Color task
Color tasks are tasks that involve the recognition of colors. Color tasks can be classified according to how the color is interpreted. Cole[1] describes four categories of color tasks:
- Comparative – When multiple colors must be compared, such as with mixing paint
- Connotative – When colors are given an implicit meaning, such as red = stop
- Denotative – When identifying colors, for example by name, such as “where is the yellow ball?”
- Aesthetic – When colors look nice – or convey an emotional response – but don’t carry explicit meaning
Earlier classification of color tasks did not attempt to be comprehensive, and mainly differentiated between color matching/ordering, pseudoisochromatic plates and color-naming.[2][3] In Cole's definitions, the latter would be denotative color tasks and the others would be comparative color tasks.
Color blindness
Color blindness (or color vision deficiency) is a defect of normal color vision. Because color blindness is a symptom of several genetic and acquired conditions, the severity can range drastically from monochromacy (no color vision) to anomalous trichromacy (can be as mild as being indistinguishable from normal color vision). Congenital (genetic) color blindness causes difficulty in all four kinds of color tasks. However, cerebral color blindness may cause issues only in some types of color tasks, and other conditions that do not affect color vision can still affect color vision tasks (e.g. Anomia).
Comparative
Comparative color tasks require a subject to differentiate two colors. Simple examples include many
Arrangement tests such as the Farnsworth D-15 also requires comparison of adjacent colors to be able to arrange them in a meaningful spectrum. In addition to being able to distinguish two colors, arrangement tests also require measuring color difference and decision making based on this parameter. Despite the increased complexity of this task, they were not differentiated by Cole,[1] though were by others.[3]
Comparative is the "purest" tasks that relies almost solely on color perception without interference of linguistics, culture or memory. Sometimes, color blindness derived from brain damage (e.g. cerebral achromatopsia can affect the other color tasks while leaving the comparative color tasks untouched.[4][5]
Other examples of comparative color tasks include:
- Distinguishing red fruits from green foliage
- Mixing paint
- Reading colored data with legends
- Painting/drawing realistic subjects
Connotative
Connotative color tasks require the subject to infer implicit information from a color. In addition to color vision, connotative color tasks require either cultural or natural knowledge to interpret the color's meaning.
An example of a connotative color task based on cultural meaning are traffic lights, which require not only recognizing the color, but interpreting the meaning of the color (red means stop). Examples of connotative color tasks based on natural meaning are interpretation of skin tone (blushing, sunburn, pallor, etc.) and interpretation of food edibility (ripeness, doneness, etc.).
Denotative
In order to communicate colors, we generally must first convert the color into a meaningful
Aesthetic
Aesthetic color tasks require aesthetic judgments of colors, usually in terms of
See also
- Achromatopsia
- Color agnosia
- Color anomia