Donetsk

Donetsk Донецьк ( Opera Theatre ; and bridge on Ilicha Prospect
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Coordinates: 48°00′10″N 37°48′19″E / 48.00278°N 37.80528°E / 48.00278; 37.80528
Country	Ukraine (de jure) Russia (de facto)
Oblast	Donetsk Oblast (de jure)
Raion	Donetsk Raion (de jure)
Hromada	Donetsk urban hromada (de jure)
Federal subject	Donetsk People's Republic (de facto)
Founded	1869[1]
City rights	1917
Districts	List of 9 Budionnivskyi District Voroshylovskyi District Kalininskyi District Kyivskyi District Kirovskyi District Kuibyshevskyi District Leninskyi District Petrovskyi District Proletarskyi District
Government
• Mayor	Zaporizhian Sich in 1775. ^ The population of the metropolitan area is from 2004.

Donetsk (

Administratively, Donetsk has been the centre of Donetsk Oblast, while historically, it is the unofficial capital and largest city of the larger economic and cultural Donets Basin (Donbas) region. Donetsk is adjacent to another major city, Makiivka, and along with other surrounding cities forms a major urban sprawl and conurbation in the region. Donetsk has been a major economic, industrial and scientific centre of Ukraine with a high concentration of heavy industries and a skilled workforce. The density of heavy industries (predominantly steel production, chemical industry, and coal mining) determined the city's challenging ecological situation. In 2012, a UN report ranked Donetsk among the world's fastest depopulating cities.^[6]

The original settlement in the south of the European part of the

Since April 2014, Donetsk and its surrounding areas have been one of the major sites of fighting in the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War, as pro-Russian separatist forces battle against Ukrainian military forces for control of the city and surrounding areas. Throughout the war, the city of Donetsk has been administered by the pro-Russian separatist forces as the center of the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR), with outlying territories of the Donetsk region divided between the two sides.^[7] Donetsk International Airport became the epicenter of the war in 2014 with almost a year-long battle.

As of October 2022^[update], Russia has full control of the city,^[8] with Ukrainian and Russian forces still in combat near the city.

History

Foundation

One of the early mining settlements in the territory of Donetsk was

The city of Donetsk was founded in 1869 by Welsh businessman John Hughes, who operated a steel plant and several coal mines at Aleksandrovka. The worker's settlement at the plant merged with Aleksandrovka and the place was named Yuzovo/Yuzove, later Yuzovka/Yuzivka (Russian: Юзово, Юзовка, Ukrainian: Юзове, Юзівка), after Hughes.^[10][11] In its early period, it received immigrants from Wales, especially from the town of Merthyr Tydfil.^[12][13] By the beginning of the 20th century, Yuzovka had approximately 50,000 inhabitants,^[14] and attained the status of a city in 1917.^[15] The main district of Yuzovka is named English Colony, and the British origin of the city is reflected in its layout and architecture.^{[citation needed]}

Soviet Union

When the

At the start of World War II, the population of Stalino was 507,000. After the war, the population was 175,000. The invasion by Nazi Germany almost completely destroyed the city. It was occupied by German and Italian forces as part of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine between 16 October 1941 and 5 September 1943. It was mostly rebuilt on a large scale after the war.

In 1945, young men and women aged 17 to 35, from the

In 1965, the Donetsk Academy of Sciences was established as part of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

• 
  This building was formerly an English-speaking school for the British in Yuzovka.
• 
  A market on the main street of Novyi Svet section of Yuzovka (1887)
• 
  A German map of the city in 1943. Note that all the streets have been given German names.

Independent Ukraine

After the declaration of independence made by the Ukrainian parliament on 24 August 1991 the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum was held on 1 December 1991. In this referendum 83.90% of Donetsk's voters voted in favour of independence.^[20]

After experiencing a tough time in the 1990s, when it was the center of gang wars for control over industrial enterprises, Donetsk modernised quickly, largely under the influence of big companies.

