Emirate of Afghanistan

Coordinates: 34°32′N 69°08′E / 34.533°N 69.133°E / 34.533; 69.133
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001), or Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)
.

Emirate of Afghanistan
Emirate of Kabul (1823–1855)
امارت افغانستان (Persian)
Imārat-i Afğānistān
1823–1926
Ethnic groups
Pashtun, Tajik, Uzbek, Hazara, Persian, Aimaq, Turkmen, Baloch, Pashai, Nuristani, Gurjar, Arab, Brahui, Qizilbash, Pamiri, Kyrgyz, others
Religion
Majority: Sunni Islam Minorities:
Emir
 
• 1823–1826 (first)
Sultan Mohammad Khan
• 1919–1926 (last)
Amanullah Khan
Legislature
Loya Jirga
Historical era19th century
• Established
1823
24 May 1879
• Durand Line Agreement
12 November 1893
8 August 1919
• Transformed into a kingdom
9 June 1926
CurrencyAfghan rupee
ISO 3166 codeAF
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Durrani Empire
Herat
Principality of Qandahar
Maimana Khanate
Kunduz Khanate
Kingdom of Afghanistan
Today part ofAfghanistan
Pakistan
Part of a series on the
History of Afghanistan
Timeline
Hephthalite Empire
 410–557
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Medieval
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Principality of Chaghaniyan 7th–8th centuries
Rashidun Caliphate 652–661
Tang China 660–669
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Ilkhanate 1256–1335
Kartids 1245–1381
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Modern
Tanai coup attempt
 1990
Islamic State 1992–1996
Islamic Emirate 1996–2001
US invasion 2001
Islamic State (reinstated) 2001
Interim/Transitional Administration 2001–2004
Islamic Republic (politics) 2004–2021
Islamic Emirate (reinstated) since 2021
Related historical regions
Related topics

The Emirate of Afghanistan,[b] known as the Emirate of Kabul until 1855,[2] was an emirate in Central Asia and South Asia that encompassed present-day Afghanistan and parts of present-day Pakistan (before 1893).[3] The emirate emerged from the Durrani Empire, when Dost Mohammad Khan, the founder of the Barakzai dynasty in Kabul, prevailed.

The history of the Emirate was dominated by the '

Emir Amanullah Khan signed the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 following the Third Anglo-Afghan War, gaining full Afghan independence. In 1926, Amanullah Khan reformed the country as the Kingdom of Afghanistan
, becoming its first King.

History

Escalated a few years after the establishment of the emirate, the Russian and British interests were in conflict between Muhammad Shah of Iran and

Russian expansion, while also keeping Afghanistan in the British fold under a puppet leader, Shah Shujah Durrani. The war ended with Dost Mohammad returning to the throne, with the British withdrawing; unable to subjugate the country, they forged greater ties instead, allowing Dost Mohammad to move toward uniting the dis-united state of Afghanistan, which split from the Durrani Civil wars brought on by the sons of Timur Shah.[6]

Upon the death of Dost Mohammad in 1863, he was succeeded by his son,

Emir by Sher Ali, who returned to the throne after spending few short years in exile in Russia. His return as Emir led to new conflicts with Britain. Subsequently, the British marched on 21 November 1878 into Afghanistan and Emir Sher Ali was forced to flee again to Russia, but he died in 1879 in Mazar-i-Sharif.[7] His successor, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, sought solutions for peace with Russia and gave them a greater say in Afghanistan's foreign policy. Meanwhile, he signed the Treaty of Gandamak with the British on 26 May 1879, relinquishing solely the control of Afghanistan foreign affairs to the British Empire. However, when the British envoy Sir Louis Cavagnari was killed in Kabul on 3 September 1879, the British offered to accept Abdur Rahman Khan as Emir. The British concluded a peace treaty with the Afghans in 1880, and withdrew again in 1881 from Afghanistan. The British, in 1893, forced Afghanistan to consent to a new border, termed the Durand Line, which cuts right through the historic Pashtun settlement region.[8]

After the war, Emir Abdur Rahman Khan, who struck down the country reformed and repressed numerous uprisings. After his death in 1901 his son Habibullah Khan succeeded as emir and continued reforms. Habibullah Khan sought reconciliation with the UK, where he graduated in 1905 with a peace treaty with Russia, stretching for defeat in the Russo-Japanese War had to withdraw from Afghanistan. In the First World War, Afghanistan remained neutral, despite German and Ottoman efforts (Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition). In 1919 Habibullah Khan was assassinated by political opponents.[9]

Habibullah Khan's son

another war broke which lasted for three months.[10][11][12][13] This war was ended with the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 after which, the Afghans were able to resume the right to conduct their own foreign affairs as a fully independent state.[14] Amanullah Khan began the reformation of the country and was crowned 1926 Padshah (king) of Afghanistan and founded the Kingdom of Afghanistan.[15]

Afghan civil war and rise of the Barakzais (1799–1823)

Establishment in Kabul (1823)

Sultan Mohammad Khan's reign (1823–1826)

Coup of Dost Mohammad (1826)

Reign of Dost Mohammad Khan (1826–1863)

First Anglo-Afghan War (1838–1842)

Main article: First Anglo-Afghan War

Return of Dost Mohammad and wars of reunification (1842–1863)

Second Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1857)

Main article: Second Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1857)

Death of Dost Mohammad and Afghan civil war (1863–1869)

Main article: Afghan Civil War (1863–1869)

Reign of Sher Ali Khan (1869–1879)

Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880)

Main article: Second Anglo-Afghan War

See also

class=notpageimage|
The Emirate of Afghanistan and contemporary polities c. 1900

Notes

  1. ^ Despite agreeing to the terms of the Treaty of Gandamak, Abdur Rahman Khan held Afghanistan as a de-facto independent state by holding external affairs with other nations such as Persia and Russia, and often opposing the British.
  2. Pashto
    : د افغانستان امارت, romanized: Da Afghānistān Amārat

References

Citations

  1. ^ "The Raj Reconsidered: British India's Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  2. ^ Lee 2019, p. 317.
  3. ISBN 9781789140101
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 9781135954949. Archived
    from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  5. ISBN 9780231503426
    .
  6. ISBN 1-57980-744-5. Archived
    from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  7. ^ Dupree: Amir Sher Ali Khan Archived 30 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Smith, Cynthia (August 2004). "A Selection of Historical Maps of Afghanistan – The Durand Line". United States: Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
  9. ^ Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Olesen, page 101
  10. ISBN 9781135923105. Archived
    from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  11. ISBN 9780810878150. Archived
    from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  12. ^ Pazhvāk, ʻabd al-Raḥmān (1959). Aryana, ancient Afghanistan. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  13. ISBN 9788186420003. Archived
    from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  14. ^ Barthorp 2002, pp. 27 & 64
  15. ^ "Afghanistan". World Statesmen. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

Works cited

  • Barthorp, Michael (2002) [1982]. Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947. London: Cassell.
    ISBN 0-304-36294-8
    .

Further reading

  • Clements, Frank. Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia (ABC-Clio, 2003), (online).



34°32′N 69°08′E / 34.533°N 69.133°E / 34.533; 69.133

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