Gondar
Gondar
Gonder | |
---|---|
City and UTC+3 (EAT ) |
Gondar, also spelled Gonder (
Gondar previously served as the capital of both the
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2020) |
Origins
. Gondar was founded by Emperor
16th century
Beginning with Emperor Menas in 1559, the rulers of Ethiopia began spending the rainy season near Lake Tana, often returning to the same location each year. These encampments, which flourished as cities for a short time, include Emfraz, Ayba, Gorgora and Dankaz.
17th century
In 1668, as a result of a church council, the Emperor
During the seventeenth century, the city's population is estimated to have exceeded 60,000. Many of the buildings from this period survive, despite the turmoil of the eighteenth century. By the reign of Iyasu the Great, Gondar had acquired a sense of community identity.
19th century
The town served as Ethiopia's capital until
20th century
After the military occupation of Ethiopia by the Kingdom of Italy in 1936, Gondar was further developed under Italian occupation,[5]: 28–37 and the Comboni missionaries established in 1937 the Latin Catholic Apostolic Prefecture of Gondar, which would be suppressed after the death of its only prefect in 1951.
During the
During the Ethiopian Civil War, the forces of the Ethiopian Democratic Union gained control of large parts of Begemder, and during parts of 1977 operated within a few kilometers of Gondar, and appeared to be at the point of capturing the city.[10] As part of Operation Tewodros near the end of the Civil War, Gondar was captured by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front in March 1991.[11]
Cityscape
Gondar traditionally was divided into several neighborhoods or quarters: Addis Alem, where the Muslim inhabitants dwelt; Kayla Mayda, where the adherents of
The modern city of Gondar is popular as a tourist destination for its many picturesque ruins in Fasil Ghebbi (the Royal Enclosure), from which the emperors once reigned. The most famous buildings in the city lie in the Royal Enclosure, which include Fasilides' castle, Iyasu's palace, Dawit's Hall, a banqueting hall, stables, Empress Mentewab's castle, a chancellery, library and three churches. Near the city lie Fasilides' Bath, home to an annual ceremony where it is blessed and then opened for bathing; the Qusquam complex, built by Empress Mentewab; the eighteenth century Ras Mikael Sehul's Palace and the Debre Berhan Selassie Church.
Downtown Gondar shows the influence of the Italian occupation of the late 1930s. The main piazza features shops, a cinema, and other public buildings in a simplified Italian Moderne style still distinctively of the period despite later changes and, frequently, neglect. Villas and flats in the nearby quarter that once housed occupation officials and colonists are also of interest.
Education
The town is home to the University of Gondar, which includes Ethiopia's main faculty of medicine. Teda Health Science College is also located at this town.
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1984 | 80,886 | — |
1994 | 112,249 | +38.8% |
2007 | 207,044 | +84.5% |
2015 | 323,900 | +56.4% |
source:[12] |
Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the
The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 112,249 in 22,932 households, of whom 51,366 were male and 60,883 female. The three largest ethnic groups reported in Gondar were the
Documentation with 3D laser scanners
The
, the Bakaffa Castle, Dawit III's Hall, the Castle of Emperor Iyasu, the Royal Library, the Chancellery, the Royal Archive Building .Some of the textured 3D models, a panorama tour, elevations, sections and plans are available on www.zamaniproject.org.
Transport
Air transport is served by
Intercity bus service is provided by the forward trvellers sacco and Sky Bus Transport System, as well as independently owned buses that depart from the town bus station.
Climate
The climate of Gondar is mild, temperate to warm, with an average temperature of 20 °C year round.