In 1994 a consultaitve referendum was held in Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast, with around 90% supporting recognition of Russian as an official language alongside Ukrainian, and for Russian to be an official language on a regional level.^[21]

In the 1990s and the 2000s, hundreds were killed in coal mine collapses in Donetsk and the region. These included the 2008 Ukraine coal mine collapse, the 2007 Zasyadko mine disaster, and the 2015 Zasyadko mine disaster. Ukraine has had many mining accidents since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, with one reason cited as the linking of miners' pay to production, which is an incentive to ignore safety procedures that slow production.^[22]

In a summit in Moscow in 2008, Donetsk was recognised as the best city in the Commonwealth of Independent States for its implemented development strategies;^[23] in 2012 and 2013 Donetsk was recognised as the best place for business in Ukraine.^[24][25][26]

Whilst getting praise for its business potential in 2009, Donetsk also received criticism for the strong mafia connection of its growing oligarchy, and for an increasing poverty rate.

Russo-Ukrainian War

After President Viktor Yanukovych fled Ukraine to seek asylum in Russia, Russian-backed separatists took over the Regional State Administration Building, the main government building, in Donetsk. The police did not offer resistance.^[29] Later in the week the authorities of Donetsk disallowed a referendum on the status of the region^[30] and the police retook the Donetsk OSA building.^[31][32] Donetsk became one of the centers of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine.

On 7 April 2014, pro-Russian activists seized control of Donetsk OSA and declared the "Donetsk People's Republic",^[34] asking for Russian intervention.^[35]

On 11 May 2014, a referendum on the self-rule was held in Donetsk. The head of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic election commission, Roman Lyagin, said that almost 90 percent of those who voted in the Donetsk Region endorsed political independence from Kyiv. Ukraine does not recognize the referendum, while the EU and US stated that the polls were illegal.^[36]

Heavy shelling by the Ukrainian Army and paramilitary units have caused civilian fatalities in Donetsk.^[37][38] Human Rights Watch has called on both warring factions to cease using the unguided BM-21 Grad missiles in populated areas, and has said the use of these weapons systems was a violation of international humanitarian laws and could constitute a war crime. It also called on the insurgents to avoid their deployment in densely populated areas.^[39]

The 2015 IIHF World Championship Division I, Group A was scheduled for 18 to 24 April 2015 in Donetsk, but Ukraine withdrew as hosts due to the ongoing conflict in the country.^[40] Instead of Donetsk, the tournament was organized in Kraków, Poland. Eventually, Ukraine co-organized 2017 IIHF World Championship Division I, again Group A, but in its capital, Kyiv.^{[needs update]}

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the area around Donetsk has seen full-scale fighting between Ukrainian forces against Russian forces and their DNR counterparts. Russian-installed local officials have repeatedly accused Ukrainian armed forces of shelling Donetsk.^[41][42] On 30 September 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree claiming to annex four regions, including Donetsk, as part of Russia. This annexation has been seen by the global community as a breach of international law.^[43]

Geography

Donetsk lies in the

Donetsk's climate is moderate warm summer continental (Köppen: Dfb).^[45] The average temperatures are −4.1 °C (25 °F) in January and 21.6 °C (71 °F) in July. The average number of rainfall per year totals 162 days and up to 556 millimetres per year.^[46]

Government and administrative divisions

Starting on 7 April 2014, Donetsk was de facto governed by the Donetsk People's Republic as its capital city. The Donetsk People's Republic was at that time not recognized internationally, and all UN member states recognized the city as Ukrainian. However, in February 2022, Russia recognized the DPR and the neighboring Luhansk People's Republic as sovereign states, and later that year officially annexed them (along with various other parts of Ukraine that were then at least partially under Russian military occupation). The member states of the United Nations still overwhelmingly considered the areas to be Ukrainian, with only Syria, North Korea, and Russia itself considering them to be Russian.

