Guizhou
Guizhou
贵州 | |
---|---|
Province | |
Province of Guizhou | |
Name transcription(s) | |
• Chinese | 贵州省 (Guìzhōu Shěng) |
• Abbreviation | GZ / 黔 or 贵 (pinyin: Qián or Guì) |
US$ 258 billion | |
• Per capita | CN¥ 52,321 US$ 7,779 |
ISO 3166 code | CN-GZ |
HDI (2019) | 0.685[4] medium · 30th |
Website | http://www.gzgov.gov.cn (Simplified Chinese) |
Guizhou | ||
---|---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin | Guìzhōu | |
Yi | ꇭꍏ |
Guizhou[a] is an inland province in Southwestern China. Its capital and largest city is Guiyang, in the center of the province. Guizhou borders the autonomous region of Guangxi to the south, Yunnan to the west, Sichuan to the northwest, the municipality of Chongqing to the north, and Hunan to the east. The Guizhou Province has a Humid subtropical climate. It covers a total area of 176,200 square kilometers and consists of 6 prefecture-level cities and 3 autonomous prefectures. The population of Guizhou stands at 38.5 million, ranking 18th among the provinces in China.
The
Located in the hinterland of the southwestern inland region, Guizhou is a transportation hub in the southwest area and an important part of the Yangtze River Economic Belt.[8] It is the country's first national-level comprehensive pilot zone for big data,[9] a world-renowned mountain tourism destination and a major mountain tourism province,[10] a national ecological civilization pilot zone,[11] and an inland open economic pilot zone. [12]
The representative historical culture is "Qian Gui culture"(黔贵文化).[13] In addition, Guizhou is also one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese humans and ancient Chinese culture, with humans living and multiplying on this land about half a million to six hundred thousand years ago.[14]
Guizhou is rich in natural, cultural and environmental resources. Its natural industry includes timber and forestry, and the energy and mining industries constitute an important part of its economy. Notwithstanding, Guizhou is considered a relatively undeveloped province, with the fourth-lowest GDP per capita in China as of 2020. However, it is also one of China's fastest-growing economies.[15] The Chinese government is looking to develop Guizhou as a data hub.[16][17]
Guizhou is a mountainous province, with its higher altitudes in the west and centre. It lies at the eastern end of the
Name
The area was first organized as an
History
Evidence of settlement by humans during the
From around 1046 BC to the emergence of the
During the 8th and 9th centuries in the Tang dynasty, Chinese soldiers moved into Guizhou (Kweichow) and married native women. Their descendants are known as Lǎohànrén (老汉人), in contrast to new Chinese who populated Guizhou at later times. They still speak an archaic dialect.[20] Many immigrants to Guizhou were descended from these soldiers in garrisons who married these pre-Chinese women.[21]
It was during the following
More unsuccessful Miao rebellions occurred during the Qing, in
District Planning
Regional history
In the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), Guizhou established 6 administrative supervision areas, each in charge of several counties. In the 30th year (1941), Guiyang City was established. By the 37th year (1948), Guizhou had 1 direct jurisdiction area, 6 administrative supervision areas, and 78 counties (cities) under its administration.
On November 15, 1949, the Second Field Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army liberated Guiyang; on December 26, the People's Government of Guizhou[27] Province was established. In the early period after liberation, the province had 1 directly managed city, 8 special areas, and 1 special area city, totaling 79 counties.
In April 1956, the Guiyang, Zhenyuan, and Duyun special areas were abolished, and the Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture and the Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture were established, with their administrative centers in Kaili (the Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture was established in Zhenyuan on July 23 of the same year and later moved to Kaili in 1958). In 1956, two villages from Qijiang County(綦江县), Sichuan Province, were transferred to Xishui County(习水县), Guizhou Province.
In 1960, the Langdai County(朗岱县) in Anshun Special Area was abolished and Liuzhi City was established, which was later changed back to Liuzhi County.
In 1965, the city status of Duyun was restored, serving as the capital of the Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.
In 1966, on the basis of Liuzhi County(六枝县) in the former Anshun Special Area, Shuicheng County(水城县) in the Bijie Special Area,and Pan County in the Xingyi Special Area, Liuzhi Industrial and Mining Area, Shuicheng Industrial and Mining Area, and Pan County Industrial and Mining Area were established.
