Changsha
Changsha
长沙市 | |
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Camphor tree | |
City flower | Azalea |
Languages | Hunanese(Changsha dialect), Mandarin |
Website | en |
Changsha | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Hanyu Pinyin Chángshā | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Xiang | [tsã13 sɔ33] ( ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | "Long Sandbar" | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Former names | |
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Qing Yang | |
Hanyu Pinyin | Tánzhōu |
Wade–Giles | T‘an-chou |
Changsha
Changsha has a history of more than 2,400 years of urban construction,
Changsha is now one of the core cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the Belt and Road Initiative,[18][19] a Beta- (global second-tier) city by the GaWC,[20] a new Chinese first-tier city[21][22] and also a pioneering area for China-Africa economic and trade cooperation.[23] Known as the "Construction machinery capital of the world", Changsha has an industrial chain with construction machinery and new materials as the main industries, complemented by automobiles, electronic information, household appliances, and biomedicine.[24][25] Since the 1990s, Changsha has begun to accelerate economic development, and then achieved the highest growth rate among China's major cities during the 2000s.[26] The Xiangjiang New Area, the first state-level new area in Central China, was established in 2015.[27] As of 2020, more than 164 Global 500 companies have established branches in Changsha.[28] The city has the 27th largest skyline in the world.[29] The HDI of Changsha reached 0.817 (very high) in 2016, which is roughly comparable to a moderately developed country.[30][31]
As of 2023, Changsha hosts 59 institutions of higher education, ranking 8th nationwide among all cities in China.[32] The city also houses four Double First-Class Construction universities: Hunan, National University of Defense Technology, Central South, and Hunan Normal, making Changsha the seat of several highly ranked educational institutions,[33][34] and a major centre of research and innovation in the Asia-Pacific with a high level of scientific research, ranking 30th globally in 2023.[35] Changsha is the birthplace of super hybrid rice, the Tianhe-1 supercomputer, China's first laser 3D printer,[36] and China's first domestic medium-low speed maglev line.[37] Changsha has been named the first "UNESCO City of Media Arts" in China.[38] Changsha is home to the Hunan Broadcasting System (HBS), the most influential provincial TV station in China.[39][40]
Names
Chángshā is the
History
This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2019) |
Early history
Development started around 3000 BC when Changsha developed with the proliferation of
Later Chinese legends related that the
Under the
When Wu Rui's descendant Wu Zhu (
Following the turmoil of the Three Kingdoms, Emperor Wu of Jin granted Changsha to the sixth son of him named Sima Yi. The local government had over 100 counties at the beginning of the dynasty. Over the course of the dynasty, the local government of Changsha lost control over a few counties, leaving them to local rule.
The
In early 10th century, Changsha served as the capital of the state of Nanchu (南楚), or Southern Chu, established by Ma Yin (马殷) in 907, one of the ten southern war loads. Nanchu, lasted about 50 years, was the only independent state in the history that has ever been built in Hunan with Changsha as the capital, being eventually overthrown by Nantang (南唐) in 951.
Under the Song dynasty, the Yuelu Academy was founded in 976. It was destroyed by war in 1127 and rebuilt in 1165, during which year the celebrated philosopher Zhu Xi taught there. It was again destroyed by the Mongols during the establishment of the Yuan before being restored in the late 15th century under the Ming. Early 19th-century graduates of the academy formed what one historian called a "network of messianic alumni", including Zeng Guofan, architect of the Tongzhi Restoration,[44] and Cai E, a major leader in the defense of the Republic of China.[45] In 1903 the academy became Hunan High School. Modern-day Hunan University is also a descendant of the Yuelu Academy. Some of its buildings were remodeled from 1981 to 1986 according to their presumed original Song design.
