Hayden dropped opposition of the Boulder Canyon Project and began lobbying for additional irrigation and hydroelectric projects. He actively supported the Central Valley Project and acted as floor manager for the Grand Coulee Dam's appropriation legislation. Due to Hayden's efforts, Senator Warren Magnuson of Washington would later call him "the father of the Grand Coulee Dam".[50] When demands for new projects during the 1930s drained the Reclamation Fund faster than repayments could replenish it, Hayden worked with Senator Joseph C. O'Mahoney of Wyoming to secure new funding by allocating revenue from offshore oil reserves to the Reclamation Fund.[51][52]
Due to Hayden's seat on the Senate Committee on Post Office and Post Roads, he worked on a number of legislative initiatives promoting highway transportation. His interest in the subject was such that President Roosevelt asked why he always wished to talk about roads, to which Hayden replied, "Because Arizona has two things people will drive thousands of miles to see—
This act was the first that allowed for funds to be used for advanced planning of future roads. It also allowed federal funds to be used for roads in urban areas, instead of just rural routes, and created disincentives to prevent states from diverting highway funds to other projects. A
In addition to his support of reclamation and highway projects, Hayden was also involved in other efforts to promote economic growth during the
1940s
With the 1940s and the coming of World War II, Hayden's focus shifted from public works to war-time needs. He lobbied a variety of Arizona groups to make land available and touting the favorable year-round flying weather, he assisted with the creation of a number of military bases throughout his home state, including the Luke and Williams training bases. An Army Desert Training Center built in southwestern Arizona and southeastern California was also used by American troops preparing for the North African campaign.[56] As the United States prepared for possible war, Hayden in August 1940 advocated the use of volunteers instead of conscription to obtain needed manpower. He also introduced amendments prohibiting payment of money to avoid military service, draftees procuring substitutes, and securing of enlistments by the paying of bounties.[57]
In 1945, Hayden suffered a personal tragedy when his wife, Nan, had a stroke. As a result, she was able to stand but could no longer walk and required the assistance of a nurse.[58] Her need for assistance would continue until her death on June 25, 1961.[59]
Following a 1944 treaty with Mexico granting the nation 1,500,000 acre-feet (1.9 km3) per year of Colorado River water, Hayden began direct efforts to bring water from the river to Phoenix, Tucson, and the irrigable Arizona farmlands between the cities. To this end, he and Arizona's other senator, Ernest McFarland, introduced legislation in 1946 to build the Central Arizona Project. Unsuccessful in their first attempt, they reintroduced the legislation in 1947 where it passed the Senate but was defeated in the House by opposition from the California delegation.[61]
The 1940s started an era of key committee chairmanships for Hayden. Due to the declining health of
1950s
Hayden's efforts to gain approval for the Central Arizona Project continued into the 1950s. Hayden and McFarland reintroduced their previous legislation in 1951 but it was again defeated in the House, this time due to concerns that full appropriation of Colorado waters had not occurred.