In 1970, the Wanshan Special District was established, under the jurisdiction of Tongren Special Area. The Liuzhi, Pan County, and Shuicheng industrial and mining areas and their original counties were merged into Liuzhi Special District, Pan County Special District, and Shuicheng Special Distric
In December 1978, the Liupanshui Special Area was abolished and the prefecture-level city of Liupanshui was established, governing three special districts, with the municipal government located in Shuicheng Special District, becoming the second prefecture-level city in Guizhou Province.
In September 1981, the Xingyi Special Area was abolished and the Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was established, with its administrative center in Xingyi.
In 1983, Kaili County in the Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture was abolished and the county-level Kaili City was established, serving as the capital of the autonomous prefecture.
In 1987, the Shuicheng Special District in Liupanshui City was abolished and Shuicheng County and Zhongshan District were established, with the Liupanshui municipal government moving to Zhongshan District; on August 21, Tongren County was abolished and Tongren City was established; on November 6, with the approval of the State Council, Xingyi County was abolished and Xingyi City was established.
In 1990, Chishui County in the Zunyi Special Area was abolished and the county-level Chishui City was established. Anshun City and Anshun County were merged to serve as the administrative center of Anshun Special Area.
In 1992, the Pan County Special District in Liupanshui City was abolished and Pan County was established. Qingzhen County in the Anshun Special Area was abolished and the county-level Qingzhen City was established, still under the jurisdiction of Anshun Special Area.
In 1994, Renhuai County in the Zunyi Special Area was abolished and the county-level Renhuai City was established. Bijie County in the Bijie Special Area was abolished and the county-level Bijie City was established, serving as the administrative center of Bijie Special Area.
In 1996, Qingzhen City, Xiuwen County, Kaiyang County, and Xifeng County, originally belonging to the Anshun Special Area, were transferred to the jurisdiction of Guiyang City.
In 1997, the Zunyi Special Area was abolished and the prefecture-level city of Zunyi was established, with the original county-level Zunyi City being changed to Honghuagang District. In 2000, the Anshun Special Area was abolished and the prefecture-level city of Anshun was established, with the original county-level Anshun City being changed to Xixiu District.
In 2003, parts of the Honghuagang District in Zunyi City were divided to establish the Huichuan District of Zunyi City.
In 2011, the Tongren Special Area was abolished and the prefecture-level city of Tongren was established, with the original county-level Tongren City being changed to Bijiang District, and the original Wanshan Special District being changed to Wanshan District. Tongren City governs 2 districts and 8 counties. In the same year, the Bijie Special Area was abolished and the prefecture-level city of Bijie was established. The original county-level Bijie City was changed to Qixingguan District.
In 2013, a pilot model of provincial direct management of counties was implemented, with the county-level Renhuai City, originally belonging to Zunyi City, and Weining County, originally belonging to Bijie City, being designated as pilot counties for provincial direct management.
On January 6, 2014, the State Council agreed to establish the Guizhou Gui'an New District.[28] In the same year, Pingba County in Anshun City was abolished and Pingba District of Anshun City was established.
In 2016, Zunyi County in Zunyi City was abolished and the district-level Bozhou District was established.
In April 2017, the Ministry of Civil Affairs agreed to abolish Pan County in Liupanshui City and establish the county-level Panzhou City, managed by Liupanshui City.
In August 2018, with the approval of the State Council, Xingren County in the Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was abolished and the county-level Xingren City was established.
In July 2020, Shuicheng County in Liupanshui City was abolished and the district-level Shuicheng District was established.
In March 2021, with the approval of the State Council, the Ministry of Civil Affairs agreed to abolish Qianxi County and establish the county-level Qianxi City.
Geography
topography and landforms
Guizhou Province is located on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, between longitudes 103°36′ to 109°35′ east and latitudes 24°37′ to 29°13′ north. The average altitude is around 1100 meters. It borders Hunan to the east, Guangxi to the south, Yunnan to the west, and Sichuan and Chongqing to the north. It stretches approximately 595 kilometers from east to west and about 509 kilometers from north to south. The total area of Guizhou Province is 176,167 square kilometers, accounting for 1.8% of the total area of China. The easternmost point is in Di Lake Township, Tianzhu County, Qiandongnan Prefecture. The westernmost point is in Yulong Township(玉龙乡), Weining County, Bijie City. The southernmost point is in Luowan Township(洛万乡), Xingyi City, Qianxinan Prefecture. The northernmost point is in Yangxi Town(阳溪镇), Daozhen County, Zunyi City.
