Consequential damages
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Judicial remedies |
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Legal remedies (Damages) |
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Consequential damages, otherwise known as special damages, are
When a contract is breached, the recognized remedy for an owner is recovery of damages that result directly from the breach (also known as "compensatory damages"). Damages may include the cost to repair or complete the work in accordance with the contract documents, or the value of lost or damaged work.[4] In addition to the compensatory damage, an owner can also seek for consequential damages (sometimes referred to as "indirect" or "special" damages), which include loss of product and loss of profit or revenue. This may be recovered if it is determined such damages were reasonably foreseeable or "within the contemplation of the parties" at the time of contract formation.[4] This is a factual determination that could lead to the contractor's liability for an enormous loss. For example, the cost to complete unfinished work on time may pale in comparison to the loss of operating revenue an owner might claim as a result of late completion. In order to seek consequential damages, a party who has suffered physical injury, property damage, or financial loss needs to perform a duty to mitigate damages, which means that they have an obligation to reduce or minimize the effect and any losses resulting from the injury.[5]
The degree of proof required for the consequential damages is also higher than for the direct damages. Consequential damages must also be pled with greater specificity. The plaintiff has it on their burden to prove that the damages occurred are not only the proximate consequence of the breach, but also that they were "reasonably foreseeable" or within the "contemplation of the parties" when the parties agreed to the terms of the contract. The logic for proving foreseeability is that a party who can foresee a consequences of a breach of a contract can modify the contract price accordingly to compensate for the risk that is assumed. Further, in order to recover damages caused by a breach, the non-breaching party must act reasonably and timely to mitigate its damages.[6]
The
Example
The provenance of the legal theory underlying "consequential damages" is widely attributed to the 19th century English case of
References
- ^ "Consequential Damages". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
- ^ "Contract". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
- ISBN 9781858985657.
- ^ a b "Remedies for Breach of Contract — Judicial Education Center". jec.unm.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
- ^ "Duty to Mitigate". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
- ^ Jimerson, Charles; Haines, Kayla. "What Are Consequential Damages on a Construction Contract?". Lexology. Law Business Research. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ^ [1854] EWHC J70, (1854) 156 ER 145, 9 ExCh 341, (1854) 23 LJ Ex 179, 18 Jur 358, [1843-60] All ER Rep 461.