Dorothy Garrod
Dorothy Annie Elizabeth Garrod | |
---|---|
Born | London, England | 5 May 1892
Died | 18 December 1968 Cambridge, England | (aged 76)
Alma mater | Newnham College, Cambridge, Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford |
Known for | The Upper Paleolithic of Britain; The Stone Age of Mount Carmel, |
Scientific career | |
Fields | archaeology |
Institutions | British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, Newnham College, University of Cambridge |
Dorothy Annie Elizabeth Garrod,
Early life and education
Garrod was the daughter of the physician
Pamela Jane Smith writes of Garrod as follows: "Garrod was a solid member of Britain's intellectual aristocracy. Her father, Sir Archibald Garrod, had been Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford and is regarded as the founder of biochemical genetics; her grandfather was Sir Alfred Garrod of King's College Hospital, Physician Extraordinary to Queen Victoria and a leading authority on rheumatic diseases."[8]
Garrod entered Newnham College, Cambridge in 1913, where she read ancient and classical history before archaeology was available as a subject,[9] completing the course in 1916. By the time of her graduation in 1916 she had lost two brothers, Lt Alfred Noel Garrod and Lt Thomas Martin Garrod.[10] Both were killed in action in WW I. Her third brother, Lt Basil Rahere[11] died in France from Spanish influenza prior to demobilisation.[12] It is rumoured that she lost her fiancé.[13] She volunteered with the Catholic Women's League until 1919. She subsequently travelled to Malta, where her father was working as the Head of War Hospitals,[14] and began to take an interest in the local antiquities.[15] Considerable disagreement exists over the date in which she become a
Career
On her family's return to England, where they settled in
In 1926, Garrod published her first academic work, The Upper Paleolithic of Britain, for which she was awarded a B.Sc. degree by the University of Oxford.[26]
Following an invitation from Breuil, she investigated Devil's Tower Cave, a site over a period of seven months in Gibraltar between 1925 and 1927.[27] It was only 350 metres from Forbes' Quarry, where a Neanderthal skull had been found earlier. Garrod discovered in this cave in 1925, a second important Neanderthal skull now called Gibraltar 2.[28] It was her first internationally recognized excavation.[29] Garrod was to find many anomalous skeletons during her ensuring career, but the skull did not fit within the definition of Neanderthal.[30] In 1928, she led the first expedition to enter South Kurdistan. She was looking for evidence of Palaeolithic people migrating between Upper Mesopotamia and Syria.[31] This work led to the test explorations of Hazar Merd Cave and Zarzi cave.[32]
In 1929, Garrod was appointed to direct excavations at Wadi el-Mughara at
After holding a number of academic positions, including Newnham College's Director of Studies for Archaeology and Anthropology, she became the Disney Professor of Archaeology at Cambridge on 6 May 1939, a post she held until 1952.[1] Her appointment was greeted with excitement by women students and a "college feast" was held in her honour at Newnham, in which every dish was named after an archaeological item. In addition, the Cambridge Review reported, "The election of a woman to the Disney Professorship of Archaeology is an immense step forward towards complete equality between men and women in the University."[1] Gender equality at the University of Cambridge at the time was still remote: as a woman, Garrod could not be a full member of the university, so that she was excluded from speaking or voting on University matters.[36] This continued to apply until 1948, when women became full members of the university.[36]
From 1941 to 1945, Garrod took leave of absence from the university and served in the
After the war, Garrod returned to her position and made a number of changes to the department, including the introduction of a module of study on world prehistory. Where previously prehistory had been considered particularly French or European, Garrod expanded the subject to a global scale. Garrod also made changes to the structure of archaeology studies, so turning Cambridge into the first British university to offer undergraduate courses in prehistoric archaeology.[26] During the university summer vacations, Garrod travelled to France and excavated at two important sites: Fontéchevade cave, with Germaine Henri-Martin, and Angles-sur-l'Anglin, with Suzanne de St. Mathurin.[35]
Later life
On her retirement in 1952, Garrod moved to France, but continued to research and excavate. In 1958, aged 66, she excavated on the Aadloun headland in Lebanon, with the assistance of Diana Kirkbride.[35] The following year she was asked urgently to excavate at Ras El Kelb, as a significant cave had been disturbed by road and rail construction. Henri-Martin and de St. Mathurin assisted Garrod for seven weeks, with the remaining material being removed to the National Museum of Beirut for more detailed study. She returned to Aadloun again in 1963, with a team of younger archaeologists, but her health began to fail and she was often absent from the sites.[35]
Garrod appeared as a panellist in a 1959 episode of the game show Animal, Vegetable, Mineral? held at the Musée de l'Homme.[37]
In the summer of 1968, Garrod had a stroke while visiting relatives in Cambridge. She died in a nursing home there on 18 December, aged 76.[35]
Diversity and inclusion
Garrod was the first female professor at Cambridge [38] and was instrumental in changing it into an integrated institution.[39] As a result of her election to Professorship, women were granted full membership, and allowed to graduate with degrees from the University of Cambridge.[40] She worked mainly with women as she lived in a segregated English society. In Palestine she was treated as member of the British ruling class and deeply loved by Palestinians.[41] Garrod's relationships with her Arab neighbours and employees "were warm. Garrod was often invited to weddings or other celebratory occasions. "She was called Sitt Miriam, Lady Mary.".[42] Her Mount Carmel expedition crew, which covered all of the excavations (Skhul, Kebara, el-Wad and et-Tabun), consisted mostly of local Arab women.[43] Garrod was in complete charge of the many long-term excavations at Mount Carmel.[44] In 1931, Francis Turville Petre, an openly gay man, participated very briefly in her excavations of Mount Carmel as part of Garrod's team at Skhul.[41] Francis Turville-Petre had discovered an ancient cranium at Mugharet ex-Zuttiyeh, near the Sea of Galilee, considered to be the most remarkable prehistoric archaeological event of the 1920s in Western Asia.[45]
Awards and recognition
In 1937, Garrod was awarded Honorary Doctorates from the University of Pennsylvania and Boston College and a DSc. from the University of Oxford.[1] She was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1952, and in 1965 she was awarded the CBE. She felt it was important that archaeologists travel and therefore left money to found the Dorothy Garrod Travel Fund.[26] In 1968, the Society of Antiquaries of London presented her with its gold medal.[35]
From September 2011 to January 2012, 17 photographs of Garrod's of excavations, friends and mentors were displayed in 'A Pioneer of Prehistory, Dorothy Garrod and the Caves of Mount Carmel' at the Pitt Rivers Museum.[20]
In 2017, Newnham College announced that a new college building will be named after Garrod.[36] In 2019, the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research at the University of Cambridge unveiled a new portrait of Garrod by artist Sara Levelle.[46]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e Smith, Pamela. "From 'small, dark and alive' to 'cripplingly shy': Dorothy Garrod as the first woman Professor at Cambridge". www.arch.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- ^ S2CID 163187954.
- The Glasgow Herald. 6 May 1939. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37443. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Brown, Beatrice Curtis (1960). Isabel Fry, 1869–1958: Portrait of a Great Teacher. A. Barker. pp. 12–13.
- S2CID 163187954.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ^ Caton-Thompson, Gertrude (1971). "Dorothy Annie Elizabeth Garrod, 1892–1968" (PDF). Proceedings of the British Academy. 55: 339–361.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ^ Caton-Thompson, Gertrude (1969). "Dorothy Annie Elizabeth Garrod 1892–1968". Proceedings of the British Academy. 55: 342.
- ^ a b "Garrod, Dorothy Annie Elizabeth". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
- ISBN 978-1-40730-430-4.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ^ a b "A Pioneer of Prehistory". Archived from the original on 17 July 2019.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ^ a b c d K. M. Price, 2009. One vision, one faith, one woman: Dorothy Garrod and the crystallisation of prehistory. In R. Hosfield, F. F. Wenban-Smith and M. Pope (eds): Great Prehistorians: 150 Years of Palaeolithic Research, 1859–2009 (Special Volume 30 of Lithics: The Journal of the Lithic Studies Society):x–y. Lithic Studies Society, London.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- JSTOR 4619528.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ^ "Dorothy Garrod – Scientist of the Day – Linda Hall Library". Linda Hall Library. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ^ ISBN 9781407304304.
According to Jacquetta Hawkes, Yusra acted as foreman in charge of picking out items before the excavated soil was sieved; over the years, she became expert in recognising bone, fauna, hominid and lithic remains and had spotted a tooth which led to the crushed skull. Hawkes remembered talking to Yusra about coming up to Cambridge. "She had a dream. She was very able indeed. Yusra would obviously have been a Newnham Fellow." The villages of Jeba and Ljsim were destroyed in 1948 and most members of the Palestinian team could not be traced.
- ^ a b c d e f g Cohen, G. (2006). Breaking Ground: Pioneering Women Archaeologists. University of Michigan Press.
- ^ a b c "Newnham College to name new building after first ever woman Professor at Cambridge. Newnham College". Newnham College. 16 November 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
- IMDb
- S2CID 163187954.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ^ Smith, Pamela Jane. "From 'small, dark and alive' to 'cripplingly shy': Dorothy Garrod as the first woman Professor at Cambridge" (PDF). arch.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Necklaces from Mount Carmel | University of Cambridge Museums". www.museums.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ISBN 9781407304304.
- ^ Retrieved 13 November 2019.
Further reading
- William Davies and Ruth Charles, eds (1999), Dorothy Garrod and the Progress of the Palaeolithic: Studies in the Prehistoric Archaeology of the Near East and Europe, Oxford: Oxbow Books
- Pamela Jane Smith, (2005 Wayback Machine archive version of 1996 page) "From 'small, dark and alive' to 'cripplingly shy': Dorothy Garrod as the first woman Professor at Cambridge."
- Pamela Jane Smith et al., (1997), "Dorothy Garrod in Words and Pictures", Antiquity 71 (272), pp. 265–270