Guizhou is a mountainous province, although its higher altitudes are in the west and centre. It lies at the eastern end of the
Guizhou Plateau is predominantly mountainous, and its topography can be generally divided into three basic types: plateau mountains, hills, and basins(盆地), with 92.5% of the area being mountains and hills. There are numerous mountain ranges within the province, with overlapping ridges and peaks stretching across the landscape. In the north, there is the Dalou Mountain, which runs diagonally from the west to the northeast, with the important pass Loushan Pass at an altitude of 1444 meters; in the central and southern part, Miaoling Mountain(苗岭) [31]Range stretches across, with its main peak, Leigong Mountain(雷公山),[32] at 2178 meters; in the northeastern part, there is the Wuling Mountain Range, which winds into Guizhou from Hunan, with its main peak, Fanjing Mountain, at 2572 meters; in the west, there is the towering Wumeng Mountain(乌蒙山),[33] with the highest point in Guizhou being Jiucaiping(韭菜坪) in Zhushi Township(珠市乡), Hezhang County, at an altitude of 2900.6 meters.
climate
Guizhou has a humid subtropical climate. There are few seasonal changes. Its annual average temperature is roughly 10 to 20°C, with January temperatures ranging from 1 to 10°C and July temperatures ranging from 17 to 28°C. with annual rainfall ranging from 1000 to 1400 millimeters; the frost-free period lasts between 250 to 300 days. There is no severe cold in winter and no extreme heat in summer, with the coldest month of January averaging 4-6 degrees Celsius, and the hottest month of July averaging 15-23 degrees Celsius. The unique climatic characteristics make Guizhou an ideal place for leisure travel and summer retreats.[34] Precipitation is abundant, with a distinct rainy season, many cloudy days, and less sunshine, with the number of cloudy days generally exceeding 150 days throughout the year, and the annual relative humidity above 70%. Influenced by atmospheric circulation and terrain, Guizhou's climate is diverse, with the saying. Additionally, the climate is unstable, with a variety of disastrous weather conditions such as droughts, autumn winds, freezing, and hail, which can have a significant impact on agricultural production.
Like in China's other southwest provinces, rural areas of Guizhou suffered severe drought during spring 2010. Beginning on 3 April 2010, China's premier Wen Jiabao went on a three-day inspection tour in the southwest drought-affected province of Guizhou, where he met villagers and called on agricultural scientists to develop drought-resistant technologies for the area.[35]
Because of its lesser development compared to many other provinces in China, Guizhou's environment is well-preserved.[36]: 61 As of at least 2023, its environment and favorable climate have been assets in attracting the new, increasingly digital, economy.[36]: 61
hydrology
Guizhou Province's rivers are located in the upper reaches of the
Natural Resources
water resources
Guizhou Province has a large number of rivers, with 984 rivers that are over 10 kilometers long. In 2002, the runoff volume of Guizhou's rivers reached 114.52 billion cubic meters. [38]The mountainous characteristics of Guizhou's rivers are evident, with most rivers having broad valleys and gentle water flow in the upper reaches, with small water volume; the middle reaches have alternating tight and open valleys with rapid water flow; the lower reaches have deep and narrow valleys, with large water volume and abundant hydropower resources. The potential of hydropower resources is 18.745 million kilowatts, ranking sixth in China,[39] of which 16.833 million kilowatts are exploitable, accounting for 4.4% of China's total, with many concentrated river sections with large water level drops, and favorable development conditions.