The territory of Donetsk is divided into 9 administrative districts, whose local government is administered by district councils, which are subordinate to the Donetsk City Council.

Demographics

See article: Russians in Ukraine

Donetsk had a population of over 985,000 inhabitants in 2009^[58] and over 1,566,000 inhabitants in the metropolitan area in 2004. It was the fifth-largest city in Ukraine.^[5]

The structure of the Donetsk City Municipality by ethnicity as of the

Total: 1,024,678 people

Native language of the population of the city of Donetsk:^[60]

• Russian 87.8%
• Ukrainian 11.1%
• Armenian 0.1%
• Belarusian 0.1%

In a 1991 poll one-third of the population identified as Russian, one-third as Ukrainian while the majority of the rest declared themselves Slavs.^[61] Smaller minorities include in particular ethnic groups from the South Caucasus and northeast Anatolia region, including Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Georgians, and Pontic Greeks (including those defined as Caucasus Greeks).

Economy

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2012)

Donetsk and the surrounding territories are heavily urbanised and agglomerated into conurbation. The workforce is heavily involved with

Donetsk's economy consists of about 200 industrial organizations that have a total production output of more than 120 billion rubles per year and more than 20,000 medium-small sized organizations.^[62] The city's coal mining industry comprises 17 coal mines and two concentrating mills; the metallurgy industry comprises 5 large metallurgical plants located throughout the city; the engineering market comprises 67 organizations, and the food industry — 32 organizations.^[62]

After the

In 2012, Donetsk was rated the best city for business in Ukraine by Forbes. Donetsk topped the rating in five indicators: human capital, the purchasing power of citizens, investment situation, economic stability, as well as infrastructure and comfort.^[68]

The shopping areas in the city include the enclosed shopping mall Donetsk City.

Sports

Donetsk is a large sports center, has a developed infrastructure, and has repeatedly held international competitions – Davis Cup, UEFA Champions League. Representatives of the city are state leaders sports such as football, hockey, basketball, boxing, tennis, athletics and others.

The most popular sport in Donetsk is

Donetsk is home to the football stadium

Donetsk, together with the nearby Mariupol, were the host towns of the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. The stadiums hosting the event on behalf of Donetsk were RSC Olimpiyskiy (which hosted the final) and the Metalurh Stadium.

Donetsk is home to the

Donetsk hosted the

Donetsk was always an important athletics centre, and hosted various events. Donetsk was one of the host towns for the 1978 and 1980 Soviet Athletics Championships, and was the sole host town of the event in 1984. Donetsk also hosted the 1977 European Athletics Junior Championships. The stadium used for those athletics events was the RSC Olimpiyskiy (at the time called RSC Lokomotiv).

Among the different

The 2015 IIHF World Championship Division I ice hockey tournament had been scheduled for 18 to 24 April 2015 in Donetsk but was later moved to Kraków, Poland due to the ongoing war.

Professional sports teams

The following is a list of existing professional sports teams, and notable (title-winning) defunct clubs. None of the clubs currently play in the city due to the Russo-Ukrainian War.

Culture

Attractions

First Line Avenue (Artema Street)

First Line Avenue, also known as Artema Street, is considered to be the main part of Donetsk. It generally functions as the foremost place to start for any tourist trip around the city. The street hosts a mix of new and old architecture together with small parks, hotels, shopping centers and restaurants. Noteworthy sites include Lenin Square, the Opera & Ballet Theatre, Monument to Coalminers and Donetsk Drama Theatre.

Statue of Artyom (Fyodor Sergeyev)

This six meter tall statue on Artema Street is a tribute to Soviet politician Fyodor Sergeyev.

Donetsk Opera and Ballet Theatre

Built in 1936, the Donetsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre has been home to the Donetsk Ballet company since 1946.

