Cytomegalovirus
Cytomegalovirus | |
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Typical "owl eye" intranuclear pneumocyte[1]
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Virus classification | |
(unranked): | Virus |
Realm: | Duplodnaviria |
Kingdom: | Heunggongvirae
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Phylum: | Peploviricota |
Class: | Herviviricetes |
Order: | Herpesvirales |
Family: | Orthoherpesviridae
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Subfamily: | Betaherpesvirinae |
Genus: | Cytomegalovirus |
Species | |
See text | |
Synonyms[2] | |
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (from cyto- 'cell' via
In the medical literature, most mentions of CMV without further specification refer implicitly to human CMV. Human CMV is the most studied of all cytomegaloviruses.[7]
MX2/MXB was identified as a restriction factor for herpesviruses, which acts at a very early stage of the replication cycle and MX2/MXB restriction of herpesvirus requires GTPase activity.[8]
Taxonomy
Within the
Several species of Cytomegalovirus have been identified and classified for different
Species
The following 11 species are assigned to the genus in ICTV 2022:[5]
- Cytomegalovirus aotinebeta1
- Cytomegalovirus cebinebeta1
- Cytomegalovirus cercopithecinebeta5
- Cytomegalovirus humanbeta5
- Cytomegalovirus macacinebeta3
- Cytomegalovirus macacinebeta8
- Cytomegalovirus mandrillinebeta1
- Cytomegalovirus paninebeta2
- Cytomegalovirus papiinebeta3
- Cytomegalovirus papiinebeta4
- Cytomegalovirus saimiriinebeta4
Structure
Viruses in Cytomegalovirus are enveloped, with icosahedral, spherical to pleomorphic, and round geometries, and T=16 symmetry. The diameter is around 150–200 nm. Genomes are linear and nonsegmented, around 200 kb in length.[4]
Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cytomegalovirus | Spherical pleomorphic | T=16 | Enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Genome
Herpesviruses have some of the largest genomes among human viruses, often encoding hundreds of proteins. For instance, the double‑stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome of wild-type HCMV strains has a size of around 235 kb and encodes at least 208 proteins. It is thus longer than all other human herpesviruses and one of the longest genomes of all human viruses in general. It has the characteristic herpesvirus class E genome architecture, consisting of two unique regions (unique long UL and unique short US), both flanked by a pair of inverted repeats (terminal/internal repeat long TRL/IRL and internal/terminal repeat short IRS/TRS). Both sets of repeats share a region of a few hundred bps, the so-called "a sequence"; the other regions of the repeats are sometimes referred to as "b sequence" and "c sequence".[14]
Life cycle
Viral replication is nuclear and
Genus | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cytomegalovirus | humans; monkeys | Epithelial mucosa | Glycoproteins | Budding | Nucleus | Nucleus | Urine; saliva; congenital |
All
Genetic engineering
The CMV promoter is commonly included in vectors used in genetic engineering work conducted in mammalian cells, as it is a strong promoter and drives constitutive expression of genes under its control.[16]
History
Cytomegalovirus was first observed by German pathologist Hugo Ribbert in 1881 when he noticed enlarged cells with enlarged nuclei present in the cells of an infant.[17] Years later, between 1956 and 1957, Thomas Huckle Weller together with Smith and Rowe independently isolated the virus, known thereafter as "cytomegalovirus".[18] In 1990, the first draft of human cytomegalovirus genome was published,[19] the biggest contiguous genome sequenced at that time.[20]
See also
References
- PMID 11002765.
- ^ Francki RI, Fauquet CM, Knudson DL, Brown (1991). "Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Fifth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses" (PDF). Arch. Virol.: 107.
- PMID 28838031.
- ^ a b c "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ a b "Virus Taxonomy: 2022 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
- ^ "Often overlooked, a common infection during pregnancy kickstarts a conversation about newborn screening". STAT. 5 April 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.
- PMID 30258007.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-82714-0.
- ^ "Panine betaherpesvirus 2 (Chimpanzee cytomegalovirus)". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- ^ "Simian cytomegalovirus (strain Colburn)". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- ^ "Macacine betaherpesvirus 3 (Rhesus cytomegalovirus)". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- ^ "Murid herpesvirus 1, complete genome". 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2019 – via NCBI Nucleotide.
- ^ PMID 24603756.
- PMID 21674676.
- ^ Morgan K (3 April 2014). "Plasmids 101: The Promoter Region – Let's Go!". Addgene Blog.
- ISBN 9781904455028.
- S2CID 29263626.
- PMID 2161319.
- PMID 30604286.