land resources
Guizhou Province's land resources are predominantly mountainous and hilly, with relatively few plains. The mountainous area is 108,740 square kilometers, accounting for 61.7% of the total land area of Guizhou Province. The hilly area is 54,197 square kilometers, accounting for 31.1% of the total land area of Guizhou Province. The area of mountainous flatlands is 13,230 square kilometers, only accounting for 7.5% of the total land area of Guizhou Province.[40] There is a limited amount of land resources available for agricultural development. Due to the increasing population and the growth of non-agricultural land use, the area of arable land is continuously decreasing. By the end of 2002, the actual area of arable land in Guizhou Province was 1.7694 million hectares, a reduction of 62,900 hectares compared to 2001. The per capita area of arable land is less than 0.05 hectares, which is significantly lower than the national average of China. The proportion of arable land with thick soil layers, high fertility, and good water conditions is low.[41]
biological resources
The border mountains of Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan have been identified as one of the eight plant diversity hotspots in China. Guizhou Province is home to 9,982 species of vascular plants (including subspecies and varieties, the same below),
mineral resources
Guizhou Province is rich in
Scientific research
Major
- The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST), the world's largest radio telescope
- The Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Politics
Administrative divisions
Guizhou is divided into nine prefecture-level divisions: six prefecture-level cities and three autonomous prefectures:
Administrative divisions of Guizhou | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Division code[49] | Division | Area in km2[50] | Population 2010[51] | Seat | Divisions[52] | |||||||
Districts *
|
Counties
|
Aut. counties
|
CL cities | |||||||||
520000 | Guizhou Province | 176,167.00 | 34,746,468 | Guiyang city | 17 | 51 | 11 | 9 | ||||
520100 | Guiyang city | 8,046.67 | 4,324,561 | Guanshanhu District | 6 | 3 | 1 | |||||
520200 | Liupanshui city | 9,965.37 | 2,851,180 | Zhongshan District |
3 | 1 | ||||||
520300 | Zunyi city | 30,780.73 | 6,127,009 | Huichuan District |
3 | 7 | 2 | 2 | ||||
520400 | Anshun city | 9,253.06 | 2,297,339 | Xixiu District |
2 | 1 | 3 | |||||
520500 | Bijie city | 26,844.45 | 6,536,370 | Qixingguan District |
1 | 6 | 1 | |||||
520600 | Tongren city | 18,006.41 | 3,092,365 | Bijiang District |
2 | 4 | 4 | |||||
522300 | Qianxinan Aut. Prefecture | 16,785.93 | 2,805,857 | Xingyi city | 6 | 2 | ||||||
522600 | Qiandongnan Aut. Prefecture | 30,278.06 | 3,480,626 | Kaili city | 15 | 1 | ||||||
522700 | Qiannan Aut. Prefecture | 26,191.78 | 3,231,161 | Duyun city | 9 | 1 | 2 | |||||
* - including Special district |
Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English | Chinese | Pinyin | ||
Guizhou Province | 贵州省 | Guìzhōu Shěng | ||
Guiyang city | 贵阳市 | Guìyáng Shì | ||
Liupanshui city | 六盘水市 | Liùpánshuǐ Shì | ||
Zunyi city | 遵义市 | Zūnyì Shì | ||
Anshun city | 安顺市 | Ānshùn Shì | ||
Bijie city | 毕节市 | Bìjié Shì | ||
Tongren city | 铜仁市 | Tóngrén Shì | ||
Qianxinan Aut. Prefecture | 黔西南自治州 | Qiánxīnán Zìzhìzhōu | ||
Qiandongnan Aut. Prefecture | 黔东南自治州 | Qiándōngnán Zìzhìzhōu | ||
Qiannan Aut. Prefecture | 黔南自治州 | Qiánnán Zìzhìzhōu |
These nine prefecture-level divisions are in turn subdivided into 88
Urban areas
Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
# | Cities | 2020 Urban area[53] | 2010 Urban area[54] | 2020 City proper |
1 | Guiyang | 4,021,275 | 2,520,061 | 5,987,018 |
2 | Zunyi | 1,675,245 | 715,148[b] | 6,606,675 |
3 | Liupanshui | 818,753[c] | 491,438 | 3,031,602 |
4 | Bijie | 695,174 | 421,342[d] | 6,899,636 |
5 | Anshun | 685,654 | 358,920[e] | 2,470,630 |
6 | Xingyi | 649,497 | 335,243 | part of Qianxinan Prefecture |
7 | Kaili | 519,243 | 274,922 | part of Qiandongnan Prefecture |
8 | Tongren | 423,078 | 206,147[f] | 3,298,468 |
9 | Panzhou | 420,894 | [g] | see Liupanshui |
10 | Renhuai | 361,723 | 171,005 | see Zunyi |
11 | Qingzhen | 350,665 | 166,916 | see Guiyang |
12 | Duyun | 348,954 | 217,091 | part of Qiannan Prefecture |
13 | Xingren | 169,210 | [h] | part of Qianxinan Prefecture |
14 | Fuquan | 153,763 | 125,389 | part of Qiannan Prefecture |
15 | Chishui | 138,699 | 80,884 | see Zunyi |
- formerlyKweichow
- Bozhou (Zunyi County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ New district established after 2020 census: Shuicheng (Shuicheng County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
- Qixingguanafter 2010 census.
- Pingba (Pingba County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
- Wanshanafter 2010 census.
- ^ Panxian County is currently known as Panzhou CLC after 2010 census.
- ^ Xingren County is currently known as Xingren CLC after 2010 census.