During the
Modern history
Under the
The 1903
Following the
Until May 1927, communist support remained strong in Changsha before the massacre carried out by the
During the
Following the
Geography
Changsha is in northeast Hunan Province, the lower reaches of the Xiang River and the western part of the Changliu Basin. It lies between 111°53' to 114°15' east longitude and 27°51' to 28°41' north latitude. The city borders Yichun and Pingxiang of Jiangxi Province in the east, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan in the south, Loudi and Yiyang in the west, and Yueyang and Yiyang in the north. It is about 230 kilometres from east to west and about 88 kilometres from north to south. Changsha covers an area of 11,819 km2 (4,563 sq mi), of which the urban area of 2,150.9 km2 (830.5 sq mi), the urban built-up area is 374.64 km2 (144.65 sq mi). Changsha's highest point is Mount Qixing (七星岭) in Daweishan Town, 1,607.9 m (5,275 ft). The lowest point is Zhanhu (湛湖) in Qiaokou Town, 23.5 m (77 ft).[50]
The
Hydrology
Most of the rivers in Changsha belong to the Xiang River system. In addition to the Xiangjiang River, 15 tributaries flow into the Xiang, mainly including Liuyang River, Laodao River, Minjiang River, and Qinshui River.[52] 302 tributaries are more than five kilometers long, including 289 in the Xiang River Basin. According to the tributary grading there are 24 primary tributaries, 128 secondary tributaries, 118 third tributaries, and 32 tributaries; and 13 are Zijiang water systems; a fairly complete water system is formed, and the river network is densely distributed. Hydrological characteristics of Changsha: the water system is complete, the river network dense; the water volume greater, the water energy resources abundant; the winter not frozen, and the sediment content small.[53]
Geological characteristics
The geological features of Changsha City are: the formation is fully exposed, the granite body is widely distributed, and the geological structure is complex. The strata of each geological and historical period are exposed in Changsha City, and the oldest stratum was formed about one billion years ago. About 600 million years ago, Changsha was a sea, but the sea was not deep. Later, seawater gradually withdrew from the east and west, and most of Liuyang, Changsha, and Wangcheng rose out of the sea and became the northwestern edge of the ancient land of Jiangnan. About 140 million years ago, the sea leaching in the Changsha area ended and it became a land. Due to the influence of crustal movement and geological structure, a long-shaped mountain depression basin, the Chang (Sha) Ping (Jiang) Basin, was formed. Beginning of the new generation, the entire Changping Basin has risen to land. About 3.5 million years ago, the third ice age occurred on the earth, and Liuyang retained the remains of glacier landforms.[53]
Climate
Changsha has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with annual average temperature being at 17.8 °C (64.0 °F), with a mean of 5.3 °C (41.5 °F) in January and 29.4 °C (84.9 °F) in July. Average annual precipitation is 1,499 millimetres (59.0 in), with a 275-day frost-free period. With a monthly possible-sunshine percentage ranging from 20% in January to 53% in July, the city receives 1,533 hours of bright sunshine annually. The four seasons are distinct. The summers are long and very hot, with heavy rainfall, and autumn is comfortable and is the driest season. Winter is chilly and overcast with lighter rainfall more likely than downpours; cold snaps occur with temperatures occasionally dropping below freezing. Spring is especially rainy and humid with the sun shining less than 30% of the time. The minimum temperature ever recorded since 1951 at the current Wangchengpo Weather Observing Station was −12.0 °C (10.4 °F), recorded on 9 February 1972. The maximum was 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) on 13 August 1953 and 2 August 2003 [the unofficial record of 43.0 °C (109.4 °F) was set on 10 August 1934].
Climate data for Changsha, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 26.9 (80.4) |
30.6 (87.1) |
32.8 (91.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
36.3 (97.3) |
38.2 (100.8) |
39.7 (103.5) |
40.6 (105.1) |
38.2 (100.8) |
35.1 (95.2) |
30.9 (87.6) |
24.9 (76.8) |
40.6 (105.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.5 (47.3) |
11.5 (52.7) |
15.8 (60.4) |
22.4 (72.3) |
27.1 (80.8) |
30.3 (86.5) |
33.8 (92.8) |
32.7 (90.9) |
28.6 (83.5) |
23.6 (74.5) |
17.7 (63.9) |
11.5 (52.7) |
22.0 (71.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.1 (41.2) |
7.8 (46.0) |
11.7 (53.1) |
17.9 (64.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
26.2 (79.2) |
29.6 (85.3) |
28.4 (83.1) |
24.2 (75.6) |
18.9 (66.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
7.5 (45.5) |
17.8 (64.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.7 (36.9) |
5.2 (41.4) |
8.9 (48.0) |
14.7 (58.5) |
19.3 (66.7) |
23.1 (73.6) |
26.2 (79.2) |
25.4 (77.7) |
21.1 (70.0) |
15.7 (60.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
4.7 (40.5) |
14.7 (58.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −9.5 (14.9) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
1.9 (35.4) |
8.9 (48.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
19.7 (67.5) |
16.7 (62.1) |
11.8 (53.2) |
2.4 (36.3) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−10.3 (13.5) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 74.5 (2.93) |
85.0 (3.35) |
149.2 (5.87) |
173.1 (6.81) |
201.7 (7.94) |
224.3 (8.83) |
162.8 (6.41) |
107.5 (4.23) |
86.6 (3.41) |
60.5 (2.38) |
77.7 (3.06) |
53.5 (2.11) |
1,456.4 (57.33) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 13.4 | 13.9 | 17.4 | 16.4 | 15.9 | 14.4 | 10.4 | 10.8 | 8.8 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 10.8 | 151.7 |
Average snowy days | 4.9 | 2.9 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 10.2 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
79 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 80 | 74 | 76 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 75 | 78 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 64.7 | 66.5 | 83.5 | 110.0 | 137.1 | 141.4 | 226.7 | 208.5 | 151.2 | 134.0 | 112.4 | 96.8 | 1,532.8 |
Percent possible sunshine | 20 | 21 | 22 | 28 | 33 | 34 | 54 | 52 | 41 | 38 | 35 | 30 | 34 |
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[54][55][56] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA[57]
|
Administration
The municipality of Changsha exercises jurisdiction over six districts, one county and two county-level cities:
Map | |||||
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Subdivision | Simplified Chinese | Pinyin | Pop.