Climate data for Gondar (1981–2010, extremes 1924–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 31.0 (87.8) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.5 (92.3) |
34.1 (93.4) |
33.4 (92.1) |
34.8 (94.6) |
26.6 (79.9) |
31.0 (87.8) |
29.9 (85.8) |
29.6 (85.3) |
29.7 (85.5) |
30.2 (86.4) |
34.8 (94.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28 (82) |
29 (84) |
29 (84) |
30 (86) |
29 (84) |
25 (77) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
25 (77) |
26 (79) |
27 (81) |
27 (81) |
27 (80) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.8 (67.6) |
21.5 (70.7) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
21.7 (71.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
17.8 (64.0) |
17.9 (64.2) |
18.7 (65.7) |
19.2 (66.6) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12 (54) |
13 (55) |
14 (57) |
15 (59) |
15 (59) |
14 (57) |
13 (55) |
13 (55) |
13 (55) |
13 (55) |
12 (54) |
12 (54) |
13 (56) |
Record low °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) |
5.2 (41.4) |
6.2 (43.2) |
9.2 (48.6) |
5.5 (41.9) |
6.0 (42.8) |
8.4 (47.1) |
8.0 (46.4) |
7.0 (44.6) |
6.0 (42.8) |
4.5 (40.1) |
1.6 (34.9) |
1.6 (34.9) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 2 (0.1) |
2 (0.1) |
13 (0.5) |
32 (1.3) |
72 (2.8) |
160 (6.3) |
293 (11.5) |
275 (10.8) |
112 (4.4) |
60 (2.4) |
12 (0.5) |
4 (0.2) |
1,037 (40.9) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 12 | 13 | 20 | 21 | 19 | 15 | 3 | 0 | 110 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
44 | 40 | 39 | 39 | 52 | 69 | 79 | 79 | 72 | 65 | 56 | 48 | 57 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 291.4 | 243.0 | 229.4 | 249.0 | 238.7 | 183.0 | 114.7 | 139.5 | 204.0 | 229.4 | 240.0 | 279.0 | 2,641.1 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 9.4 | 8.6 | 7.4 | 8.3 | 7.7 | 6.1 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 6.8 | 7.4 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 7.2 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organisation (average high and low, and rainfall)[20]
| |||||||||||||
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (mean temperatures 1954–1990, humidity 1957–1982, and sun 1937–1990)[21] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[22] |
Sister cities
As designated by
- Corvallis, Oregon, United States
- Florence, Italy
- Rishon LeZion, Israel
Notable people
- Abby Lakew
- Aster Aweke: singer
- Eténèsh Wassié: singer and Azmari
- Haile Gerima
- Yityish Titi Aynaw: Miss Israel 2013
- Fasil Demoz: Singer
- Liliana Mele: actress
- Fano Mesafint: Fano Dereje: Fano Demeke: Fano Agaye: Fano Selomon: Fano Arega: Fano Mesay: Freedom Fighters
- Tamagn Beyene: Humanitarian and Freedom Fighter
See also
- List of Gondarine churches
- Gultosh – a deserted village near Gondar
- Azezo – a nearby village south of Gondar
Notes
- ^ Based on the BGN/PCGN romanization of Amharic.
- EAE romanizationof Amharic.
References
- ^ a b Census 2007 Tables: Amhara Region, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.4.
- ^ a b "Population Projection Towns as of July 2021" (PDF). Ethiopian Statistics Agency. 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ http://bjtoursandtrekking.com/tours/index.htm Gondar World Heritage Site
- ^ Richard K.P. Pankhurst, History of Ethiopian Towns: From the Middle Ages to the Early Nineteenth Century (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1982), vol. 1 p. 117.
- ^ ISBN 1569021953.
- ISBN 1860647448.
- ^ Sven Rubenson, King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University, 1966), pp.71
- ^ R. Pankhurst, in UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol VI: Africa in the Nineteenth Century p.397
- ^ "Local History in Ethiopia" Archived 2008-05-29 at the Wayback Machine (pdf) The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 9 May 2008)
- ^ Marina and David Ottaway, Ethiopia: Empire in Revolution (New York: Africana, 1978), p. 171
- ISBN 1137117869.
- ^ "Gondar population statistics". Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ a b 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Amhara Region, Vol. 1, part 1, Tables 2.1, 2.7, 2.10, 2.13, 2.17, Annex II.2 (Retrieved 29 May 2022)
- ^ "Site - Fassil Ghebbi - Gondar". zamaniproject.org. Archived from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- .
- ^ Rüther, Heinz (2002). "An African Heritage Database: The Virtual Preservation of Africa's Past" (PDF). International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
- ^ "Gondar Atse Tewodros Airport". Ethiopian Airports Enterprise. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Gonder – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^ "World Weather Information Service – Gondar". World Meteorological Organisation. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ^ "Klimatafel von Gondar (Gonder), Provinz Gondar / Äthiopien" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ^ "Station Gondar" (in French). Météo Climat. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
External links
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. .
- Ethiopian Treasures – Fasilados Castle, Felasha Village – Gonder Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- Pictures from Gonder