Climate of Indonesia
This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2008) |
The climate of
The main variable of Indonesia's climate is not temperature or air pressure, but rainfall. The area's relative humidity ranges between 70 and 90%. Winds are moderate and generally predictable, with monsoons usually blowing in from the south and east in June through September and from the northwest in December through March. Typhoons and large-scale storms pose little hazard to mariners in Indonesian waters; the major danger comes from swift currents in channels, such as the Lombok and Sape straits.
Indonesia experiences a number of climates, mostly
Monsoons
The extreme variations in rainfall are linked with the Australian-Indonesian monsoons. Generally speaking, there is a dry season (April to September), influenced by the Australian continental air masses, and a rainy season (October to March) that is caused by Asia and Pacific Ocean air masses. Local wind patterns, however, can greatly modify these general wind patterns, especially in the islands of central Maluku—Seram, Ambon, and Buru. This oscillating annual pattern of wind and rain is related to Indonesia's geographical location as an isthmus between two large continents. In September and May, high pressure over the Gobi desert moves winds from that continent toward the northwest. As the winds reach the equator, the Earth's rotation causes them to veer off their original course in a northeasterly direction toward the Southeast Asian mainland. During January and February, a corresponding low pressure system over Asia causes the pattern to reverse. The result is a monsoon which is augmented by humid breezes from the Indian Ocean, producing significant amounts of rain throughout many parts of the Malay Archipelago. See also monsoon trough.
Prevailing winds
Prevailing wind patterns interact with local topographic conditions to produce significant variations in rainfall throughout the archipelago. In general, western and northern parts of Indonesia experience the most precipitation, since the north- and westward-moving monsoon clouds are heavy with moisture by the time they reach these more distant regions. Western Sumatra, Java, Bali, the interiors of
Temperature
Although air temperature changes little from season to season or from one region to the next, cooler temperatures prevail at higher elevations. In general, temperatures drop approximately 1 °C per 90-meter increase in elevation from sea level with some high-altitude interior mountain regions experiencing night frosts. The
Climate data for Jakarta, Indonesia (temperature: 1924–1994, precipitation: 1931–1994) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 33.3 (91.9) |
32.8 (91.0) |
33.3 (91.9) |
33.3 (91.9) |
33.3 (91.9) |
33.3 (91.9) |
34.4 (93.9) |
35.6 (96.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
33.9 (93.0) |
35.6 (96.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.9 (84.0) |
28.9 (84.0) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.6 (87.1) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.6 (87.1) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.1 (86.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.1 (79.0) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.4 (79.5) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.7 (80.1) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.7 (80.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.3 (73.9) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.8 (73.0) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | 20.6 (69.1) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.6 (69.1) |
21.1 (70.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.9 (66.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.9 (66.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 300.7 (11.84) |
294.7 (11.60) |
210.8 (8.30) |
147.3 (5.80) |
132.1 (5.20) |
96.5 (3.80) |
63.5 (2.50) |
43.2 (1.70) |
66.0 (2.60) |
110.8 (4.36) |
142.2 (5.60) |
208.2 (8.20) |
1,816 (71.5) |
Average rainy days | 24 | 23 | 19 | 15 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 161 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
85 | 85 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 78 | 76 | 75 | 77 | 81 | 82 | 81 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 189 | 182 | 239 | 255 | 260 | 255 | 282 | 295 | 288 | 279 | 231 | 220 | 2,975 |
Source 1: Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial[4] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (humidity and sun only)[5] |
Climate data for Palembang | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.8 (87.4) |
31.2 (88.2) |
31.5 (88.7) |
32.1 (89.8) |
32.4 (90.3) |
31.9 (89.4) |
31.8 (89.2) |
32.1 (89.8) |
32.5 (90.5) |
32.6 (90.7) |
31.9 (89.4) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.8 (89.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.8 (80.2) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.7 (81.9) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.3 (81.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.9 (73.2) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.6 (74.5) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.9 (73.2) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.9 (73.2) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 277 (10.9) |
262 (10.3) |
329 (13.0) |
263 (10.4) |
213 (8.4) |
122 (4.8) |
104 (4.1) |
