Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
Oberfranken 3 | |
---|---|
Personal details | |
Born | Chlodwig Carl Viktor zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 31 March 1819 |
Signature | |
Chlodwig Carl Viktor, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince of Ratibor and Corvey (
Biography
Chlodwig was born at
Early career
As the younger son of a
Chlodwig's application to be excused the preliminary steps, which involved several years' work in subordinate positions in the Prussian civil service, was refused by King
These early years were invaluable - not only did it provide him experience of practical affairs, it also afforded him an insight into the strength and weakness of the Prussian system. The immediate result was to confirm his Liberalism. The Prussian principle of propagating enlightenment with a stick did not appeal to him; he recognized the confusion and want of clear ideas in the highest circles, the tendency to make agreement with the views of the government the test of loyalty to the state; and he noted in his journal (25 June 1844) four years before the revolution of 1848, "a slight cause and we shall have a rising." "The free press," he notes on another occasion, "is a necessity, progress the condition of the existence of a state." If he was an ardent advocate of German unity, and saw in Prussia the instrument for its attainment, he was throughout opposed to the "Prussification" of Germany.[2]
Succession to family titles and estates
Chlodwig was the second of six sons. In 1834 his mother's brother-in-law Landgrave Viktor Amadeus of
On 14 January 1841, Chlodwig's father, Fürst Franz Joseph (1787–1841), died. As second son he ought to have succeeded as Prince (Fürst) of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, but instead he renounced his rights to his third brother Philipp Ernst, (24 May 1820 – 3 May 1845), with the stipulation that they would revert to him in case of his brother's death. On 3 May 1845 Philipp Ernst died, and Chlodwig succeeded as seventh Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst. As such he was an hereditary member of the Upper House of the Bavarian Reichsrat. Such a position was incompatible with his political career in Prussia. On 18 April 1846, he took his seat as a member of the Bavarian Reichsrat, and the following 26 June he received his formal discharge from the Prussian service.[2]
Chlodwig's political life for the next eighteen years was generally uneventful. During the
In general, this period of Chlodwig's life was occupied in the management of his estates, in the sessions of the Bavarian Reichsrat and in travels. In 1856 he visited Rome, during which he noted the influence of the
At the same time, during this period (1850–1866) he was endeavouring to get into relations with the Bavarian government, with a view to taking a more active part in affairs. Towards the German question his attitude at this time was tentative. He had little hope of a practical realization of a united Germany, and inclined towards the tripartite divisions under Austria, Prussia and Bavaria (the so-called "Trias-Lösung"). He attended the Fürstentag at
His portrait was painted by Philip de László.
Minister-President of Bavaria
After the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Chlodwig argued in the Bavarian Reichsrat for a closer union with mainly Protestant Prussia. King Ludwig II of Bavaria was opposed to any dilution of his power, but was eventually brought around, after Bismarck secretly bequeathed him a large sum from the Welfen-Funds (a large part of the fortune of the royal House of Hanover used after the annexation of Hanover by Prussia to fight Hannoverian loyalists) to pay off his large debts.
On 31 December 1866, Chlodwig was appointed minister of the royal house and of foreign affairs and president of the council of ministers.[2] According to Chlodwig's son Alexander (Denkwurdigkeiten, i. 178, 211) Chlodwig's appointment as Minister-President occurred at the instigation of the composer Richard Wagner.