Economy
As of the mid-19th century, Guizhou exported mercury, gold, iron, lead, tobacco, incense and drugs.[55]
Its natural industry includes timber and forestry.[56] Guizhou is also the third largest producer of tobacco in China, and home to the well-known brand Guizhou Tobacco.[57] Other important industries in the province include energy (electricity generation) - a large portion of which is exported to Guangdong and other provinces[57] - and mining, especially in coal, limestone, arsenic, gypsum, and oil shale.[56] Guizhou's total output of coal was 118 million tons in 2008, a 7% growth from the previous year.[58] Guizhou's export of power to Guangdong equaled 12% of Guangdong's total power consumption. Over the next 5 years Guizhou hopes to increase this by as much as 50%.[59]
Historically, Guizhou was a poorer province with lagging development.[36]: 61 The digital economy has grown significantly since 2015 and as of at least 2023 continues to develop Guizhou's growing reputation as a center for big data in China.[36]: 61
Transportation
In 2017, Sun Zhigang, the governor of Guizhou, announced plans to build 10,000 kilometres (6,210 mi) of highways, 600 kilometres (370 mi) of inland waterways, 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) of high-speed rail lines, and 17 airports in three years, in an effort to boost tourism in the province.[60] Guizhou has continued to develop transportation infrastructure (as well as other infrastructure such as electric, water, and broadband infrastructure) to support the growing big data-related sections of the economy.[36]: 61
Rail
Guizhou's rail network consists primarily of a cross formed by the
As of 2018, Shanghai–Kunming and Guiyang–Guangzhou high-speed railways are operational. Chengdu–Guiyang high-speed railway is under construction.
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1912[61] | 9,665,000 | — |
1928[62] | 14,746,000 | +2.68% |
1936-37[63] | 9,919,000 | −4.84% |
1947[64] | 10,174,000 | +0.23% |
1954[65] | 15,037,310 | +5.74% |
1964[66] | 17,140,521 | +1.32% |
1982[67] | 28,552,997 | +2.88% |
1990[68] | 32,391,066 | +1.59% |
2000[69] | 35,247,695 | +0.85% |
2010[70] | 34,746,468 | −0.14% |
2020[71] | 38,562,148 | +1.05% |
In 1832, the population was estimated at five million.[55]
Guizhou is demographically one of China's most diverse provinces. Minority groups account for more than 37% of the population and they include
Religion
The predominant religions in Guizhou are
The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 67.83% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in
Cuisine
Guizhou is the home of the well-known
Tourism
The province has many
The southeastern corner of the province is known for its unique Dong minority culture. Towns such as Rongjiang, Liping, Diping and Zhaoxing are scattered amongst the hills along the border with Guangxi.[citation needed]
Three recommended forms
The World Bank's "Strategic Environmental Assessment Study: Tourism Development in the Province of Guizhou, China" (May 25, 2007)[75] points to three different forms of tourism that should be fostered and developed in Guizhou: Nature-based, heritage-based and rural. Heritage-based tourism provides ethnic minority groups with an opportunity to preserve their unique heritage while still making a living.[clarification needed]
Colleges and universities
- Guizhou University (Guiyang)
- Guizhou Normal University (Guiyang)
- Guiyang Medical University(Guiyang)
- Guizhou Nationalities University(Guiyang)
- Guizhou Institute of Technology(Guiyang)
- Zunyi Medical College(Zunyi)
- Moutai University(Zunyi)
- Tongren University(Tongren)
- Kaili University(Kaili)
Media
Notable people
- Shi Jinmo (1881–1969), founder of medical colleges
- Sun Yafang (1955-), engineer, business executive and former Chairwoman of Huawei from 1999 to 2018
- Chuan He (1972-), biologist
- Huang Xiaoyun (1998-), singer and actress
- Zhou Shen (1992-), singer
See also
- Major national historical and cultural sites in Guizhou
Notes
- lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (Buddhism, Confucianism, deity worships, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, religions practiced by ethnic minorities, et al.) was not reported by Wang.
- ^ This may include:
- Buddhists;
- Confucians;
- Deity worshippers;
- Taoists;
- Members of folk religious sects;
- Small minorities of Muslims;
- Indigenous religions of the ethnic minorities;
- And people not bounded to, nor practicing any, institutional or diffuse religion.
References
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韭菜坪海拔2900米,是贵州最高的山峰,它位于六盘水市与赫章县的交界处,因每到8,9月份山上开满野生韭菜花故得其名。
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Works cited
- Wilkinson, Endymion (2012). Chinese History: A New Manual. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series 84. Cambridge, MA: Harvard-Yenching Institute; Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-06715-8.
External links
- Guizhou government website (in Chinese)
- Guiyang Government website Archived 2010-07-12 at the Wayback Machine
- Township level administrative map of Guizhou