107 (4.2) |
120 (4.7) |
186 (7.3) |
274 (10.8) |
366 (14.4) |
2,623 (103.3) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 169 | 118 | 130 | 150 | 174 | 127 | 131 | 149 | 118 | 160 | 132 | 120 | 1,678 |
Source 1: Climate-Data.org[6] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst[7][8] |
Climate data for Dieng Plateau (2062 m) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17.9 (64.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.6 (65.5) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.8 (65.8) |
19.2 (66.6) |
18.8 (65.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.9 (57.0) |
14.3 (57.7) |
14.4 (57.9) |
14.4 (57.9) |
14.3 (57.7) |
13.8 (56.8) |
13.2 (55.8) |
12.8 (55.0) |
13.6 (56.5) |
14.2 (57.6) |
14.7 (58.5) |
14.4 (57.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.0 (50.0) |
10.1 (50.2) |
10.3 (50.5) |
10.4 (50.7) |
10.1 (50.2) |
9.2 (48.6) |
8.3 (46.9) |
7.6 (45.7) |
8.7 (47.7) |
9.6 (49.3) |
10.3 (50.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
9.6 (49.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 370 (14.6) |
430 (16.9) |
434 (17.1) |
249 (9.8) |
153 (6.0) |
83 (3.3) |
53 (2.1) |
35 (1.4) |
57 (2.2) |
170 (6.7) |
230 (9.1) |
388 (15.3) |
2,652 (104.5) |
Source: [9] |
Climate data for Denpasar, Bali | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.8 (87.4) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.2 (88.2) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.5 (88.7) |
30.7 (87.3) |
29.9 (85.8) |
30.2 (86.4) |
30.9 (87.6) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.6 (88.9) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.0 (87.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.9 (80.4) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.1 (80.8) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
25.6 (78.1) |
25.8 (78.4) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.7 (80.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.1 (73.6) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.2 (72.0) |
21.4 (70.5) |
21.4 (70.5) |
21.4 (70.5) |
21.8 (71.2) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.9 (73.2) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.4 (72.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 323 (12.7) |
251 (9.9) |
199 (7.8) |
89 (3.5) |
86 (3.4) |
75 (3.0) |
67 (2.6) |
47 (1.9) |
46 (1.8) |
117 (4.6) |
162 (6.4) |
279 (11.0) |
1,741 (68.6) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 173.1 | 174.0 | 210.7 | 224.7 | 242.9 | 228.1 | 246.8 | 261.7 | 251.3 | 252.5 | 224.4 | 176.4 | 2,666.6 |
Average ultraviolet index | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 |
Source 1: [10] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: WeatherOnline (2000 - 2019 sunshine data)[11] |
Climate data for Pontianak | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.8 (87.4) |
31.8 (89.2) |
31.9 (89.4) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.4 (90.3) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.9 (89.4) |
32.2 (90.0) |
32.2 (90.0) |
31.8 (89.2) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.8 (87.4) |
31.8 (89.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.9 (80.4) |
27.9 (82.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.8 (82.0) |
28.1 (82.6) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.9 (82.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.3 (81.1) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.6 (81.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.1 (73.6) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.5 (74.3) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 266 (10.5) |
183 (7.2) |
205 (8.1) |
264 (10.4) |
230 (9.1) |
173 (6.8) |
148 (5.8) |
148 (5.8) |
194 (7.6) |
316 (12.4) |
393 (15.5) |
376 (14.8) |
2,896 (114) |
Average rainy days | 18 | 15 | 17 | 20 | 18 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 20 | 205 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
88 | 87 | 87 | 89 | 87 | 85 | 83 | 81 | 86 | 89 | 91 | 89 | 87 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 8.1 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 8.4 |
Source: Climate-Data.org[12] |
Climate data for Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (1961-1990) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.4 (84.9) |
29.5 (85.1) |
30.0 (86.0) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.2 (88.2) |
31.3 (88.3) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.7 (89.1) |
30.9 (87.6) |
30.1 (86.2) |
30.9 (87.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.4 (77.7) |
25.4 (77.7) |
25.7 (78.3) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.8 (78.4) |
26.1 (79.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.3 (72.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.3 (72.1) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
21.8 (71.2) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.1 (71.8) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 427 (16.8) |
361 (14.2) |
338 (13.3) |
266 (10.5) |
268 (10.6) |
277 (10.9) |
170 (6.7) |
121 (4.8) |
149 (5.9) |
256 (10.1) |
290 (11.4) |
365 (14.4) |
3,288 (129.6) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 129 | 119 | 155 | 168 | 168 | 144 | 176 | 210 | 179 | 172 | 157 | 152 | 1,929 |
Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst[13][14][15][16][17] |
