Franco-Indian Alliances
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Various Franco-Indian Alliances were formed between France and various Indian kingdoms from the 18th century to the ascent of Napoleon. Following the alliances of Dupleix, a formal alliance was formed between by King Louis XVI during the American Revolutionary War in an attempt to oust the British East India Company from the Indian subcontinent. Later, numerous proposals of alliance were made by Tipu Sultan, leading to the dispatch of a French fleet of volunteers to help him, and even motivating an effort by Napoleon to make a junction with the Kingdom of Mysore through his 1798 campaign in Egypt.
Early French involvement
In the 17th century, François Bernier (1625–1688), a French physician and traveler, became the personal physician of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb for 12 years.
In the early 18th century, France was actively involved in the powerplay in
The French won a victory in the
Alliance of Louis XVI
French had lost preeminence in India with the Treaty of Paris in 1763, although five trading posts were being maintained there, leaving opportunities for disputes and power-play with Great Britain.[3] France was successful in supporting the American Revolutionary War in 1776, and wished to oust the British from India as well.[4]
In 1782,
Between February 1782 and June 1783, Suffren fought with the British admiral Sir Edward Hughes, and collaborated with the rulers of Mysore.[9][10] Suffren fought in the Battle of Sadras on February 17, 1782, the Battle of Providien on April 12 near Trincomalee, the Battle of Negapatam on July 6 off Cuddalore, after which Suffren seized upon the anchorage of Trincomalee compelling the small British garrison to surrender. An army of 3,000 French soldiers collaborated with Hyder Ali to capture Cuddalore. Finally, the Battle of Trincomalee took place near that port on September 3. These battles can be seen as the last battles of the Franco-British conflict that encompassed the American War of Independence, and would cease with the signature of the Treaty of Versailles of 1783 establishing peace and recognizing American independence.
Proposals of Tipu Sultan
Following the 1783 Treaty of Versailles and the removal of French support, Tipu Sultan, the son of Hyder Ali, was unable to recapture Mangalore from the British, although he later managed to regain control after a 10-month siege in 1784.[11] He finally made peace with the British in spring 1784.[12]
In 1786, Tipu Sultan nevertheless sent an embassy to France through Constantinople, but the embassy had to be cancelled.[13] In July 1787, Tipu Sultan sent a new embassy directly to Paris, formed of three ambassadors Mohammed Dervich Khan, Akbar Ali Khan and Mohammad Osman Khan, who were accompanied by the French trader from Pondicherry, M. Monneron. After arriving in Toulon, the ambassadors were able to meet with Louis XVI in August 1788 in Versailles.[14] However, France, which was now at peace with London, did not wish to resume hostilities.[15]
Tipu Sultan again proposed an offensive and defensive alliance to France in October 1794, and April 1796.[16] France was hampered in its support to India by the French Revolution, but contacts would resume with the rise of Napoléon.[17]
In 1794, with the support of French Republican officers, Tipu helped found the Jacobin Club of Mysore for 'framing laws comfortable with the laws of the Republic' He planted a Liberty Tree and declared himself Citizen Tipoo.[18]
French soldiers, mobilized by François Ripaud in 1797 to support Tipu Sultan, were buried in a cemetery at Harohalli, which has fallen into disrepair as the locals steal iron grills, bricks, metal plaques, and expensive marble.[19][20]
Napoleon's attempted junction with India
Tipu again made a proposal in October 1797 through
Napoleon was defeated by a combined Ottoman-British force at the
Napoleon's interest in the Middle East and India waned when he finally vanquished Russia at the
See also
Notes
- ^ Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare, p. 160
- ^ Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare, p. 160
- ^ "The National Galleries of Scotland". Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
- ^ "The National Galleries of Scotland". Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
- ^ "The National Galleries of Scotland". Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
- ^ The influence of sea power upon history, 1660–1783 by Alfred Thayer Mahan p.461 [1]
- ^ "The History Project, University of California". Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
- ^ Britain as a military power, 1688-1815 by Jeremy Black, p
- ^ Britain as a military power, 1688-1815 by Jeremy Black, p
- ^ Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare, p.159
- ^ Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare, p. 162
- ^ Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare, p. 162
- ^ "The National Galleries of Scotland". Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
- ^ "The National Galleries of Scotland". Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
- ^ Napoleon and Persia by Iradj Amini p.11
- ^ Napoleon and Persia by Iradj Amini p.11
- ^ Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare, p. 162
- ISBN 9780143030461.
- ^ Jean Boutier. Les ”lettres de créances” du corsaire Ripaud. Un ”club jacobin” à Srirangapatnam (Inde), mai-juin 1797. Le monde créole : peuplement, sociétés et condition humaine XVIIe-XXe siècles : mélanges offerts à Hubert Gerbeau / sous la direction de Jacques Weber ; avec le concours de Jean Benoist et Sudel Fuma, Les Indes Savantes, 2005, 978-2-84654-059-9. ffhalshs-00007971f
- ^ B, Mahadeva (29 October 2013). "Uneasy lie the fallen here". No. Bangalore. Dean Herald. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
- ^ Napoleon and Persia by Iradj Amini p.11
- ^ Napoleon and Persia by Iradj Amini p.11
- ^ Historical Sketches of the South of India by Mark Wilks p.341
- ^ The dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington 著者: Arthur Wellesley Wellington, Duke of Wellington, p. 4 [2]
- ^ Tricolor and crescent William E. Watson p.13-14
- ^ Napoleon and Persia by Iradj Amini, p.12
- ^ Napoleon and Persia by Iradj Amini, p. 12
- ^ Schom 1998, pp. 72–73
- ^ Karsh, p.11
- ^ Karsh, p. 11
- ^ Karsh, p. 11
- ^ The Islamic world in decline by Martin Sicker p.97
- ^ The Islamic world in decline by Martin Sicker p.97
- ^ The Islamic world in decline by Martin Sicker p.97-98
References
- Inari Karsh Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923 Harvard University Press, 2001 ISBN 0-674-00541-4
- Iradj Amini Napoleon and Persia: Franco-Persian relations under the First Empire Taylor & Francis, 2000 ISBN 0-934211-58-2
- Martin Sicker The Islamic world in decline: from the Treaty of Karlowitz to the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001 ISBN 0-275-96891-X