Donbas Palace

This 5-star hotel in the center of Donetsk is the only ex-Ukrainian hotel to join The Leading Hotels of The World and was Ukraine's leading business hotel according to the World Travel Awards Association. It was built in 1938 by order of Shuvalova and Rechanikov. During the Nazi occupation of Donetsk, the Gestapo occupied the hotel as a headquarters; the building was partially destroyed during the war. The hotel was reopened after the reconstruction in 2004.

Pushkin Boulevard

A 2 km (1.24 mi) long greenway that features fountains, cafes, and a number of statues such as the monument to Taras Shevchenko. The Mertsalov Palm sculpture is also located on Pushkin Boulevard. Originally created for an exhibition in 1896 by Aleksei Mertsalov, a local blacksmith, out of a single rail, it was meant to represent the skills and power of the heavy industry in Czarist Russia.

Monument to John Hughes

This 2001 statue located in front of Donetsk National Technical University honors the work of Welsh city founder John James Hughes, who built the city's Yuzovka Steel Plant which gave Donetsk its industrial history.^[13]

Forged Figures Park

Forged Figures Park was opened in 2001. The International Smithcraft Festival takes place in the park every year. Some prize-winning works are gifted to the city and remain in the park, periodically increasing the number of sculptures.

Aqua park

Donetsk Aquapark "Royal Marine" was opened in Scherbakova Park in late 2012. The free-standing dome, made with an aluminum truss structure, is 26 metres (85 ft) high with a diameter of 85 metres (279 ft), and features a retractable design that slides open to reveal up to 50% of the structure to sunlight. The 5,700-square-metre (61,000 sq ft) aqua park, one of the largest indoor water parks in the world, was built by Canadian company OpenAire, Inc.^[71]

Architecture

Donetsk, at the time Yuzovka, was divided into two parts: north and south. In the southern part were the city's factories, railway stations, telegraph buildings, hospitals and schools. Not far from the factories was the English colony where the engineers and the management lived. After the construction of the residence of John Hughes and the various complexes for the foreign workers, the city's southern portion was constructed mainly in the English style.

These buildings used rectangular and triangular shaped façades, green rooftops, large windows, which occupied a large portion of the building, and balconies. In this part of the town, the streets were large and had pavements. A major influence on the formation of architecture in Donetsk was the official architect of a Novorossiya company — Moldingauyer. Preserved buildings of the southern part of Yuzovka consisted of the residences of John Hughes (1891, partially preserved), Bolfur (1889) and Bosse.

In the northern part of Yuzovka, Novyi Svet, lived traders, craftsmen and bureaucrats. Here were located the market hall, the police headquarters and the Transfiguration Cathedral. The central street of Novyi Svet and the neighbouring streets were mainly edged by one- or two-story residential buildings, as well as markets, restaurants, hotels, offices and banks. A famous preserved building in the northern part of Yuzovka was the Hotel Great Britain.

The first general plan of Stalino was made in 1932 in Odesa by the architect P. Golovchenko. In 1937, the project was partly reworked. These projects were the first in the city's construction bureau's history.

A large portion of the city's buildings from the second half of the 20th century were designed by the architect Pavel Vigdergauz, which was given the Government award of the USSR for architecture in the city of Donetsk in 1978.

Religion

Donetsk's residents belong to religious traditions including the

In 2014, a leaflet carrying the signature of the "Chairman of Donetsk's temporary government Denis Pushilin" was distributed to Jews on the festival of Passover. The leaflet asked Donetsk's Jewish citizens to register themselves, their property, and their families to the pro-Russian authorities. The leaflet claimed that failure to comply with its demands would result in the revocation of citizenship and confiscation of property. The leaflet prompted confusion and fear among Donetsk's Jewish population, who saw echoes of the Holocaust in the leaflet.^[75] Pushilin denied any connection with the leaflets and called them a provocation.^[76]

Media

Five television stations operate within Donetsk:

• TRK Ukraina (Ukrainian: ТРК Україна)^[77]
• KRT, Kyivska Rus' (Ukrainian: КРТ, Київська Русь)^[78]
• First Municipal (Russian: Первый муниципальный)^[79]
• Kanal 27 (Russian: 27 канал)
• TRK Donbass (Russian: ТРК Донбасс)

In Donetsk, there is the 360-metre tall TV tower, one of the tallest structures in the city, completed in 1992.