Climate data for Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia (Extremes: 1912-1936) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 35.5 (95.9) |
35.5 (95.9) |
35.0 (95.0) |
33.9 (93.0) |
32.3 (90.1) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.5 (86.9) |
31.1 (88.0) |
32.8 (91.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
35.5 (95.9) |
35.5 (95.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.3 (88.3) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.7 (87.3) |
29.8 (85.6) |
28.5 (83.3) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.8 (82.0) |
29.1 (84.4) |
30.3 (86.5) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.5 (88.7) |
30.0 (86.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.0 (80.6) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.1 (77.2) |
25.7 (78.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.3 (79.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 24.1 (75.4) |
24.1 (75.4) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.9 (75.0) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.2 (75.6) |
23.8 (74.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | 22.2 (72.0) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.2 (72.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.5 (68.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.9 (66.0) |
18.9 (66.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
18.9 (66.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 127 (5.0) |
119 (4.7) |
135 (5.3) |
279 (11.0) |
516 (20.3) |
638 (25.1) |
602 (23.7) |
401 (15.8) |
241 (9.5) |
155 (6.1) |
114 (4.5) |
132 (5.2) |
3,459 (136.2) |
Average rainy days | 12 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 21 | 16 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 181 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
79 | 80 | 83 | 85 | 87 | 86 | 85 | 84 | 83 | 81 | 80 | 82 | 83 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 192 | 186 | 211 | 177 | 158 | 120 | 115 | 112 | 150 | 192 | 219 | 202 | 2,034 |
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[18] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute[19] |
Climate data for Tembagapura | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
21.9 (71.4) |
20.7 (69.3) |
19.9 (67.8) |
19.9 (67.8) |
21.0 (69.8) |
22.4 (72.3) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.2 (73.8) |
22.0 (71.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.8 (64.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
17.9 (64.2) |
17.6 (63.7) |
17.3 (63.1) |
16.4 (61.5) |
15.9 (60.6) |
15.8 (60.4) |
16.3 (61.3) |
17.2 (63.0) |
17.6 (63.7) |
17.8 (64.0) |
17.1 (62.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.4 (54.3) |
12.5 (54.5) |
12.8 (55.0) |
12.7 (54.9) |
12.7 (54.9) |
12.2 (54.0) |
11.9 (53.4) |
11.7 (53.1) |
11.6 (52.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
12.3 (54.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 248 (9.8) |
306 (12.0) |
266 (10.5) |
272 (10.7) |
273 (10.7) |
292 (11.5) |
299 (11.8) |
296 (11.7) |
277 (10.9) |
248 (9.8) |
221 (8.7) |
222 (8.7) |
3,220 (126.8) |
Source: Climate-Data.org[20] |
Climate data for Jayapura | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.9 (87.6) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.8 (87.4) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.0 (87.8) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.7 (87.3) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.3 (88.3) |
30.9 (87.6) |
30.9 (87.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.9 (80.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.1 (80.8) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.1 (80.8) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.9 (80.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.9 (73.2) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.8 (73.0) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.8 (73.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 288 (11.3) |
272 (10.7) |
315 (12.4) |
209 (8.2) |
161 (6.3) |
173 (6.8) |
126 (5.0) |
158 (6.2) |
154 (6.1) |
143 (5.6) |
182 (7.2) |
244 (9.6) |
2,425 (95.4) |
Source: Climate-Data.org[21] |
See also
Notes
- ^ The tropical monsoon climate predominantly lies along Java's coastal north, Sulawesi's coastal south and east, and Bali, while the tropical savanna climate lies in isolated parts of Central Java, lowland East Java, coastal southern Papua and smaller islands to the east of Lombok.
References
- PMID 30375988.
- ^ "Indonesia". Weatheronline. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ "Climate: Indonesia". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ^ "Indonesia – Halim Perdanakus". Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
- ^ "Stations Number 96745" (PDF). Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
- ^ "Climate Palembang: Temperature, Climate graph, Climate table for Palembang - Climate-Data.org". climate-data.org.
- ^ "Sunshine duration 1961-1990". Archived from the original on 2017-10-17. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^ "Stations list CLIMAT data". Archived from the original on 2017-10-17. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^ "Dieng climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Dieng weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
- ^ "Denpasar Climate". Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
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