The stable political environment in Arizona that Hayden had enjoyed during most of his career began to change by the 1950s. Following World War II, large numbers of
In 1956, Hayden was involved in a legal dispute when a
At the beginning of the
1960s
During 1962, Hayden came to national attention due to a dispute over procedural issues between the Senate Appropriations Committee and House Appropriations Committee. Billed in the press as a feud between two octogenarian chairmen, Hayden and Representative
During Hayden's final campaign in 1962, the Central Arizona Project was the central issue. State leaders saw his seniority as being key in gaining approval for the project. To aid his re-election, campaign staff arranged for a series of events to celebrate Hayden's fiftieth anniversary in Congress and raise awareness of his achievements. A series of viral infections suffered by the senator over the course of the year prompted rumors that the 85-year-old senator had died. To refute these rumors, Hayden held a press conference at
The events of the decade resulted in Hayden twice advancing to second place on the presidential line of succession. The first occurrence came on November 16, 1961, with the death of House Speaker Sam Rayburn when Hayden followed Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and lasted until a new Speaker was elected.[78] The second occurrence began with the November 22, 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy and continued until Hubert Humphrey became vice president on January 20, 1965.[79] When asked of his plans if he had succeeded to the presidency, Hayden replied "I'd call Congress together, have the House elect a new speaker, and then I'd resign and let him become president."[80]
Hayden's final legislative success was authorization of the Central Arizona Project. On June 4, 1963, one day after the Supreme Court issued a decision in Arizona v. California favorable to Arizona, Hayden joined with the rest of his state's congressional delegation in reintroducing legislation authorizing the water project. As in the bill's previous efforts, Hayden's influence was able to secure passage of the legislation in the Senate while passage in the House proved difficult. Initial opposition from the California delegation subsided by early 1965 after Governor
Professional disposition
Hayden kept a considerably lower national profile than conventional wisdom would suggest for someone who spent more than half a century in Washington, including 42 years in the Senate. This came in part due to a conversation he had with Maryland Congressman Fred Talbott soon after he arrived in Washington in 1912. Talbott told him, "Son, there are two kinds of Congressmen—show horses and work horses. If you want to get your name in the papers, be a show horse. But if you want to gain the respect of your colleagues, don't do it. Be a work horse."[20] Hayden quickly earned a reputation as a "service congressman" who faithfully responded to constituent mail, inserting vegetable or flower seed packets in his replies.[84] Hayden believed that partisanship should end on election day, and his constituent service was performed in a nonpartisan manner.[85]
During his time in office, Hayden avoided publicity and speech making. Following his filibuster of Boulder Dam, Hayden did not make another speech from the Senate floor for 20 years. By his later years, many of his congressional colleagues had not heard him make a full speech.[86][87] His avoidance of public speaking did not impair Hayden in his duties, with then Senator Lyndon B. Johnson saying "He is living proof that effectiveness and statesmanship are not necessarily coupled with talkativeness"[72] and Arthur Edson of the Associated Press writing, "He has kept his mouth shut while astutely pushing out invisible tentacles of power".[6]
After office
Hayden announced his retirement on May 6, 1968, saying "Among other things that fifty-six years in Congress have taught me is that contemporary events need contemporary men. Time actually makes specialists of us all. When a house is built there is a moment for the foundation, another for the walls, the roof and so on. Arizona's foundation includes fast highways, adequate electric power, and abundant water, and these foundations have been laid. It is time for a new building crew to report, so I have decided to retire from office at the close of my term this year."[88] Hayden recommended long-term aide Roy Elson to succeed him.[89] Elson lost his election bid to former Senator Barry Goldwater.
