Colin Powell
Colin Powell | ||
---|---|---|
Deputy Richard Armitage | | |
Preceded by | Madeleine Albright | |
Succeeded by | Condoleezza Rice | |
12th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff | ||
In office October 1, 1989 – September 30, 1993 | ||
President | ||
Deputy | ||
Preceded by | United States Deputy National Security Advisor | |
In office December 2, 1986 – November 23, 1987 | ||
President | Ronald Reagan | |
Preceded by | Peter Rodman | |
Succeeded by | John Negroponte | |
Personal details | ||
Born | Colin Luther Powell April 5, 1937 New York City, U.S. | |
Died | October 18, 2021 Bethesda, Maryland, U.S. | (aged 84)|
Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery | |
Political party |
| |
Spouse | ||
Children | 3, including Michael and Linda | |
Education | ||
Signature | ||
Military service | ||
Branch/service | United States Army | |
Years of service | 1958–1993 | |
Rank | General | |
Unit |
| |
Commands |
| |
Battles/wars | ||
Awards | ( | )|
Colin Luther Powell (
Powell was born in New York City in 1937 to parents who immigrated from
Powell's last military assignment, from October 1989 to September 1993, was as Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman, the highest military position in the
In 1995, Powell wrote his autobiography, My American Journey and then in retirement another book titled, It Worked for Me: Lessons in Life and Leadership (2012). He pursued a career as a public speaker, addressing audiences across the country and abroad. Before his appointment as Secretary of State he chaired
Early life
Colin Luther Powell was born on April 5, 1937,
While at school, Powell worked at a local baby furniture store, where he picked up
He held the distinction of being the first chairman to have attained his commission through the ROTC.[21]
Despite his parents' pronunciation of his name as /ˈkɒlɪn/ (KOLL-in), Powell pronounced his name /ˈkoʊlɪn/ (KOHL-in) from childhood on after the World War II flyer Colin P. Kelly Jr.[24]
Military career
Powell was a professional soldier for thirty-five years, holding a variety of command and staff positions and rising to the rank of general.[25]
Training
While attending the City College of New York, Powell joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC).[26] He described the experience as one of the happiest experiences of his life. According to Powell:
It was only once I was in college, about six months into college when I found something that I liked, and that was ROTC, Reserve Officer Training Corps in the military. And I not only liked it, but I was pretty good at it. That's what you really have to look for in life, something that you like, and something that you think you're pretty good at. And if you can put those two things together, then you're on the right track, and just drive on.[27]
As a
Early career
Upon graduation, he received a commission as an
Vietnam War
Powell returned to Vietnam as a
Mỹ Lai massacre inquiry
Soldiers actively hunted, herded, and killed elderly people, children, infants, and raped women while other Soldiers [sic] looked on and did nothing to stop the massacre. An estimated 350 to 500 unarmed civilians died in My Lai ... MAJ Colin Powell, a recently assigned Deputy G3, investigated the allegations described in the [Glen] letter. He proved unable to uncover either wide-spread unnecessary killings, war crimes, or any facts related to My Lai ...
— US Army Center for the Army Profession and Leadership, My Lai at 50: Written Case Study[36]
Powell was charged with investigating a detailed letter by
After the Vietnam War
When he returned to the U.S. from Vietnam in 1971, Powell earned a Master of Business Administration degree from George Washington University in Washington, D.C.[18][30] He later served a White House Fellowship under President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1973. During 1975–1976 he attended the National War College, Washington, D.C.[40]
In his autobiography, My American Journey, Powell named several officers he served under who inspired and mentored him. As a
Powell subsequently served as the junior military assistant to deputy secretaries of defense Charles Duncan and Graham Claytor, receiving a promotion to brigadier general on June 1, 1979.[28]: 588 At the ceremony, he received from Secretary Harold Brown's protocol officer, Stuart Purviance, a framed quotation by President Abraham Lincoln. The quote was "I can make a brigadier general in five minutes. But it's not so easy to replace one hundred ten horses." Taped to the back of the frame was an envelope with instructions that it not be opened for ten years. When Powell opened the note in 1989, after he had become Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, he read Purviance's prediction that Powell would become Chief of Staff of the United States Army. Powell wrote that he kept the Lincoln quote as a reminder to remain humble despite his rank and position.[28]: 590
National Security Advisor and other advisory roles
Powell retained his role as the now-senior military assistant into the
After he left Fort Carson, Powell became the senior military assistant to Secretary of Defense
In 1986, Powell took over the command of
Following the Iran–Contra scandal, Powell became, at the age of 49, Ronald Reagan's National Security Advisor, serving from 1987 to 1989 while retaining his Army commission as a lieutenant general.[53] He helped negotiate a number of arms treaties with Mikhail Gorbachev, the leader of the Soviet Union.[10]
In April 1989, after his tenure with the
Later that year, President George H. W. Bush selected him as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[54]
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Powell's last military assignment, from October 1, 1989, to September 30, 1993, was as the 12th
During this time, Powell oversaw responses to 28 crises, including the
As a
Powell also regularly clashed with Secretary of Defense Leslie Aspin, whom he was initially hesitant to support after Aspin was nominated by President Clinton.[60] During a lunch meeting between Powell and Aspin in preparation of Operation Gothic Serpent, Aspin was more focused on eating salad than listening and paying attention to Powell's presentation on military operations.[60] The incident caused Powell to grow more irritated towards Aspin and led to his early resignation on September 30, 1993. Powell was succeeded temporarily by Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral David E. Jeremiah, who took the position as Acting Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Soon after Powell's resignation, on October 3–4, 1993, the Battle of Mogadishu, the aim of which was to capture Somali warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid, was initiated and ended in disaster. Powell later defended Aspin, saying in part that he could not fault Aspin for Aspin's decision to remove a Lockheed AC-130 from the list of armaments requested for the operation.[61]
Powell took an early resignation from his tenure as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on September 30, 1993.[62]
The following year President Clinton sent newly-retired Powell, together with former President Jimmy Carter and Senator Sam Nunn, to visit Haiti in an effort to persuade General Raoul Cédras and the ruling junta to abdicate in favor of former Haitian President Aristide, under the threat of an imminent US invasion to remove them by force. Powell status as a retired general well known and respected in Haiti was held to be instrumental in persuading Gen. Cédras.[62]
During his chairmanship of the JCS, there was discussion of awarding Powell a
National Security Advisor and other advisory roles
Powell retained his role as the now-senior military assistant
Dates of rank
Rank | Date |
---|---|
General | April 4, 1989 |
Lieutenant general | July 1, 1986 |
Major general | August 1, 1983 |
Brigadier general | June 1, 1979 |
Colonel | February 1, 1976 |
Lieutenant colonel | July 9, 1970 |
Major | May 24, 1966 |
Captain | June 2, 1962 |
First lieutenant |
December 30, 1959 |
Second lieutenant | June 9, 1958 |
Awards and decorations
Badges
-
Ranger Tab[69]
-
Secretary of Defense Identification Badge[69]
-
Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge[69]
Medals and ribbons
oak leaf clusters[70]
| |
Army Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster[70] | |
Navy Distinguished Service Medal[70] | |