(2010 census) |
Area (km2) | Dens. (/km2) |
City Proper | |||||
Furong District
|
芙蓉区 | Fúróng Qū | 523,730 | 42 | 12,470 |
Tianxin District
|
天心区 | Tiānxīn Qū | 475,663 | 74 | 6,428 |
Yuelu District
|
岳麓区 | Yuèlù Qū | 801,861 | 552 | 1,453 |
Kaifu District
|
开福区 | Kāifú Qū | 567,373 | 187 | 3,034 |
Yuhua District
|
雨花区 | Yǔhuā Qū | 725,353 | 114 | 6,363 |
Wangcheng District
|
望城区 | Wàngchéng Qū | 523,489 | 970 | 540 |
Suburban and rural | |||||
Liuyang City | 浏阳市 | Liúyáng Shì | 1,278,928 | 4,999 | 256 |
Ningxiang City | 宁乡市 | Níngxiāng Shì | 1,168,056 | 2,906 | 402 |
Changsha County | 长沙县 | Chángshā Xiàn | 979,665 | 1,997 | 491 |
Government
The current CPC Party Secretary of Changsha is Wu Guiying and the current mayor is Zheng Jianxin .
Economy
Changsha is one of China's 15 most "developed and economically advanced" cities.
Since the 1990s, Changsha has begun to accelerate economic development, and then achieved the highest growth rate among China's major cities during the 2000s.[26] The Xiangjiang New Area, the first state-level new area in Central China, was established in 2015.[27] Changsha also has a prominent media and publishing industry, and has been named the first "UNESCO City of Media Arts" in China.[38] Changsha is home to the Hunan Broadcasting System (HBS), the most influential provincial TV station in China.[39][40]
In 2017, Changsha made its way into the 1-trillion-yuan GDP club, becoming the 13th city in China with a GDP of one trillion yuan (154 billion US dollars).[61] Moreover, the financial news portal Yicai.com released its 2017 ranking of China's new first-tier cities, and Changsha was a newcomer.[62] As of 2020, more than 164 Global 500 companies have established branches in Changsha.[28] As a new first-tier city, Changsha is rated #10 in terms of its commercial worth.[63]
As of 2021, Changsha's GDP exceeded RMB 1.327 trillion (US$208 billion in
According to the 2022 Hurun Global Rich List, Changsha ranks among the top 35 cities globally and 11th in Greater China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Taipei, Foshan, Suzhou, and Ningbo) in terms of resident billionaires.[68][69]
Changsha's nominal GDP is projected to be among the world's top 50 largest cities according to a study by Oxford Economics in 2035[70] and its nominal GDP per capita will reach US$41,000 in 2030.[71]
Development Zones
The Changsha ETZ was founded in 1992. It is located in Xingsha in eastern Changsha. The total planned area is 38.6 km2 (14.9 sq mi) and the current[when?] area is 38.6 km2 (14.9 sq mi). Near the zone are National Highways 319 and 107 as well as the G4 Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway. The zone is also very close to Changsha's downtown area and the railway station, while the distance between the zone and the city's airport is a mere 8 km (5.0 mi). The major industries in the zone include the high-tech industry, the biology project technology industry, and the new material industry.[72]
The
Tourism
Places of interest
Tourism is a major industry in Changsha. Changsha has been consistently ranked as China's top tourist city.