Following his retirement from Congress, Hayden returned to Tempe and set up an office in Arizona State University's Charles Trumbull Hayden library. In addition to organizing the papers he collected during his career, he also wrote a biography of his father and worked on a project documenting the lives of Arizona's pioneers.[90] He became ill in the middle of January 1972 and died on January 25, 1972. He was buried in Tempe's Double Butte Cemetery. Speakers at Hayden's memorial service included Goldwater and former President Lyndon B. Johnson.[91]
In response to his long tenure in Congress, multiple projects have been named after him. On September 29, 1957,
Congressional elections results
Year | Office | Democratic Primary Election[99] | General Election[99] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incumbent | Votes | Challengers | Votes | Incumbent | Votes | Challengers | Votes | |||
1911 | U.S. House |
Lamar Cobb Carl Hayden Mulford Winsor |
2662 4237 2685 |
Carl Hayden J.S. Williams (R) |
11556 8485 | |||||
1912 | U.S. House |
Carl Hayden | 11389 | Progressive ) |
3110 5819 | |||||
1914 | U.S. House |
Carl Hayden | 33306 | Henry L. Eads (R) | 7586 | |||||
1916 | U.S. House |
Carl Hayden | 19518 | A.A. Worsley | 7784 | Carl Hayden | 34377 | Henry L. Eads (R) | 14907 | |
1918 | U.S. House |
Carl Hayden | 26805 | Thomas Maddock (R) | 16827 | |||||
1920 | U.S. House |
Carl Hayden | 35397 | James A. Dunseath (R) | 25841 | |||||
1922 | U.S. House |
Carl Hayden | 45121 | Emma M. Guild (R) | 14601 | |||||
1924 | U.S. House |
Carl Hayden | 40329 | W. J. Galbraith (R) | 8628 | |||||
1926 | U.S. Senate |
Carl Hayden | 36745 (80%) | Ralph H. Cameron (R) | 31845 | Carl Hayden Charles H. Rutherford (D) |
44591 8995 | |||
1932 | U.S. Senate |
Carl Hayden | 38924 | Harlow W. Akers Walter H. Colyar William J. Fellows |
30802 4161 6449 |
Carl Hayden | 74310 | Ralph H. Cameron (R) | 35737 | |
1938 | U.S. Senate |
Carl Hayden | 68328 | Coit I. Hughes Robert E. Miller |
13867 22154 |
Carl Hayden | 82714 | Burt H. Clingan (R) | 25378 | |
1944 | U.S. Senate |
Carl Hayden | 48812 | Joe Conway | 22764 | Carl Hayden | 90335 | Fred W. Pickett (R) | 39891 | |
1950 | U.S. Senate |
Carl Hayden | 95544 | Cecil H. Miller Robert E. Miller |
24340 14752 |
Carl Hayden | 116246 | Bruce Brockett (R) | 68846 | |
1956 | U.S. Senate |
Carl Hayden | 99859 | Robert E. Miller | 21370 | Carl Hayden | 170816 | Ross F. Jones (R) | 107447 | |
1962 | U.S. Senate |
Carl Hayden | 117688 | W. Lee McLane | 36158 | Carl Hayden | 199217 | Evan Mecham (R) | 163388 |
References
- ^ August p. 45
- ^ a b "Carl T. Hayden Is Dead at 94; Arizonan in Congress 56 Years". The New York Times. January 26, 1972. p. 40. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
- ^ Kennedy, John F. (November 17, 1961). Remarks in Phoenix at the 50th Anniversary Dinner Honoring Senator Hayden. The American Presidency Project. John Woolley and Gerhard Peters. Retrieved on 2007-05-28.
- ^ Phillips, Cabell. "Dozen Key Men in Congress", The New York Times, January 3, 1960, p. SM6.
- ^ a b Phillips, Cabell. "Cannon vs. Hayden: A Clash of Elderly Power Personalities in Congress", The New York Times, June 25, 1962, p. 17.
- ^ a b Cohen, Jerry. "Carl Hayden – Man of History and Few Words", Los Angeles Times, April 18, 1971, pp. A1, 4–5.
- ^ "HAYDEN, Carl Trumbull – Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
- ^ August pp. 16, 20
- ^ Rice pp. 17–19, 33–34
- ^ August pp. 24–25
- ^ Rice pp. 21, 27–28
- ^ a b Johnson p. 152
- ^ August pp. 25–26
- ^ Rice p. 170
- ^ August p. 32
- ^ Rice p. 33
- ^ August p. 28
- ^ August p. 30
- ^ Rice p. 35
- ^ a b (February 9, 1962) "Old Frontiersman. Time 79 (6): 15.
- ^ August pp. 35–39
- ^ a b August p. 42
- ^ Rice p. 225
- ^ Rice pp. 39–40
- ^ Rice p. 46
- ISBN 978-1438110288 https://books.google.com/books?id=51ATA-A5WaQC&pg=PA254. Retrieved March 8, 2015.)
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(help - ^ August p. 48
- ^ Rice p. 90
- ^ August pp. 49–50
- ^ a b Johnson p. 154
- ^ August pp. 50–51
- ^ August p. 55
- ^ August pp. 59–60
- ^ August pp. 62, 66
- ^ Joan M. Jensen, The Price of Vigilance p. 72
- ^ Rice pp. 170–71
- ^ Speers, L.C.. "Seven States Dispute Over Boulder Dam", The New York Times, February 13, 1927, pp. xx5.
- ^ August pp. 73–94
- ^ August pp. 128–130
- ^ "Arizona Inquiry Ordered", The New York Times, October 29, 1926, p. 5.
- ^ Rice pp. 231–234
- ^ Rice p. 234
- ^ August p. 130
- ^ Rice p. 190
- ^ August pp. 133–135
- ^ Rice pp. 113–117
- ^ August pp. 135–136
- ^ August p. 140
- ^ Rice pp. 234–235
- ^ Rice p. 96
- ^ Rice p. 98
- ^ August p. 143
- ^ Rice pp. 161–166
- ^ "New Impetus Given to Reviving Silver", The New York Times, May 7, 1932, p. 23.
- ^ Rice p. 69
- ^ Rice p. 173
- ^ Rice p. 171
- ^ Rice pp. 53–54
- ^ "Mrs. Carl Hayden", The New York Times, June 26, 1961, p. 31.
- ^ a b August p. 69
- ^ August pp. 150, 157–158, 166
- ^ Rice p. 195
- ^ August pp. 168–174
- ^ August pp. 175–176
- ^ Rice p. 99
- ^ Benton, William. "For Distinguished Service in Congress", The New York Times, July 24, 1955, p. SM14.
- ^ August pp. 178–179
- ^ "Ban on Pamphlet Defied by Hayden", The New York Times, May 4, 1956, p. 12.
- ^ 2d Judge Upsets Ban on Pamphlet", The New York Times, May 5, 1956, p. 19.
- ^ Rice p. 196
- ^ Rice p. 214
- ^ a b "Hayden, 46 Years in Congress, Gets Bipartisan Tribute", The New York Times, February 20, 1958, p. 1.
- ^ Nowicki, Dan. "End of a record for state's 'Silent Senator'", The Arizona Republic, November 16, 2009.
- ^ Rice p. 206
- ^ August 179–181
- ^ (November 16, 1962) "Arizona: Message Received". Time 80 (20): 25.
- ^ "The Voting for United States Senate". The New York Times. November 11, 1962.
- ^ "Hayden is Now Second in Line for Presidency", The New York Times, November 17, 1961, p. 28.
- ^ (December 2, 1963) "The Men in Line for the Presidency Now." U.S. News & World Report 55 (23): 14.
- ^ Johnson p. 156
- ^ Rice p. 144
- ^ (October 20, 1967) "Hayden's Rough Rider".
- ^ "Carl Hayden Day", The New York Times, October 1, 1968, p. 42.
- ^ Johnson p. 153
- ^ Rice p. 41
- ^ "The Silent Senator", The New York Times, November 18, 1961, p. 12.
- ^ Baker, Russell. "Senator Hayden, 84, Will Mark Half-Century in Congress Today", The New York Times, February 19, 1962, p. 1.
- ^ August p. 201
- ^ (May 20, 1968) "Hayden's Era: The Senator Who Changed the Face of The West". U.S. News & World Report 64 (21): 22.
- ^ August pp. 206–207
- ^ August p. 207
- ^ Rice p. 180
- ^ Rice pp. 101–102
- ^ "Name for Bee Center Approved", The New York Times, August 9, 1978, p. A9.
- ^ "Carl T. Hayden VA Medical Center – Press Kit – Our History, Leadership and Values". United States Department of Veteran Affairs. December 5, 2006. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
- ^ Lynch, Ken (2018). "10 CAP Facts: The Canal that Made Modern Arizona | The Arizona Report™". arizonareport.com. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
- ^ Carl Hayden. Art & History: Sculptures. United States Senate. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
- ^ Prange, Rich (September 14, 2021). "Sculpture of late Senator Carl Hayden missing from Arizona State Capitol". www.12news.com. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
- ^ a b Rice pp. 278–281
Works cited
- August, Jack L., Jr. (1999). Vision in the Desert: Carl Hayden and Hydropolitics in the American Southwest, introduction by Bruce Babbitt, Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press. ISBN 0875653103.
- Johnson, James W. (2002). Arizona Politicians: The Noble and the Notorious, illustrations by David 'Fitz' Fitzsimmons, Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0816522030.
- Rice, Ross R. (1994). Carl Hayden: Builder of the American West. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. ISBN 0819193992.
Further reading
- Udall, Morris K. (March 13, 1972). "Carl Hayden: Quiet History Maker". Congressman's Report, Vol. 11, No. 1. Archived from the original on September 5, 2006.
- Elson Oral History Interviews
External links
Media related to Carl Trumbull Hayden at Wikimedia Commons