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal[70] | |
Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal[70] | |
Defense Superior Service Medal[70] | |
Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster[70] | |
Soldier's Medal[70] | |
Bronze Star Medal[44] | |
Purple Heart[44] | |
Air Medal[69] | |
Joint Service Commendation Medal[69]
| |
Army Commendation Medal with two oak leaf clusters[69]
| |
Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction (1993)[71] | |
Presidential Medal of Freedom (1991)[72] | |
Presidential Citizens Medal[73] | |
Secretary's Distinguished Service Award[73] | |
National Defense Service Medal with bronze service star | |
Vietnam Service Medal with silver service star | |
Army Service Ribbon[69] | |
award numeral 4
| |
— | Gerald R. Ford Medal for Distinguished Public Service (2021)[74] |
Foreign decorations
Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) (United Kingdom) | |
Légion d'honneur , Grand Cross (France)
| |
Meritorious Service Cross (M.S.C.) (Canada) | |
Skanderbeg's Order (Albania)
| |
Order of Stara Planina in the First Order (Bulgaria)[75][76] | |
Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation
| |
Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal
|
Potential presidential candidate
Powell's experience in military matters made him a very popular figure with both American political parties. Many
In 1997, Powell founded
Powell was mentioned as a potential candidate in the 2000 U.S. presidential election, but again decided against running.[87] Once Texas Governor George W. Bush secured the Republican nomination, Powell endorsed him for president and spoke at the 2000 Republican National Convention.[88][89] Bush won the general election and appointed Powell as secretary of state in 2001.[90]
In the
Secretary of State (2001–2005)
President-elect
On September 11, 2001, Powell was in
2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq
My second purpose today is ... to share with you what the United States knows about Iraq's weapons of mass destruction ... Iraq's behavior demonstrate that Saddam Hussein and his regime have made no effort ... to disarm as required by the international community. Indeed, the facts and Iraq's behavior show that Saddam Hussein and his regime are concealing their efforts to produce more weapons of mass destruction ... every statement I make today is backed up by sources, solid sources. These are not assertions. What we're giving you are facts and conclusions based on solid intelligence.
— Colin Powell, Address to the United Nations Security Council[101]
Powell came under fire for his role in
In a press statement on February 24, 2001, Powell had said that
Powell's chief role was to
Britain's Channel 4 News reported soon afterwards that a British intelligence dossier that Powell had referred to as a "fine paper" during his presentation had been based on old material and plagiarized an essay by American graduate student Ibrahim al-Marashi.[110][111]
A Senate report on intelligence failures would later detail the intense debate that went on behind the scenes on what to include in Powell's speech. State Department analysts had found dozens of factual problems in drafts of the speech. Some of the claims were taken out, but others were left in, such as claims based on the
In September 2005, Powell was asked about the speech during an interview with Barbara Walters and responded that it was a "blot" on his record. He went on to say, "It will always be a part of my record. It was painful. It's painful now."[114]
Wilkerson later said that he inadvertently participated in a hoax on the American people in preparing Powell's erroneous testimony before the United Nations Security Council.[115]
As recounted in Soldier: The Life of Colin Powell, in 2001 before 9/11,
A review of Soldier by Tim Rutten criticized Powell's remarks as a "blot on his record", accusing Powell of slandering "neoconservatives in the Defense Department – nearly all of them Jews" with "old and wholly unmeritorious allegations of dual loyalty".[119] A 2007 article about fears that Jewish groups "will be accused of driving America into a war with the regime in Tehran" cited the DeYoung biography and quoted JINSA's then-executive director, Thomas Neumann, as "surprised" Powell "would single out a Jewish group when naming those who supported the war." Neumann said, "I am not accusing Powell of anything, but these are words that the antisemites will use in the future".[120]
Once
Other foreign policy issues
Additionally, Powell was critical of other aspects of
In the Hainan Island incident of April 1, 2001, a United States US EP-3 surveillance aircraft collided mid-air with a Chinese Shenyang J-8 jet fighter over the South China Sea.[125] While somewhat ambiguous, Powell's expression of "very sorry" was accepted as sufficient for the formal apology that China had sought.[125] The incident was nonetheless a serious flare-up in United States-China relations and created negative feelings towards the United States by the Chinese public and increased public feelings of Chinese nationalism.[125]
In September 2004, Powell described the Darfur genocide as "genocide", thus becoming the first cabinet member to apply the term "genocide" to events in an ongoing conflict.[126]
In November the president "forced Powell to resign", according to Walter LaFeber.[5] Powell announced his resignation as Secretary of State on November 15, 2004, shortly after Bush was reelected. Bush's desire for Powell to resign was communicated to Powell via a phone call by Bush's chief of staff, Andrew Card.[113] The following day, Bush nominated National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice as Powell's successor.[127]
In mid-November, Powell stated that he had seen new evidence suggesting that Iran was adapting missiles for a nuclear delivery system. The accusation came at the same time as the settlement of an agreement between Iran, the IAEA, and the European Union.[128]
Although biographer Jeffrey J. Matthews is highly critical of how Powell misled the United Nations Security Council regarding weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, he credits Powell with a series of achievements at the State Department. These include restoration of morale to psychologically demoralized professional diplomats, leadership of the international
Life after diplomatic service
After retiring from the role of Secretary of State, Powell returned to private life. In April 2005, he was privately telephoned by Republican senators Lincoln Chafee and Chuck Hagel,[130] at which time Powell expressed reservations and mixed reviews about the nomination of John Bolton as ambassador to the United Nations, but refrained from advising the senators to oppose Bolton (Powell had clashed with Bolton during Bush's first term).[131] The decision was viewed as potentially dealing significant damage to Bolton's chances of confirmation. Bolton was put into the position via a recess appointment because of the strong opposition in the Senate.[132]
On April 28, 2005, an opinion piece in
In September 2005, Powell criticized the response to Hurricane Katrina, and said thousands of people were not properly protected because they were poor, rather than because they were black.[134]
On January 5, 2006, he participated in a meeting at the White House of former Secretaries of Defense and State to discuss United States foreign policy with Bush administration officials. In September 2006, Powell sided with more moderate Senate Republicans in supporting more rights for detainees and opposing President Bush's terrorism bill. He backed Senators John Warner, John McCain, and Lindsey Graham in their statement that U.S. military and intelligence personnel in future wars will suffer for abuses committed in 2006 by the U.S. in the name of fighting terrorism. Powell stated that "The world is beginning to doubt the moral basis of our fight against terrorism."[135]
In 2007, he joined the board of directors of Steve Case's new company Revolution Health. Powell also served on the Council on Foreign Relations Board of directors.[136]
In 2008, Powell served as a spokesperson for National Mentoring Month, a campaign held each January to recruit volunteer mentors for at-risk youth.[137]
Soon after
In September 2009, Powell advised President Obama against surging U.S. forces in Afghanistan.[139] The president announced the surge the following December.