Mt.Yuelu
Yuelu Mountain is named after the "Nanyue Ji" written in the Liu and Song Dynasties in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, which states that "the surrounding area of Nanyue is eight hundred miles, with Huiyan as the head and Yuelu as the foot." Yuelu Mountain is located on the west bank of the Xiangjiang River in Yuelu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province; Orange Island is located in the middle of the Xiangjiang River, running through the center of the river from south to north, looking at Yuelu to the west and the ancient city to the east. There are 977 species of plants in 559 genera and 174 families in Yuelu Mountain Scenic Area. They are mainly typical subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests and subtropical warm coniferous forests. In some areas, large areas of native evergreen broad-leaved secondary forests are preserved. A large number of precious endangered tree species and ancient and famous trees.
Orange Island
Orange Island is located in the center of the Xiangjiang River in Yuelu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province. The original area is about 17 hectares, and the overall developed land area of the scenic spot reaches 91.64 hectares. It is the largest sandbar among the many alluvial sandbars in the lower reaches of the Xiangjiang River, and is known as "China's First Continent" . Orange Island has Mao Zedong Youth Art Sculpture, Wen Tiantai and other attractions. According to historical records, Orange Island was formed in the second year of Yongxing (305), the second year of Emperor Hui of Jin Dynasty. It was formed by the alluvial accumulation of rapids and sand and gravel.
Hua Ming Lou
Huaming Tower: Liu Shaoqi's former residence is a national high-end tourist attraction in China and a national key cultural relics protection unit.Huaming Tower, formerly known as Huamen Tower, is a beautiful town in the southeast of Ningxiang City, Changsha City, Hunan Province. It is the former residence of Comrade Liu Shaoqi, the revolutionary great man and former president of the country.
Hunan Museum
Hunan Museum, located at No. 50 Dongfeng Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, is one of the first batch of national first-level museums in China, one of the eight national key museums jointly built by the central and local governments, and the largest comprehensive history and art museum in Hunan Province. The Hunan Provincial Museum was founded in the 23rd year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1897), and the current site is its new museum.
Demographics
As of the 2020 Chinese census, Changsha was home to 10,047,914 people, whom 7,355,198 lived in its built-up (or metro) area made of the 6 urban Districts plus Changsha County largely conurbated. The majority of people living in Changsha are Han Chinese. A sizeable population of ethnic minority groups also live in Changsha. The three largest are the Hui, Tujia, and Miao peoples. The 2000 census showed that 48,564 members of ethnic minorities live in Changsha, 0.7% of the population. The other minorities make up a significantly smaller part of the population. Twenty ethnic minorities have fewer than 1,000 members living in the city.[78][79]
Culture
Media
Hunan Broadcasting System is China's largest television after China Central Television (CCTV). Its headquarters is in Changsha and produces some of the most popular programs in China, including Super Girl. These programs have also brought a new entertainment industry into the city, which includes singing bars, dance clubs, theater shows, as well as related businesses including hair salons, fashion stores, and shops for hot spicy snacks at night (especially during summer). While Changsha has developed into an entertainment hub, the city has also become increasingly westernized and has attracted a growing number of foreigners.
Cuisine
Various types of cuisine are found in Changsha, yet the hot and spicy Hunan cuisine typical of the region remains the most popular. The snack chain Juewei Duck Neck, which now has over 10,000 outlets, originates from Changsha.
The city has its own siu yeh culture.
In May 2008, the BBC broadcast, as part of its Storyville documentary series, the four-part The Biggest Chinese Restaurant in the World, which explored the inner workings of the 5,000-seating-capacity West Lake Restaurant (Xihu Lou Jiujia) in Changsha.