As head of the Bavarian government Chlodwig's principal task was to discover some basis for an effective union of the South German states with the North German Confederation. During the three critical years of his tenure of office he was, next to Bismarck, the most important statesman in Germany. He carried out the reorganization of the Bavarian army on the Prussian model, brought about the military union of the southern states, and took a leading share in the creation of the customs parliament (Zollparlament), of which on 28 April 1868 he was elected a vice-president.[2]
During the agitation that arose in connection with the summoning of the
This view he embodied into a circular note to the Roman Catholic powers (9 April 1869), drawn up by
Continuing influence
Though out of office, his personal influence continued to be very great both at
Like his brother the Duke of Ratibor, Chlodwig was from the first a strenuous supporter of Bismarck's anti-papal policy (the
In 1873, Bismarck chose Chlodwig to succeed Count
In 1885, Chlodwig was chosen to succeed
Chancellor of Germany
Cabinet (1894–1900) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Office | Incumbent | In office | Party |
Chancellor | Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst | 29 October 1894 – 17 October 1900 | None |
Vice-Chancellor of Germany Secretary for the Interior |
Karl von Boetticher | 20 March 1890 – 1 July 1897 | None |
Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner | 1 July 1897 – 24 June 1907 | None | |
Secretary for the Foreign Affairs | Adolf von Bieberstein | 26 March 1890 – 20 October 1897 | None |
Bernhard von Bülow | 20. Oktober 1897 – 16 October 1900 | None | |
Secretary for the Justice | Rudolf Arnold Nieberding | 10 July 1893 – 25 October 1909 | None |
Secretary for the Navy | Friedrich von Hollmann | 22 April 1890 – 18 June 1897 | None |
Alfred von Tirpitz | 18 June 1897 – 15 March 1916 | None | |
Secretary for the Post | Heinrich von Stephan | 20 March 1890 – 1 July 1897 | None |
Victor von Podbielski | 1 July 1897 – 6 May 1901 | None | |
Secretary for the Treasury | Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner | 1 September 1893 – 1 July 1897 | None |
Max von Thielmann | 1 July 1897 – 23 August 1903 | None |
Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst remained at
The events of Hohenlohe's chancellorship belong to the general history of Germany; as regards the inner history of this time the editor of his memoirs has suppressed the greater part of the detailed comments which the prince left behind him. In general, during his term of office, the personality of the chancellor was less conspicuous in public affairs than in the case of either of his predecessors. His appearances in the Prussian and German parliaments were rare, and great independence was left to the secretaries of state.[2]
Chlodwig von Hohenlohe appointed the Foreign Secretary Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein as Prussian Minister of State. He served also as a support in the Prussian cabinet and as his mouthpiece in the Reichstag. Bieberstein was increasingly involved in disputes with William II, who aspired to have a greater personal influence on foreign policy. He was also opposed by the Agrarians because he advocated the reduction of corn duties. In 1897, he was dismissed from both his offices and replaced by Bernhard von Bülow. In the same year William II initiated numerous reshuffles. Among them was the appointment of Alfred von Tirpitz as head of the German Imperial Naval Office. In sum, the imperial personnel policy meant a de facto disempowerment of Chlodwig von Hohenlohe. He was no longer able to halt the transition to an increasingly imperialist German world politics and the naval armaments. The rapprochement with Russia and the deterioration of relations with Great Britain (Kruger telegram in 1896, Samoan crisis in 1899) ran past him, same as the response to the Boxer Rebellion.
Only cautiously, Chlodwig von Hohenlohe ventured an at least internal opposition to the imperial intervention in the affairs of state. In particular he initiated a reform of the Prussian Military Law (1898) and the Law on Associations (1899). During his tenure also the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch was adopted (1896). Chlodwig resigned the chancellorship on 17 October 1900 and was succeeded by Bernhard von Bülow.
Death
Chlodwig died on 6 July 1901 at Bad Ragaz aged 82.
Marriage and family
On 16 February 1847 at
Chlodwig and Marie had six children:
- Elisabeth Constanze Leonille Stephanie (30 November 1847, Schillingsfürst - 26 October 1915, Alt-Aussee)
- Stephanie Marie Antonie (6 July 1851, Schillingsfürst - 18 March 1882, Schönborn-Wiesentheid (30 January 1846, Würzburg - 29 September 1915, Wiesentheid)
- )
- Albert (14 October 1857, Schillingsfürst - 13 April 1866, Munich)
- Bodensee- 1 December 1942, Munich)
- Alexander (6 August 1862, Lindau - 16 May 1924, Badenweiler); married (16 May 1895, Cologne) Emanuela Gallone dei Principi di Tricase Moliterno (19 February 1854, Naples - 26 March 1936, Naples)
Honours
He received the following orders and decorations:[3]
- House of Hohenlohe: Knight of the House Order of the Phoenix, 1st Class[4]
- Prussia:
- Grand Cross of the Red Eagle, 16 May 1870[5]
- Knight of the Black Eagle, 5 December 1878; with Collar, 1879[5]
- Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, 1896; with Star, 15 June 1898[6]
- Red Cross Medal, 1st Class, 27 January 1899[6]
- Anhalt: Grand Cross of the Order of Albert the Bear
- Austria-Hungary:[7]
- Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1868; in Brilliants, 1900
- Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1896
- Bavaria:[8]
- Grand Cross of Merit of the Bavarian Crown, 1868
- Knight of St. Hubert, 1870
- Baden:[9]
- Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1887
- Knight of the Order of Berthold the First, 1887
- Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order[10]
- France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, July 1878[11]
- Italy: Knight of the Annunciation, 22 March 1897[12]
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Knight of Honour and Devotion
- Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Crown in Ore
- Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion
- Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown
- Ottoman Empire: Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class in Brilliants
- Tunisia: Grand Cordon of the Order of Glory
- Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword, with Collar
- Russia: Knight of St. Andrew[13]
- San Marino: Grand Cross of the Order of San Marino
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 1880[14]
- Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1895[15]
- Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, with Collar, 11 January 1886[16]
- Grand Cross of St. Gregory the Great
- Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1867[17]
Ancestry
Ancestors of Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
References
- ^ "Prince Hohenlohe Dead. Ex-Chancellor of Germany Expires in Switzerland. Was Eighty-two Years Old. Kaiser Likely to Postpone Trip to Norway in Order to Attend the Funeral". The New York Times. 7 July 1901. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Phillips & Atkinson 1911.