In 2010, Powell joined the Smithsonian advisory council . Together with his wife, Alma Powell, they are the founding donors who offer their support to the museum's capital campaign and Living History campaign. He was an advocate for the National Museum of African American History and Culture.[21]
On March 14, 2014,
Political positions
Powell condemns President Trump for the January 6 United States Capitol attack | |
---|---|
TODAY interview on NBC with Powell calling for President Trump's resignation, January 8, 2021, TODAY |
During his early political career through his tenure within the
Powell on My American Journey | |
---|---|
Booknotes interview with Powell on My American Journey, January 7, 1996, C-SPAN |
Powell gained attention in 2004 when, in a conversation with
In a September 2006 letter to
Defending the Iraq War
At the 2007 Aspen Ideas Festival in Colorado,[149] Powell stated that he had spent two and a half hours explaining to President Bush "the consequences of going into an Arab country and becoming the occupiers". During this discussion, he insisted that the U.S. appeal to the United Nations first, but if diplomacy failed, he would support the invasion: "I also had to say to him that you are the President, you will have to make the ultimate judgment, and if the judgment is this isn't working and we don't think it is going to solve the problem, then if military action is undertaken I'm with you, I support you."[150]
In a 2008 interview on
Powell's position on the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 was less consistent. In December 2006, he expressed skepticism that the strategy would work and whether the U.S. military had enough troops to carry it out successfully. He stated: "I am not persuaded that another surge of troops into Baghdad for the purposes of suppressing this communitarian violence, this civil war, will work."[152] Following his endorsement of Barack Obama in October 2008, however, Powell praised General David Petraeus and U.S. troops, as well as the Iraqi government, concluding that "it's starting to turn around".[151] By mid-2009, he had concluded a surge of U.S. forces in Iraq should have come sooner, perhaps in late 2003.[153]
Endorsement of Barack Obama
Powell donated the maximum allowable amount to John McCain's campaign in the summer of 2007[154] and in early 2008, his name was listed as a possible running mate for Republican nominee McCain's bid during the 2008 U.S. presidential election.[155]
McCain won the Republican presidential nomination, but the Democrats nominated the first black candidate, Senator
When asked why he was still a Republican on Meet the Press he said, "I'm still a Republican. And I think the Republican Party needs me more than the Democratic Party needs me. And you can be a Republican and still feel strongly about issues such as immigration, and improving our education system, and doing something about some of the social problems that exist in our society and our country. I don't think there's anything inconsistent with this."[160]
Views on the Obama administration
In a July 2009 CNN interview with John King, Powell expressed concern over President Obama increasing the size of the federal government and the size of the federal budget deficit.[161] In September 2010, he criticized the Obama administration for not focusing "like a razor blade" on the economy and job creation. Powell reiterated that Obama was a "transformational figure."[162] In a video that aired on CNN.com in November 2011, Colin Powell said in reference to Barack Obama, "many of his decisions have been quite sound. The financial system was put back on a stable basis."[163]
On October 25, 2012, 12 days before the presidential election, he gave his endorsement to President Obama for re-election during a broadcast of CBS This Morning. He considered the administration to have had success and achieved progress in foreign and domestic policy arenas. As additional reasons for his endorsement, Powell cited the changing positions and perceived lack of thoughtfulness of Mitt Romney on foreign affairs, and a concern for the validity of Romney's economic plans.[164]
In an interview with ABC's Diane Sawyer and George Stephanopoulos during ABC's coverage of President Obama's second inauguration, Powell criticized members of the Republican Party who spread "things that demonize the president". He called on GOP leaders to publicly denounce such talk.[165]
2016 e-mail leaks and criticism of Donald Trump
Powell was very vocal on the state of the Republican Party. Speaking at a Washington Ideas forum in early October 2015, he warned the audience that the Republican Party had begun a move to the fringe right, lessening the chances of a Republican White House in the future. He also remarked on Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump's statements regarding immigrants, noting that there were many immigrants working in Trump hotels.[166]
In March 2016, Powell denounced the "nastiness" of the
In August 2016, Powell accused the
On September 13, 2016, emails were obtained that revealed Powell's private communications regarding both Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton. Powell privately reiterated his comments regarding Clinton's email scandal, writing, "I have told Hillary's minions repeatedly that they are making a mistake trying to drag me in, yet they still try," and complaining that "Hillary's mafia keeps trying to suck me into it" in another email.[169] In another email discussing Clinton's controversy, Powell said she should have told everyone what she did "two years ago", and said that she has not "been covering herself with glory." Writing on the 2012 Benghazi attack controversy surrounding Clinton, Powell said to then U.S. Ambassador Susan Rice, "Benghazi is a stupid witch hunt." Commenting on Clinton in a general sense, he mused that "Everything HRC touches she kind of screws up with hubris", and in another email stated "I would rather not have to vote for her, although she is a friend I respect."[170]
Powell called Donald Trump a "national disgrace", with "no sense of shame". He wrote of Trump's role in the
Powell endorsed Clinton on October 25, 2016, stating it was "because I think she's qualified, and the other gentleman is not qualified".[172]
Despite not running in the election, Powell received three electoral votes for president from
Views on the Trump administration
In an interview in October 2019, Powell warned that the GOP needed to "get a grip" and put the country before their party, standing up to then president Trump rather than worrying about political fallout. He said: "When they see things that are not right, they need to say something about it because our foreign policy is in shambles right now, in my humble judgment, and I see things happening that are hard to understand."[175] On June 7, 2020, Powell announced he would be voting for former Vice President Joe Biden in the 2020 United States presidential election.[176] In August, Powell delivered a speech in support of Biden's candidacy at the 2020 Democratic National Convention.[177]