During the Warring States period, Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet, recorded many dishes in Hunan in his famous poem "The Soul"(招魂). During the Western Han dynasty, there were 109 varieties of dishes in Hunan, and there were nine categories of cooking methods. After the Six Dynasties, Hunan's food culture was rich and active. The Ming and Qing dynasties are the golden age for the development of Hunan cuisine. The unique style of Hunan cuisine is basically a foregone conclusion. At the end of the Qing dynasty, there were two kinds of Hunan cuisine restaurants in Changsha. In the early years of the Republic of China, the famous Dai (Yang Ming) School, Sheng (Shan Zhai) School, Xiao (Lu Song) School, and Zuyu School appeared in various genres, which laid the historical status of Hunan cuisine. Since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, it has been better developed.[80]
Sports
Changsha has one of China's largest multi-purpose sports stadiums—
Historical culture
Changsha hosts the
Mawangdui is a well-known tomb located 22 kilometres (14 mi) east of Changsha.[83][84] It was discovered with numerous artifacts from the Han dynasty. Numerous Silk Funeral banners surround the tomb, along with a wealth of classical texts.[85][86] The tomb of Lady Dai lies in Mawangdui is well known due to its well-preserved state: scientists were able to detect blood, conduct an autopsy and determined that she died of heart disease due to a poor diet.[87][88]
Changsha is a sister city with
Education and research
Research and Innovation
Changsha is the birthplace of super hybrid rice, Yinhe-1, the first China's supercomputer built in the 1980s,[91] the Tianhe-1 supercomputer, China's first laser 3D printer,[36] and China's first domestic medium-low speed maglev line.[37] In November 2010, the National Supercomputing Changsha Center was established at Hunan University, becoming the first National Supercomputing Center in Central China and third National Supercomputing Center in China, after those in Tianjin and Shenzhen.[92]
Changsha is a major city for research and innovation in Central China, as well as in the Asia-Pacific region.[93][94] It ranked 30th globally, 17th in the Asia & Oceania region, 13th in China, 5th in the South Central region after (Guangzhou, Wuhan, Hong Kong and Shenzhen), and 2nd in the Central China region after Wuhan by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index 2023 Science Cities.[35] Changsha was also ranked 37th globally in the "Top 100 Science & Technology Cluster Cities" rankings based on "publishing and patent performance" released by the Global Innovation Index 2023.[95]
As of 2020, Changsha ranked 8th in the top 10 China's innovation-oriented cities,[96] and 6th (behind Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Shanghai, Chengdu and Beijing) in the Top 10 China's most attractive cities for talent, according to the 21st Century Business Herald report.[97] Changsha has held the title "China's Leading Smart City" since 2021.[98] As of 2021, Changsha had 97 independent scientific research institutions, 14 national engineering and technology research centers, 15 national key engineering and technology laboratories, and 12 national enterprise technology centers.[99]
Colleges and universities
Changsha has long been the seat of several ancient schools and academies. The Yuelu Academy (later to become Hunan University) was one of the four most prestigious academies in China over the last 1000 years.[100] The city is also the site of the Hunan Medical University (later to become Central South University), which was established in 1914.
As of June 2023, Changsha hosts 59 institutions of higher education (excluding adult colleges), ranking 8th nationwide and 4th among all cities in the South Central China region after Guangzhou, Wuhan and Zhengzhou.[32] Changsha ranked among the top 10 cities in the whole country and among the top three cities in South Central China region with strong education based on an evaluation of Chinese universities' discipline levels, including A+, A, and A− issued by the Ministry of Education as of 2020.[101]
National key public universities
There are three
- Central South University (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)
- Hunan University (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)
- Hunan Normal University (Project 211, Double First Class University)
- National University of Defense Technology (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)
Provincial key public universities
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology
- Changsha University of Science and Technology
- Hunan Agricultural University
- Hunan First Normal University
- Hunan University of Technology and Business
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
General undergraduate universities (public)
- Changsha University
- Hunan University of Finance and Economics
- Hunan Police Academy
- Hunan Women's University
- Changsha Normal University
General undergraduate universities (private)
- Changsha Medical University
- Hunan International Economics University
- Hunan Institute of Information Technology
Vocational and technical colleges/universities
- Changsha Aeronautical Vocational and Technical College
- Changsha Social Work College
- Hunan Mass Media Vocational and Technical College
Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.
International schools
Notable high schools
- Yali High School
- The High School Affiliated to Hunan Normal University
- Changjun High School
- The First High School of Changsha
Notable primary schools
- Changsha Experimental Primary School
- Datong Primary School
- Qingshuitang Primary School
- Shazitang Primary School
- Yanshan Primary School
- Yucai Primary School
- Yuying Primary School
Transportation
Changsha is well connected by roads, river, rail, and air transportation modes, and is a regional hub for industrial, tourist, and service sectors.