Notable people

The citizens of Donetsk are commonly called Donchyani (Ukrainian: дончани, Russian: дончане). The following is a list of famous people who were born or brought up in the city:

• Rinat Akhmetov (born 1966), a Ukrainian billionaire businessman
• Emma Andijewska (born 1931), a modern Ukrainian poet, writer and painter
• Alexander Anoprienko (born 1957), Professor of Computer Engineering in Donetsk
• Zalman Aran (1899–1970) a Zionist activist, educator and Israeli government minister
• Serhiy Arbuzov (born 1976), head of Ukrainian Bank, 2010–2012
• Mykola Azarov (born 1947), Prime Minister of Ukraine, 2010 to 2014
• Fyodor Berezin (born 1960), a Russian science fiction writer and active supporter of the Donetsk People's Republic
• Volodymyr Biletskyy (born 1950), a Ukrainian mining engineer and scientist
• Viktor Burduk (born 1957), artist and blacksmith
• Vera Filatova (born 1982), a Ukrainian British actress
• Anatoly Fomenko (born 1945), mathematician, academic and promoter of New Chronology
• Dmytro Gnap
  (born 1977), journalist, investigates corruption
• Ismail Abdullaiev (born 23 May 1966), pro-Russian television director
• Yuri Kara (born 1954), Russian film director, screenwriter and producer
• Yevgeny Khaldei (1917–1997), Red Army naval officer and Soviet photographer
• Nikita Khrushchev (1894–1971), Premier of the Soviet Union 1953–1964, grew up in Yuzovka
• Iya Kiva (born 1984), Ukrainian poet, translator, journalist, critic
• Valeriy Konovalyuk (born 1966), economist and businessman
• Anna Korsun (born 1986), Ukrainian singer, pianist, organist, conductor and composer
• Tatyana Kravchenko (born 1953), Soviet and Russian actress
• Mikhail Krichevsky (1897–2008), WW I veteran who fought for the Russian Empire
• Alexander Kuzemsky (born 1944), Soviet and Russian theoretical physicist
• Make Me Famous (2010–2012), English language Metalcore band
• Oleksiy Matsuka (born 1983), Ukrainian journalistand corruption investigator
• Siouzana Melikián (born 1986), Russian-Mexican actress
• Vadym Pysarev (born 1965), Ukrainian dancer and art Director
• Aleksandr Revva (born 1974), stand-up comedian, TV host and voice actor
• Volodymyr Rybak (born 1946), Mayor of Donetsk and Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada
• Vladislav Rusanov (born 1966), Russian-language science fiction writer
• Denis Stoff (born 1992), Ukrainian musician, vocalist for Asking Alexandria
• Natan Sharansky (born 1948), former anticommunist, Zionist, Israeli politician and writer
• Ihor Sorkin (born 1967), former head of the Ukrainian National Bank
• Anatoliy Solovianenko (1932–1999), Soviet operatic tenor
• Oleg Stefan (born 1959), Soviet and Russian actor
• Vasyl Stus (1938–1985), Ukrainian poet and publicist and member of the dissident movement
• Petro Symonenko (born 1952), head of the Communist Party of Ukraine
• condensed matter
  theory
• Marina Tsvigun (born 1960), religious sect leader, new age movement
• Viktor Yanukovych (born 1950), former president of Ukraine; deposed in 2014^[80]
• Pavlo Vigderhaus (1925–2013), Soviet architect, Monument to a Miner creator
• Vladimir Zakharov (1901–1956), Soviet composer and choir conductor

Sport

• Polina Astakhova (1936–2005), Ukrainian gymnast, multiple Olympic medallist
• Serhii Bubka (born 1963), Ukrainian pole vault athlete; gold medallist 1988 Summer Olympics
• Yuriy Dehteryov (born 1948), goalkeeper, 321 caps with Shakhtar Donetsk and 17 with the USSR
• Yuriy Gavrilov (1967–2021), volleyball player, Olympic gold medallist
• Julia Glushko (born 1990), Israeli tennis player
• Aleksandr Lebziak (born 1969), Russian boxer
• Natalya Mammadova (born 1984), Azeri volleyball player
• Evgenij Miroshnichenko (born 1978), Ukrainian chess player
• Ilya Mate (born 1956), Soviet Ukrainian freestyle wrestler, gold medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics
• Oleksiy Pecherov (born 1985), a Ukrainian basketball player
• Lilia Podkopayeva (born 1978), a Ukrainian gymnast, and the 1996 Olympic All Around Champion
• Serhii Rebrov (born 1974), footballer with 425 club caps and 75 for Ukraine
• Viktor Smyrnov (born 1986), Paralympic swimmer
• Viktor Sidyak (born 1943), fencing, first Soviet individual sabre Olympic gold medal in Munich 1972
• Nadiya Tkachenko (born 1948), Olympic-gold winning pentathlete
• Oleg Tverdovsky (born 1976), ice hockey player
• Alexander Yagubkin (1961–2013), 1982 World heavyweight amateur boxing champion
• Oleg Verniaiev (born 1993), Gymnast, Olympic gold medallist

Museums

Donetsk is home to about 140 museums. Among them, two large regional museums – Donetsk Region History Museum and Donetsk Regional Art Museum.

Donetsk Region History Museum reveals the city's true identity and covers to the entire local community, diverse as it is. Set up in 1924, it offers an extensive expo with 120,000 exhibits: from archeological findings dating back to pre-historic times to the founding of the city by John Hughes, development of industry and coal mining, World War II and the Soviet times. On 21 August 2014, the mayor of Donetsk reported that the roof and walls of the Donetsk Regional History Museum had been destroyed by shellfire early that morning.^[81]

FC Shaktar Museum was opened in 2010. This museum was the first Ukrainian museum to be nominated for a European Museum of the Year Award.^[82]

Transport

Local transport

The main forms of transport within Donetsk are:

The city also contains autostations located within the city and its suburbs: autostation Yuzhny (South), which serves mainly transport lines to the south, hence its name; autostation Tsentr (Centre), which serves transport in the direction of Marinka and Vuhledar as well as intercity transport; the autostation Krytyi rynok (Indoor market), which serves mainly transport in the north and east directions; and the autostation Putilovsky, which serves mainly the north and northwest transport directions.

The construction of the metro system in the city, begun in 1992, was abandoned in 2012 due to the lack of funding. No lines or stations have been finished.^[84]

Railways

The Donetsk Oblast was an important transport hub in Ukraine, so was its centre Donetsk. The Donetsk Railways, based in Donetsk, was the largest railway division in the region.

Road transport

The highway, part of the International E-road network, runs through the city en route to Rostov-on-Don in Russia.

In addition, another international road runs through the city: the M 04. Also, three national Ukrainian roads (N 15, N 20, and N 21) pass through the city.

The construction of the fourth stage of a circular road bypassing Donetsk was to be completed in 2014.^[86]

Air travel

In addition to public and rail transport, Donetsk used to have an

Donetsk has several universities, which include five state universities, 11 institutes, three academies, 14 technicums, five private universities, and six colleges.

The most important and prominent educational institutions include

University within Donetsk.

Donetsk is also the home of the Prokofiev Donetsk State Music Academy, a music conservatory founded in 1960.

Twinnings

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2022)

Donetsk participates in international

town twinning

schemes. Partners include:

References