In January 2021, after the Capitol building was attacked by Trump supporters, Powell told CNN: "I can no longer call myself a fellow Republican."[178]
Personal life
Powell married Alma Johnson on August 25, 1962. Their son, Michael Powell, was the chairman of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) from 2001 to 2005. Their daughters are Linda Powell, an actress, and Annemarie Powell. As a hobby, Powell restored old Volvo and Saab automobiles.[179][180] In 2013, he faced questions about his relationship with the Romanian diplomat Corina Crețu, after a hacked AOL email account had been made public. He acknowledged a "very personal" email relationship but denied further involvement.[181] He was an Episcopalian.[182][183][184]
Death
On October 18, 2021, Powell, who was being treated for
Present at the funeral service at the Washington National Cathedral were President Biden and former presidents Barack Obama and George W. Bush, along with First Lady Jill Biden and former first ladies Michelle Obama, Laura Bush, and Hillary Clinton (also representing her husband, former President Bill Clinton, who was unable to attend following treatment for sepsis) as well as many other dignitaries.[191]
Powell is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Section 60, Grave 11917.[192]
Civilian awards and honors
Colin Powell | |
---|---|
King of Arms is traditionally responsible for granting arms to Commonwealth citizens of Scottish descent.
The swords and stars refer to the former general's career, as does the crest, which is the badge of the 101st Airborne (which he served as a brigade commander in the mid-1970s). The lion may be an allusion to Scotland. The shield can be shown surrounded by the insignia of an honorary Knight Commander of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath (KCB), an award the General received after the first Gulf War. |
Powell's civilian awards include two Presidential Medals of Freedom (the second with distinction), the Congressional Gold Medal, and the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award.
- In 1990, Powell received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.[194]
- In 1991, Powell was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George H. W. Bush.[72]
- In 1991, Powell was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP.[195]
- In 1991, Powell was inducted into the Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans.[196]
- On April 23, 1991, Powell was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal "in recognition of his exemplary performance as a military leader and advisor to the President in planning and coordinating the military response of the United States to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the ultimate retreat and defeat of Iraqi forces and Iraqi acceptance of all United Nations Resolutions relating to Kuwait."[197]
- On September 30, 1993, Powell was awarded his second Presidential Medal of Freedom, this time with the additional "with distinction" by President Bill Clinton.[71]
- On November 9, 1993, Powell was awarded the second Ronald Reagan Freedom Award, by Ronald Reagan. Powell served as Reagan's National Security Advisor from 1987 to 1989.[198]
- In 1993, Colin Powell was created an honorary Knight Commander of the Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.[199]
- In 1998, he was awarded the Sylvanus Thayer Award by the United States Military Academy for his commitment to the ideals of "Duty, Honor, Country".[200]
- In 1998, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society[201]
- The 2002 Liberty Medal was awarded to Colin Powell on July 4 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In his acceptance speech, Powell reminded Americans that "It is for America, the Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave, to help freedom ring across the globe, unto all the peoples thereof. That is our solemn obligation, and we will not fail."[202]
- In 2003, an elementary school named after Powell was opened in Centreville, Virginia. Powell visited the school in 2013.[203]
- In 2005, Powell received the Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Service Award for his contributions to Africa.[204]
- Powell received the 2006 AARP Andrus Award, the Association's highest honor.[205]
- In 2005, Colin and Alma Powell were awarded the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution.[206]
- Powell was a recipient of the Silver Buffalo Award, the highest adult award given by the Boy Scouts of America.[207]
- A street in Gelnhausen, Germany, was named after him: "General-Colin-Powell-Straße."[208]
- In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Colin Powell on his list of 100 Greatest Blacks in America.[209]
- In 2009, an elementary school named for Colin Powell opened in El Paso. It is in the El Paso Independent School District, located on Fort Bliss property, and serves a portion of Fort Bliss.[210]
- In 2009, Powell was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences[211]
- Powell was an honorary board member of the humanitarian organization Wings of Hope[212]
- From 2006, he was the chairman of the Board of Trustees for Eisenhower Fellowships.[213]
- In 2006, The The Hebrew University of Jerusalem awarded Colin Powell with the Truman Peace Prize for his efforts to conduct the "war against terrorism", through diplomatic as well as military means, and to avert regional and civil conflicts in many parts of the world.[214]
- In September 2012, Union City, New Jersey, opened Colin Powell Elementary School, which was named after Powell, and which was dedicated on February 7, 2013, with governor Chris Christie in attendance.[215] Powell himself visited the school on June 4, 2013.[216]
- In 2014, Colin Powell was named to the National Board of Advisors for High Point University.[217]
- In 2024, Prince George's County Public Schools opened Colin L. Powell Academy, named after Powell, in Fort Washington, Maryland.[218]
See also
- Conservatism in the United States
- List of American conservatives
- List of African-American United States Cabinet members
- List of secretaries of state of the United States
- Plame affair
- Pottery Barn rule
- Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008
References
- ^ Preferred pronunciation of "Powell" rhymes with "bowel", not "bowl" (as in Charles Powell, Baron Powell of Bayswater) – see Alexander Chancellor, "You Say Tomato", The New Yorker. August 9, 1993, p. 27.
- ^ Macias, Amanda (October 19, 2021). "Colin Powell, trailblazing soldier and statesman who made case for Iraq invasion, dies of Covid at 84". CNBC. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
- ^ "Colin Powell: Former US secretary of state dies of Covid complications". BBC News. October 19, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ LaFeber 2009.
- ^ a b LaFeber 2009, p. 71.
- ^ Richardson, Valerie (December 21, 2016). "Colin Powell places third in presidential race at Electoral College". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on October 20, 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
- ^ "LLS Statement on the Death of Former Secretary of State Colin Powell". Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretary of State:Colin Luther Powell". US Department of State, Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on August 2, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
- from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ^ from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ^ Oster, Patrick (October 18, 2021). "Colin Powell, U.S. Army general-turned-top diplomat, dies at 84". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
- ^ Branigan, Tania (May 12, 2004). "Colin Powell claims Scottish coat of arms". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
- ^ "Colin Powell's Scottish Ancestry". Eastman's Online Genealogy Newsletter. 9 (20). May 17, 2004. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
- ^ a b "Colin Powell Fast Facts". CNN. March 30, 2016. Archived from the original on October 3, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-7425-6535-7. Archivedfrom the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ^ "Four things you didn't know about Colin Powell". Los Angeles Times. October 18, 2021. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ "Former Secretary of State Gen. Colin Powell and Mario Cuomo, former governor of New York State, each a former Shabbos goy, both share fond recollections of their youth, when they were uniquely qualified to lend a Jewish neighbor a hand." Fertig, Avi. "Glatt Kosher Adventure To The Land Down Under", The Jewish Press, November 21, 2007.
- ^ a b "Colin Powell Fast Facts". CNN. April 2, 2017. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Education: City College of New York, B.S. in geology, 1958; George Washington University, M.B.A., 1971; National War College, 1976
- ^ "About Gen. Colin L. Powell, USA (Ret.)". The Colin Powell School for Civic and Global Leadership, The City College of New York. July 2, 2015. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
He attended New York City public schools and the City College of New York where he earned a B.S. in Geology.
- ^ Schwab, Nikki (May 30, 2012). "Colin Powell: bad student". Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
My cousins became lawyers and doctors and judges and I just sort of hung around," he recalled. "I had a straight C average all the way through high school and the City College of New York – I'm not sure how I got in.
- ^ a b c "Honoring General Colin Powell". National Museum of African American History and Culture. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
- ^ York, The City College of New (July 13, 2022). "The City College of New York". The City College of New York. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
- ^ "Colin L. Powell | GW's Bicentennial Celebration | The George Washington University". bicentennial.gwu.edu. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ "Major Player: Gen. Colin L. Powell (Ret.)". The Washington Post. July 28, 2000. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
- ^ "Colin (Luther) Powell Biography (1937– )". The Biography Channel. A&E Television Networks. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
- ^ "'It Worked For Me': Life Lessons From Colin Powell". NPR. May 22, 2012. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
- American Academy of Achievement. Archivedfrom the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
- ^ OCLC 7059263772.: 27–28
- ^ "Secretary of State Colin L. Powell (biography)". The White House. April 29, 2003. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
- ^ a b "Obituary: Colin Powell". BBC News. October 18, 2021. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ^ a b c "Colin Powell". CNN. 1996. Archived from the original on September 2, 2000. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
- ^ "General Colin Luther Powell". Army History.org. Ft. Belvoir, VA: The Campaign for the National Museum of the United States Army. 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
- OCLC 41447083.
- ^ Steins 2003, pp. 25–26.
- ISBN 978-0822549666. Archivedfrom the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
- ^ a b "My Lai at 50: Written Case Study". Center for the Army Profession and Leadership. US Army. 2021. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-307-26593-7.
- ^ "Colin Powell: From Vietnam vet to secretary of state". BBC News. October 18, 2021. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ "Interview on CNN's Larry King Live". New York: US Department of State. May 4, 2004. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
- ^ Brown, Warren; Wagner, Heather Lehr (2009). Colin Powell: Soldier and Statesman. Infobase Publishing. pp. 41, 43.
- ISBN 978-0-3069-0324-3 – via Google Books.
- ISBN 978-0143034896.
- OCLC 1123182247. Archivedfrom the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ^ from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-3933-1860-9.
- ^ a b Walsh, Lawrence (August 4, 1993). Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters (Report). Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. xx, 70, 92, 341, 406–11, 414, 416–17, 421, 423, 427–28, 430–32, 434, 436, 438–40. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ "Arms, Hostages and Contras: How a Secret Foreign Policy Unraveled". The New York Times (National ed.). November 19, 1987. sec. A. p. 12. Archived from the original on April 26, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- JSTOR 1148665.
- ^ Cave, George. "Why Secret 1986 U.S.–Iran 'Arms for Hostages' Negotiations Failed". Washington Report on Middle Eastern Affairs. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ Brinley, Joel (June 17, 1992). "Weinberger Faces 5 Counts In Iran-Contra Indictment". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ a b Walsh, Lawrence (August 4, 1993). Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters (Report). Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
- ^ Barno, David; Bensahel, Nora (February 28, 2017). "An Active-Duty National Security Advisor: Myths and Concerns". War on the Rocks. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ^ "Online NewsHour: Colin Powell". PBS. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "The 14 Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff". Joint History Office, US Department of Defense. American Forces Press Service. August 10, 1999. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ Steins 2003, p. 95.
- ^ DeYoung 2006a, p. 210.
- ^ O'Sullivan 2010, p. 100.
- ^ "Reluctant warrior". The Observer. September 30, 2001. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
- ^ )
- OCLC 40135273.
- ^ a b "Mission to Haiti: Diplomacy – On the Brink of War, a Tense Battle of Wills". The New York Times. September 20, 1994. p. A1. Retrieved September 29, 2023.
- ^ Abrams, Jim (March 21, 1991). "Schwarzkopf, Powell Up For Awards, But Fifth Star Not Given Lightly". Associated Press. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
...there is a movement afoot in the U.S. Senate to award an historic fifth star to the nation's first Black Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Gen. Colin L. Powell for his military proficiency.
- ISBN 978-1-56239-026-6. Archivedfrom the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
Others want to make him a five-star general. [...] Congress is talking about giving him a fifth silver star, which is very rare.
- ISBN 978-0-7862-2016-8. Archivedfrom the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
Mack asked me to secretly research the procedure for awarding a fifth star to a general. [...] If Powell did challenge Clinton, the fifth star would forestall criticism of the general's military record.
- ISBN 978-1-58648-516-0. Archivedfrom the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
Moreover, for the very reason he admired Colin Powell as the most distinguished living black American, Clinton also feared the general as a potential rival. [...] Bill Clinton had denied Powell his rightful fifth star...
- ISBN 978-0-7432-0212-1. Archivedfrom the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
They checked it out and found that the last general to get a fifth star was Omar Bradley forty-three years earlier. Powell, they decided, was not Bradley. Besides, as George Stephanopoulos noted, if they gave him one more star, it might help him one day politically.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "US Army green service uniform jacket and service medals worn by Colin L. Powell". National Museum of African American History and Culture. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Colin Luther Powell". Hall of Valor. Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
- ^ a b Clinton, W. J. (September 30, 1993). "Remarks on the Retirement of General Colin Powell in Arlington, Virginia". University of California, Santa Barbara: The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
In recognition of your legacy and service, of your courage and accomplishment, today, General Powell, I was honored to present you with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, with distinction. I want to tell all those here in attendance that this was the second Medal of Freedom you have received, the first from President Bush in 1991. And today, you became only the second American citizen in the history of the Republic to be the recipient of two Medals of Freedom.
- ^ a b Rodriguez, Jeremiah (October 18, 2021). "Photos: Key moments in former U.S. secretary of state Colin Powell's career". CTVNews. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ^ a b "Secretary of State Colin L. Powell". georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ^ "Gerald R. Ford Medal". Gerald R. Ford Medal. November 11, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
- ^ "Remarks With Bulgarian President Georgi Purvanov At Award Ceremony for the Stara Planina First Order Medal". Presidential Palace, Coat of Arms Hall, Sofia, Bulgaria: US Department of State. December 7, 2004. Archived from the original on March 2, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
- ^ "Parvanov-Powell". President of the Republic of Bulgaria. December 7, 2004. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2007.
President Georgi Parvanov awarded US Secretary of State Colin Powell with the highest Bulgarian order "Stara Planina" for his extraordinary services to the advancement of Bulgarian-American relations and in connection with the 100th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Bulgaria and the United States.
- ^ Schram, Martin (January 21, 1995). "Don't Count Out Colin Powell". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
- ^ Van Dyk, Ted (September 6, 1990). "Will Powell Run With Bush in '92?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
- OCLC 238778470, p. 46.
- ^ O'Reilly, Bill (January 29, 2013). "Bill O'Reilly: A 'No Spin' interview with Colin Powell". Fox News. Archived from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
- ^ Apple, R. W. (October 28, 1995). "Life in Iowa May Not Have Changed, But the Political Turf Is Another Story". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
- ^ Berke, Richard L. (October 19, 1995). "New Hampshire Poll Finds Powell With an Edge". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ Clines, Francis X. (November 9, 1995). "The Powell Decision: The Announcement". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ Plissner, Martin (February 7, 2007). "Ready for Obama Already". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ "NH US Vice President – R Primary Race". Our Campaigns. February 20, 1996. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Colin L. Powell Center for Public Policy". Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
- ^ "How Mccain Does It". Newsweek. March 6, 2000. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-275-97107-6. Archivedfrom the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ O'Sullivan 2010, p. xi.
- ^ "Colin Powell: Former US secretary of state dies of Covid complications". BBC News. October 19, 2021. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ Wheeler, Russell (October 21, 2020). "Can the Electoral College be subverted by 'faithless electors'?". Brookings. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ^ a b Clark, Tony (December 16, 2000). "Bush names Powell as choice for U.S. secretary of state". CNN.
- ^ Vulliamy, Ed (December 17, 2000). "Bush chooses Powell". The Guardian.
- U.S. Congress. January 20, 2001. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
- ^ "Powell ceremoniously sworn in as secretary of state". CNN. January 26, 2001.
- ^ Powell, Colin Luther (January 26, 2001). Secretary of State Swearing-In Ceremony. The White House, Washington, D. C.
- ^ Kessler, Glenn (July 14, 2004). "Powell Flies in the Face of Tradition; The Secretary of State Is Least Traveled in 30 Years". The Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
- ^ Kessler, Glenn (July 14, 2004). "Colin Powell no globe-trotter". NBC News.
- ^ Steins 2003, p. 116.
- ^ DeYoung 2006a, pp. 338–339.
- ^ a b Powell, Secretary Colin L. (February 5, 2003). "Remarks to the United Nations Security Council". New York City: US Department of State. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
- ^ "Iraq had no WMD – inspectors". The Guardian. October 6, 2004. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
- ^ Moens, Alexander (2017). The Foreign Policy of George W. Bush Values, Strategy, and Loyalty. Taylor & Francis.
- ISBN 978-1-139-53669-1. Archivedfrom the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ DeYoung 2006a, p. 401.
- ^ Warrick, Joby (April 12, 2006). "Lacking Biolabs, Trailers Carried Case for War; Administration Pushed Notion of Banned Iraqi Weapons Despite Evidence to Contrary". The Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
- ^ Borger, Julian (October 18, 2021). "Colin Powell's UN speech: a decisive moment in undermining US credibility". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ "Powell regrets Iraq failings". Al Jazeera. September 11, 2011. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ Breslow, Jason M. (May 17, 2016). "Colin Powell: U.N. Speech 'Was a Great Intelligence Failure'". Frontline. Archived from the original on May 19, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ Lawless, Jill (February 7, 2003). "U.S. Scholar Uncredited in Iraq Report". Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 4, 2007. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
- ^ "UK accused of lifting dossier text". CNN. February 7, 2003. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
- ^ Miller, Greg (July 15, 2004). "Flaws Cited in Powell's U.N. Speech on Iraq". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 12, 2007. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
- ^ a b DeYoung, Karen (October 1, 2006). "Falling on His Sword: Colin Powell's most significant moment turned out to be his lowest". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
- ^ "Colin Powell on Iraq, Race, and Hurricane Relief". ABC News: 20/20. September 8, 2005. Archived from the original on December 10, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
- NOW. PBS. Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
- ^ DeYoung 2006a, pp. 344–45.
- ^ DeYoung 2006a, p. 356.
- ^ DeYoung 2006a, p. 388.
- ^ Rutten, Tim (October 9, 2006). "Powell biography involves a game of connect the blots". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
- ^ Forward Staff (February 2, 2007). "Groups Fear Public Backlash Over Iran". Forward. Archived from the original on September 19, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
- ^ Pincus, Walter (February 14, 2004). "Support for Intelligence Plan". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
- ^ Pincus, Walter (September 14, 2004). "Support for Intelligence Plan". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
- ^ "Remarks at the 2003 Groundhog Job Shadow Day Program, Secretary Colin L. Powell, Remarks and question and answer session with students, Washington, DC, January 31, 2003, excerpt on 1973 Chile coup, Federation of American Scientists". Fas.org. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Secretary of State Colin L. Powell, Interview On Black Entertainment Television's Youth Town Hall, February 20, 2003, excerpt on 1973 U.S. covert action in Chile, Federation of American Scientists". Fas.org. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-5036-3415-2.
- ^ Hamilton, Rebecca (August 17, 2011). "Inside Colin Powell's Decision to Declare Genocide in Darfur". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
- ^ "Bush Nominates Rice to Be Secretary of State". ABC News. January 7, 2006. Archived from the original on November 16, 2004. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
- ^ Sciolino, Elaine (November 18, 2004). "Exiles Add to Claims on Iran Nuclear Arms". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 2, 2007. Retrieved February 8, 2007.
- ^ Matthews 2019, pp. 321, 379–85.
- ^ VandeHei, Jim; Robin Wright (April 22, 2005). "Powell Playing Quiet Role in Bolton Battle". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
- ^ Borger, Julian (April 23, 2005). "Powell's remarks harm Bolton's chances of UN job". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
- ^ "Bush appoints Bolton as U.N. ambassador". NBC News. July 29, 2005. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ Blumenthal, Sidney (April 28, 2005). "The good soldier's revenge". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
- ^ "Powell criticises storm response". BBC News. September 9, 2005. Archived from the original on February 20, 2006. Retrieved March 2, 2006.
- ^ "Senators defy Bush on tribunals". BBC News. September 15, 2006. Archived from the original on November 6, 2006. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
- ^ "Board of Directors". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on November 3, 2010. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
- ^ "Who Mentored Colin Powell?". President and Fellows of Harvard College. 2008. Archived from the original on July 8, 2008. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
- ^ "Al Gore, Colin Powell, Caroline Kennedy in Obama's Administration? – Washington Whispers". usnews.com. November 11, 2008. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Powell advised against Afghan surge". Politico. September 27, 2009. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ Ingrid Lunden (March 14, 2014). "General Colin Powell Joins Salesforce Board Of Directors, As CRM Giant Zeros In On Public Sector". TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
- ^ "Why Colin Powell says he no longer considers himself a Republican" (CNN Video). January 10, 2021. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ Porter, Tom. "Colin Powell in his final interview accused Trump of attempting to 'overturn the government' by inciting January 6 riot". Business Insider. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-8476-8611-7. Archivedfrom the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ Siddiqui, Sabrina (January 13, 2013). "Colin Powell Shows Support For Gun Control Measures, Including Assault Weapons Ban". HuffPost. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ O'Sullivan 2009, p. 106.
- ^ DeYoung, Karen (February 3, 2010). "Colin Powell shifts stance on 'don't ask, don't tell' policy". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2010.
- ^ Blumenthal, Sidney (November 18, 2004). "Colin and the crazies". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
- ^ "Sen. McCain Releases Letter from Gen. Colin Powell". The Washington Post. September 14, 2006. Archived from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ See Official website: Aspen Ideas Festival Archived July 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Conversation with Colin Powell" (PDF). Aspen Ideas Festival. July 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2008.
- ^ a b "Powell: Support for Obama doesn't mean Iraq war wrong". CNN. October 19, 2008. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ Klatell, James M. (December 17, 2006). "Powell: We Are Losing In Iraq". CBS News. Archived from the original on January 30, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
- ^ "Powell says Iraq surge should have come earlier". The Seattle Times. July 5, 2009. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
- ^ Henry, Ed (August 9, 2007). "Powell donates to McCain". CNN. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2007.
- ^ Holland, Steve (March 5, 2008). "McCain now has to pick a vice presidential nominee". The Boston Globe. Reuters. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^ a b "Powell endorses Obama for president; Republican ex-Secretary of State calls Democrat 'transformational figure'". Meet the Press. NBC News. October 19, 2008. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ a b "Meet the Press' transcript for October 19, 2008". NBC News. October 19, 2008. Archived from the original on September 10, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
- ^ Ohlemacher, Stephen (October 20, 2008). "Colin Powell endorses Barack Obama for president". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Powell on Rush Limbaugh". CNN. July 16, 2010. Archived from the original on December 30, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "Colin Powell: Republican Party Needs Me More Than The Democratic Party Needs Me". TheLonelyConservative.com. February 7, 2014. Archived from the original on March 3, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
- ^ Ward, Jon (July 3, 2009). "Powell airs doubts on Obama agenda". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on December 12, 2009. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
- ^ Budoff Brown, Carrie (September 19, 2010). "Colin Powell critical of President Obama". Politico. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ "Video". CNN. Archived from the original on December 30, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
- ^ "Colin Powell endorses Barack Obama for president". CBS News. October 25, 2012. Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
- ^ Falcone, Michael. "Colin Powell Slams 'Idiot Presentations' by Some Republicans, Urges GOP Leaders to 'Speak Out'". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
- ^ Stableford, Dylan (October 1, 2015). "Colin Powell slams Donald Trump's immigration plan". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
- ^ Reilly, Mollie (March 7, 2016). "Colin Powell: The GOP Race Has 'Gone Into The Mud'". HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
- ^ "Colin Powell Says Hillary Clinton's 'People Have Been Trying to Pin' Email Scandal on Him". People. August 21, 2016. Archived from the original on September 12, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
- ^ Cummings, William (September 13, 2016). "Colin Powell calls Trump 'national disgrace' in hacked emails". USA Today. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ Blumenthal, Paul (September 14, 2016). "Colin Powell Attacked Hillary Clinton's 'Hubris' In Leaked Emails". HuffPost. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
- ^ Blake, Aaron (September 14, 2016). "Here are the juiciest Colin Powell comments about Trump and Clinton from his hacked emails". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ Blake, Aaron (November 7, 2016). "78 Republican politicians, donors and officials who are supporting Hillary Clinton". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ Brunner, Jim (December 19, 2016). "Four Washington state electors break ranks and don't vote for Clinton". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on December 19, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
- ^ "Electoral College Results". National Archives. November 12, 2019. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ^ Russo, Amy (October 6, 2019). "Colin Powell: Republicans Terrified Of Speaking Out Need To 'Get A Grip'". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ Cole, Devan (June 7, 2020). "Colin Powell says he will vote for Joe Biden for president". CNN. Archived from the original on June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
- ^ Sullivan, Kate (August 19, 2020). "Colin Powell touts Biden's character at DNC: 'We need to restore those values to the White House'". CNN. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Pitofsky, Marina (January 10, 2021). "Colin Powell: 'I can no longer call myself a fellow Republican'". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ Powell, Colin (October 17, 2005). "Interview transcript". Larry King Live (Interview). Interviewed by Larry King. CNN. Archived from the original on August 28, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
- ^ Powell, Colin (August 2, 2004). "A Conversation with Colin Powell". The Atlantic (Interview). Interviewed by P. J. O'Rourke. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
- ^ "Colin Powell insists 'there was no affair then and there is not one now' with diplomat". Daily News. New York. August 2, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
- ^ "Former Secretary of State Colin Powell Dies of COVID Complications". CBN News. October 18, 2021. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ Board, Daily News Editorial (October 18, 2021). "Son of NYC: Colin Powell's legacy of integrity". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ "Statement from Presiding Bishop Michael Curry on the passing of Gen. Colin Powell, former secretary of state". The Episcopal Church. October 18, 2021. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ Macias, Amanda (October 18, 2021). "Colin Powell, former secretary of State who made case for Iraq invasion, dies of Covid complications at 84". CNBC. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ^ Page, Susan (October 18, 2021). "Colin Powell, Former US Secretary of State, dies at 84". USA Today.
- ^ Dunham, Will; Mohammed, Arshad (October 19, 2021). "Colin Powell, top U.S. soldier and diplomat, dies of COVID-19 complications". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
- ^ Garrison, Joey (October 18, 2021). "'Country before self ... before all else': US presidents remember Colin Powell as American hero". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ Benen, Steve (October 19, 2021). "Trump admonishes Colin Powell the day after his death". MSNBC. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
- ^ Jackson, David. "Amid tributes to Colin Powell, Donald Trump disparages former secretary of state". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
- ^ Naylor, Brian (November 5, 2021). "Colin Powell is remembered as a down-to-earth statesman and leader at his funeral". NPR. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
- ^ "General Colin Powell (1937–2021)". Arlington National Cemetery. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
- ^ "Journal Christmas 2004" (PDF). Somerset Heraldry Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
- ^ National Winners | public service awards Archived November 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Jefferson Awards.org. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
- ^ "Spingarn Medal Winners: 1915 to Today". NAACP. Archived from the original on August 2, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
- ^ "Colin L. Powell". The Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans. Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ^ "Public Law 102-33 – Apr. 23, 1991" (PDF). gpo.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ "The Ronald Reagan Freedom Award". Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation & Library. Archived from the original on October 16, 2006.
- ^ Oladipo, Gloria (October 18, 2021). "Colin Powell: key facts from his life". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ "1998 Sylvanus Thayer AWard". West Point Association of Graduates. September 15, 1998. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
- ^ Powell, Colin (July 4, 2002). "2002 Liberty Medal Acceptance Speech". Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2008.
- ^ Graf, Heather; Domingo, Ido (October 19, 2021). "Fairfax County's Colin L. Powell Elementary School honors its namesake". WJLA-TV. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
- ^ "Africare to Honor General Colin Powell at 2005 Africare Bishop John T. Walker Memorial Dinner - CSPAN To Broadcast". AllAfrica. October 4, 2005. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ Richissin, Todd (May 2, 2006). "AARP honors Colin Powell with Andrus Award". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ "Statement from Ambassador Mark Green on the Passing of General Colin L. Powell". Wilson Center. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ "List of Silver Buffalo recipients". Scouting Magazine. August 30, 2016. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ^ "GEN Colin Powell". March 8, 2016. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
- ^ According to the Fort Bliss Bugle, as of October 24, 2013, nine schools have been named for Colin Powell.
- ^ "Colin Luther Powell". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
- ^ ".: The Official Wings Of Hope Homepage :". Wings-of-hope.org. Archived from the original on December 18, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ "efworld". Archived from the original on August 30, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
- ^ "Powell: Friendship with Israel means friendship with Arabs" (PDF). afhu.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 2, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
- ^ McDonald, Terrence T. (February 8, 2013). "Gov. Christie visits Union City school opening, hears Democratic mayor praise him" Archived April 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. NJ.com.
- The Union City Reporter. pp. 1, 11.
- ^ "National Board of Advisors". National Board of Advisors. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
- NBC 4 Washington. February 21, 2024. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
Sources
- OCLC 71313158.
- .
- Matthews, Jeffrey J. (2019). Colin Powell: Imperfect Patriot. OCLC 1077560739.
- O'Sullivan, Christopher (2010). Colin Powell: A Political Biography. Lanham, Maryland: ISBN 978-0-7425-5187-9.
- Powell, Colin L.; Persico, Joseph E. (1995). My American Journey. OCLC 7059263772.
- Steins, Richard (2003). Colin Powell: A Biography. OCLC 51118331.
Further reading
- Powell, Colin L.; Koltz, Tony (2012). It Worked for Me: In Life and Leadership. OCLC 757483449.
- OCLC 43444712.
External links
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Colin Powell on Charlie Rose
- Colin Powell at IMDb
- Colin Powell collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Colin Powell collected news and commentary at The Guardian