The city's
The
Changsha Huanghua International Airport is a regional hub for China Southern Airlines. The airport has daily flights to major cities in China, including Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, as well as Hong Kong and Macau. Other major airlines also provide daily service between Changsha and other domestic and international destinations. The airport provides direct flights to 45 major international cities, including Taipei, Los Angeles, Singapore, Seoul, Pusan, Osaka, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur, London (Heathrow Airport), Frankfurt and Sydney.[122] As of 5 August 2016[update] the airport handled 70,011 people daily.[123] Due to the global effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, Changsha Huanghua International Airport was the 34th busiest airport in the world in 2020, making its debut in the world's top 50 busiest airports for the first time.[124]
City honors and rankings
- The city ranked 27th in the world by numbers of 150m+completed buildings as of 2021[125]
- China's Top 2nd Most Influential City of Nighttime Economy in 2022[67]
- Top 10 "China's Happiest Cities"[127][128]
- One of China's new first-tier cities in 2017[129]
- 37th globally in the "Top 100 Science & Technology Cluster Cities" rankings by "publishing and patent performance" released by the Global Innovation Index 2023[95]
- 30th globally and 17th in the Asia & Oceania region in the "Top 200 cities" by scientific research outputs released by the Nature Index 2023 Science Cities Rankings.[35]
- 67th worldwide in the Global Cities Outlook rankings of the 2018 Global Cities Report released by AT Kearney[130][131]
- 68th worldwide in terms of "Urban Economic Competitiveness" in 2019 jointly released by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) and the United Nations Programme for Human Settlements (UN-Habitat)[132]
- The first Chinese city to be recognized as a "World Creative City in Media Arts" by UNESCO[133][134]
- Changsha was classified as a Beta- (global second tier) city together with Manchester (the U.K), Geneva (Switzerland) and Seattle (the U.S) by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[135]
- The 10 fastest growing cities in the world[136][137][31] Changsha's nominal GDP is projected to be among the world top 50 largest cities according to a study by Oxford Economics in 2035,[70] and its nominal GDP per capita will reach US$41,000 in 2030.[71]
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
By the end of June 2018, Changsha has established friendly city relationship with 49 foreign cities.[138]
Changsha is twinned with:[139]
- Brazzaville, Congo
- Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea
- Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan
- Mogilev, Mogilev Region, Belarus
- Mons, Hainaut, Belgium
- New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Jersey City, New Jersey, United States
- Annapolis, Maryland, United States
- Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States
- Fribourg, Canton of Fribourg, Switzerland
- City of Auburn, New South Wales, Australia
- Entebbe, Uganda
Consulates General/Consulates
Notable people
The following people are from the
- Mao Zedong – Founding father of the People's Republic of China
- Zeng Guofan – Most influential politician of China in 19th century
- Liu Shaoqi – President of the People's Republic of China (PRC), 1959–1968
- Zhu Rongji – Premier of the People's Republic of China, 1998–2003
- Hu Yaobang – General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (1982–1987)
- Yang Kaihui – Mao Zedong's second wife
- Huang Xing – Chinese revolutionary leader and the first army commander-in-chief of the Republic of China
- Tian Han – Author of the lyrics to "March of the Volunteers", China's national anthem
- Wang Tao – Economist
- Zhou Guangzhao – Theoretical physicist and recipient of the "Two Bombs, One Satellite" Meritorious Award
- Zhou Jianping – Aerospace engineer and chief designer of China Manned Space Program
- Qi Xueqi – General in the Kuomintang (KMT)
- Lei Feng – A People's Liberation Army's cultural icon
- Liang Heng – Writer and literary scholar
- Tan Dun – Contemporary composer (soundtracks for the films Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Hero)
- Huang Zuqia – Theoretical and nuclear physicist
- Tang Sulan – Writer and politician
- Zhang Ye – Singer
- Xiong Ni – Olympic male diver and gold medalist
- Leo Li – Actress and singer-songwriter
- Li Xiaopeng – Olympic male gymnast and gold medalist
- Liu Yun – Actress
- Liu Xuan – Olympic female gymnast and gold medalist
- Meng Jia – Singer and actress, former member of the Korean-Chinese girl group Miss A
- Exo
- Qi Baishi – Painter
- Shen Wei – Dancer and the choreographer of modern dance for the 2008 Beijing Olympics
- He Jiong – One of the most famous TV show hosts in China
- Lexie Liu – Singer-songwriter and rapper
- Can Xue – Avant-garde fiction writer
- Xue Yiwei - Writer living in Montreal[141]
Astronomy
Changsha is represented by the star Zeta Corvi in a Chinese constellation.[142]
See also
Notes
- ^ UK: /tʃæŋˈʃɑː/; US: /tʃɑːŋ-/;[5] simplified Chinese: 长沙; traditional Chinese: 長沙; Changsha Xiang Chinese: [tsã˩˧ sɔ˧] ( ), Mandarin pinyin: Chángshā ( )
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External links
- Changsha Interactive Map, Information on Locations
- Changsha Government official website Archived 8 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- Changsha National High-Tech Industrial Development Zone Archived 9 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine