Duchy of Athens
Duchy of Athens | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1205–1458 | |||||||||
Morea | 1444 | ||||||||
• Ottoman conquest | 1458 | ||||||||
Currency | Denier tournois | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Today part of | Greece |
The Duchy of Athens (
History
Establishment of the Duchy
The first duke of
Athens was originally a
The Duchy occupied the
Aragonese conquest
The Duchy was held by the family of la Roche until 1308, when it passed to
In 1312, the Catalans recognized the suzerainty of King Frederick III of Sicily, who appointed his son Manfred as Duke. The ducal title remained in the hands of the Crown of Aragon until 1388, but actual authority was exercised by a series of vicars-general. In 1318/19 the Catalans conquered Siderokastron and the south of Thessaly as well, and created the Duchy of Neopatras, united to Athens. Part of Thessaly was conquered from the Catalans by the Serbs in the 1340s.
Under Aragonese rule, the feudal system continued to exist, not anymore under the
Decline and fall
In 1379 the
After 1381 the Duchy was ruled by the
From 1395 to 1402 the
The Latin Church in the Duchy of Athens
Athens was the seat of a
The Parthenon, which had been the Orthodox church of the Theotokos Atheniotissa, became the Catholic Church of Saint Mary of Athens. The Greek Orthodox church survived as an underground institution without official sanction by the governing Latin authorities. The Greek clergy had not typically been literate in the twelfth century and their education certainly worsened under Latin domination, when their church was illegal.[3]
The archdiocese of Thebes also lay within the Athenian duchy. Unlike Athens, it had no suffragans.[4] However, the Latin archbishopric produced several significant figures as archbishops, such as Simon Atumano. It had a greater political role than Athens because it was situated in the later capital of the duchy at Thebes. Under the Catalans, the Athenian diocese had expanded its jurisdiction to thirteen suffragans, but only the dioceses of Megara,[5] Daulia, Salona, and Boudonitza lay within the duchy itself. The archiepiscopal offices of Athens and Thebes were held by Frenchmen and Italians until the late fourteenth century, when Catalan or Aragonese people began to fill them.
Dukes of Athens
De la Roche family
Of Burgundian origin, the dukes of the petty lordly family from La Roche renewed the ancient city of Plato and Aristotle as a courtly European capital of chivalry. The state they built around it was, throughout their tenure, the strongest and most peaceful of the Latin creations in Greece.
Briennist claimants
The Athenian parliament elected the
- Walter V of Brienne(1308–1311)
- Joanna of Châtillon (1311–1354)
- Walter VI of Brienne(1311–1356)
- Isabella of Brienne(1356–1360)
- Sohier of Enghien(1356–1367)
- Walter IV of Enghien(1367–1381)
- Louis of Enghien(1381–1394)
Aragonese domination
The annexation of the duchy to first the
- Roger Deslaur (1311–1312)
- Manfred(1312–1317)
- William II(1317–1338)
- John II (1338–1348)
- Frederick I(1348–1355)
- Frederick II(1355–1377)
- Maria (1377–1379)
- Peter IV (1379–1387)
Catalan vicars-general
These were the vicars-general of the Crown of Sicily, and after 1379 of the Crown of Aragon.
- Berenguer Estañol (1312–1316)[6]
- Alfonso Fadrique (1317 – ca. 1330)[7]
- Walter VI of Brienne in 1331[8]
- Nicholas Lancia (ca. 1331–1335)[8]
- Raymond Bernardi (1354–1356)[9]
- Gonsalvo Ximénez of Arenós (1359)[10]
- Matthew of Moncada (1359–1361)[10]
- Peter de Pou (1361–1362)[10]
- Roger de Llúria (1362–1369/70), de facto and unrecognized until 1366[11]
- Gonsalvo Ximénez of Arenós (1362–1363), uncertain[10]
- Matthew of Moncada (1363–1366), only de jure[10]
- Matthew of Peralta (1370–1374)[12]
- Louis Fadrique (1375–1382)[12]
- Philip Dalmau, Viscount of Rocaberti (1379–1386, de facto only during his stay in Greece 1381–1382)[13][14]
- Raymond de Vilanova (1382–1386), deputy of Philip Dalmau after his departure from Greece[15]
- Bernard of Cornellà (1386–1387), never actually went to Greece[16]
- Philip Dalmau, Viscount of Rocaberti (1387–1388)[17]
- Peter of Pau (1386–1388), deputy of Bernard of Cornellà and then of Philip Dalmau in Greece until the fall of Athens to Nerio Acciaioli[18]
Acciaioli family
The Florentine Acciaioli (or Acciajuoli) governed the duchy from their removal of the Catalans, with the assistance of the Navarrese. While Nerio willed the city and duchy to Venice, it returned to the Florentines until the Turkish conquest.
- Nerio I (1388–1394)
- Antonio I (1394–1395)
- Venetian control (1395–1402), under podestàs:
- Albano Contarini (1395–1397)
- Lorenzo Venier (1397–1399)
- Ermoaldo Contarini (1399–1400)
- Nicolo Vitturi (1400–1402)
- Antonio I (1402–1435), restored
- Nerio II (1435–1439)
- Antonio II (1439–1441)
- Nerio II (1441–1451), restored
- Claire (1451–1454)
- with Bartolomeo Contarini (1451–1454)
- Francesco I (1451–1454)
- Francesco II (1455–1458)
The Duchy, Dante Alighieri, and William Shakespeare
Italian poet
Notes
- ^ The duchy was a vassal of, in order, the Kingdom of Thessalonica, the Kingdom of Sicily, the Crown of Aragon, the Republic of Venice, the Despotate of the Morea and the Ottoman Empire
References
- ^ Tasos Tanulas (2000): "The Athenian Acropolis as a castle under Latin rule (1204-1458): Military and building technology", pp. 96-122
- ^ Setton 1975a, p. 91.
- ^ Setton 1975a, p. 92.
- ^ Setton 1975a, p. 93.
- ^ André Dias de Escobar; bishop of Megara from 1428. Ken Pennington, Medieval and Early Modern Jurists: A Bio-Bibliographical Listing: 1298-1500 Archived 2014-08-04 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 11 May 2013.--The Cornishman Thomas Vyvyan (or Vivian), the penultimate prior of Bodmin Priory, was consecrated bishop of the titular see of Megara in 1517.
- ^ Setton 1975b, p. 173.
- ^ Setton 1975b, pp. 173, 188–189.
- ^ a b Setton 1975b, pp. 190, 197.
- ^ Setton 1975b, pp. 197–198.
- ^ a b c d e Setton 1975b, p. 198.
- ^ Setton 1975b, pp. 198–199.
- ^ a b Setton 1975b, p. 199.
- ^ Setton 1975b, pp. 220–223.
- ^ Setton 1975c, pp. 235, 238, 240–241.
- ^ Setton 1975c, pp. 235, 238, 240–242.
- ^ Setton 1975c, pp. 241–242.
- ^ Setton 1975c, pp. 243–244.
- ^ Setton 1975c, pp. 241–245.
Sources
- ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- OCLC 563022439.
- Setton, Kenneth M. (1975). Catalan Domination of Athens 1311–1380 (Revised ed.). London: Variorum.
- ISBN 0-299-06670-3.
- ISBN 0-299-06670-3.