- ^ "Ministerium und andere Zentral-Behörden", Handbuch über den Königlich Preussischen Hof und Staat, Berlin, 1896, p. 63, retrieved 31 August 2020
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Archiv für hohenlohische Geschichte. 1860. p. 84.
- ^ a b "Königlich Preussische Ordensliste", Preussische Ordens-Liste (in German), 1, Berlin: 8, 22, 1886
- ^ a b "Königlich Preussische Ordensliste", Preussische Ordens-Liste (in German), Berlin: 160, 268, 1895 – via hathitrust.org
- ^ "Ritter-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1901, pp. 56, 59, retrieved 31 August 2020
- ^ "Königliche Orden". Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1877. Landesamt. 1877. pp. 9, 18.
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1896), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 64, 79
- ^ "Großbeamte der Krone". Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1877. Landesamt. 1877. p. 6.
- ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
- ^ Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 54.
- ^ Justus Perthes (1900). Almanach de Gotha (in French). Vol. 137. p. 144.
- ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 30 Archived 2020-06-23 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sachsen (1901). "Königlich Orden". Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901. Dresden: Heinrich. p. 6 – via hathitrust.org.
- ^ "Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1900. p. 169. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1896), "Königliche Orden" p. 42
- public domain: Phillips, Walter Alison; Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911). "Hohenlohe". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 572–575, see page 573.
V. Chlodwig Karl Victor, prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1819–1901)...
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
Further reading
- Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince Chlodwig zu. Memoirs of Prince Chlowig of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfuerst. London: W. Heinemann, 1906. Chlodwig's own memoirs.
- Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince Alexander zu. Denkwürdigkeiten. Stuttgart, 1907. An outspoken biography by Chlodwig's youngest son.
- Hedemann, Alexandrine von. My Friendship with Prince Hohenlohe. London: E. Nash, 1912.
- Fraley, Jonathan David Jr. The Domestic Policy of Prince Hohenlohe as Chancellor of Germany, 1894-1900. 1971. A Ph.D. dissertation at Duke University.
- Stalmann, Volker: Fürst Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 1819–1901. Ein deutscher Reichskanzler. Schöningh, Paderborn 2009. ISBN 978-3-506-70118-3.
- Zachau, Olav. Die Kanzlerschaft des Fürsten Hohenlohe 1894–1900. Politik unter dem "Stempel der Beruhigung" im Zeitalter der Nervosität. Hamburg 2007. (Studien zur Geschichtsforschung der Neuzeit, Vol. 48)
- Günter Richter (1972), "Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chlodwig Fürst zu", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 9, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 487–489; (full text online)
- Winfried Baumgart: Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst. In: Wilhelm von Sternburg (Hrsg.): Die deutschen Kanzler. Von Bismarck bis Kohl. 2. Auflage, Berlin 1998, S. 55–67.
- Zachau, Olav: Fürst Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1819–1901). Der letzte Patriot. In: Alma Hannig, Martina Winkelhofer-Thyri (Hrsg.): Die Familie Hohenlohe. Eine europäische Dynastie im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Verlag Böhlau, Köln 2013, ISBN 978-3-412-22201-7, p. 77–105.
External links
- Chlodwig Karl Viktor Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst; Friedrich Curtius; George William Chrystal (1907). Memoirs of Prince Chlodwig of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfuerst. W. Heinemann. p. 3.
Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst.