Concordia Association
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (March 2020) |
Concordia Association of Manchukuo 滿洲國協和會 ( Chinese) Mǎnzhōuguó Xiéhehuì Manshū-koku Kyōwakai ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᠰᡳᡝᡥᠣᡥᡠᡳ | |
|---|---|
| Leader | Puyi |
| Founded | July 1932 |
| Dissolved | August 1945 |
| Headquarters | Xinjing, Manchukuo |
| Ideology | Fascism[1][2] Monarchism Manchurian nationalism Pan-Asianism Anti-communism Personalism |
| Political position | Far-right |
| Party flag | |
 | |
| Concordia Association | |
|---|---|
| Chinese name | |
Hanyu Pinyin | Mǎnzhōuguó Xiéhehuì |
| Wade–Giles | Man3-chou1-kuo2 Hsieh2-ho-hui4 |
| Transcriptions | |
|---|---|
| Revised Hepburn | Manshū-koku Kyōwakai |
The Concordia Association (
Background
The name "Concordia Association" came from the concept of the "concord of nationalities" (民族協和 mínzú xiéhe) promoted by the
Development
After its establishment, Manchukuo was effectively run by the Japanese Kwantung Army along totalitarian lines. The Legislative Council existed primarily as a formality to rubber-stamp decrees issued by the General Affairs State Council with Puyi officially vested with great powers but serving de facto as a Japanese puppet.
Although not officially a
In theory, the Concordia Association would ultimately replace the Kwantung Army as the political power in Manchukuo: however, by the mid-1930s, the Kwantung Army ordered the Association "purged" of its original leadership for alleged leftist tendencies. The Association was thus subverted into means of extending mobilization and surveillance rather than providing national ethnic, cultural, and occupational representation in government.
Japanese ideologists like Tachibana Shiraki saw no contradiction between the goals of republicanism, equality, and modernization, on the one hand, and the "Eastern" values of community, solidarity, and the moral state, on the other. In practice, however, the very different programs and interests pursued by the military and the pan-Asianists led to many tensions and resulted in a polarized rather than harmonious society. Mongol youth demanded modern education and the elimination of the power of the lamas; Chinese supporters were divided between monarchists who favored the restoration of the emperor and republicans who opposed it. Before these tensions could be overcome and a truly independent state created, the Japanese military derailed the process by plunging Manchukuo into the Second Sino-Japanese War.
References
- ISBN 9780742530911.
- ISBN 9780774824361.
- Beasley, W.G. (1991). Japanese Imperialism 1894-1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822168-1.
- Dower, John (1987). War Without Mercy, Race and Power in the Pacific War. Pantheon. ISBN 0-394-75172-8.
- Li, Lincoln (1996). The China Factor in Modern Japanese Thought: The Case of Tachibana Shiraki, 1881-1945. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-3039-1.
- Stoler, Ann (2007). Imperial Formations. School for Advanced Research Press. ISBN 978-1-930618-73-2.
- Young, Louise (1999). Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21934-1.
- Young, Morgan (1999). Imperial Japan 1926-1938. Borah Press. ISBN 1-4067-1127-6.