Gun control
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Permissive_and_Restrictive_Gun_Control_Laws_by_Country.svg/300px-Permissive_and_Restrictive_Gun_Control_Laws_by_Country.svg.png)
Gun control, or firearms regulation, is the set of laws or policies that regulate the manufacture, sale, transfer, possession, modification, or use of firearms by civilians.[1][2]
Most countries have relatively restrictive firearms laws, with only a few being categorized as permissive.[a][3] Jurisdictions that regulate private access to firearms typically first restrict ownership of certain categories of firearms, and may then make further restrictions of the categories of persons who may be granted a license to own or carry. In some countries, such as the United States, gun control may be implemented at any of the federal, state, or local levels.
Terminology and context
Gun control refers to domestic and international attempts to regulate, and harmonize the regulation of, the private and industrial manufacture, trade, possession, use, and transport of a class of weapons typically identified as
The term gun control itself is considered politicized.[6] Many gun control advocates prefer the use of terms like "gun-violence prevention", "gun safety", or "common-sense regulation" to describe their objectives.[7]
In 2007, a global supply of 875 million small arms were estimated to be in the hands of civilians, law enforcement agencies, and national armed forces.[b][8] Of these firearms, 650 million, or 75%, were estimated to be held by civilians.[8] U.S. civilians account for 270 million of this total.[8] A further 200 million are controlled by national military forces.[9] Law enforcement agencies may have some 26 million small arms.[9] Non-state armed groups[c] have about 1.4 million firearms.[d][9] Finally, gang members hold between 2 and 10 million small arms.[9] Together, the small arms arsenals of non-state armed groups and gangs have been estimated to account for, at most, 1.4% of the global total.[10]
Regulation of civilian firearms
With few exceptions,[e] most countries in the world actually allow some form of civilian firearm ownership.[13] A 2011 survey of 28 countries over five continents[f] found that a major distinction between different national gun control regimes is whether civilian gun ownership is seen as a right or a privilege.[16] The study concluded that both the United States and Yemen were distinct from the other countries surveyed in that they viewed gun ownership as a basic right of citizenship, and therefore their gun control policies were more permissive.[16] In the remaining countries sampled, civilian gun ownership is considered a privilege and their corresponding gun control policies are more restrictive.[16]
International and regional gun control
At the international and regional level, diplomatic attention has tended to focus on the cross-border illegal trade in small arms as an area of particular concern rather than the regulation of civilian-held firearms.[17] During the mid-1990s, however, the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) adopted a series of resolutions relating to the civilian ownership of small arms.[17] These called for an exchange of data on national systems of firearm regulation and for the initiation of an international study of the issue.[17] In July 1997, ECOSOC issued a resolution that underlined the responsibility of UN member states to competently regulate civilian ownership of small arms and which urged them to ensure that their regulatory frameworks encompassed the following aspects: firearm safety and storage; penalties for the unlawful possession and misuse of firearms; a licensing system to prevent undesirable persons from owning firearms; exemption from criminal liability to promote the surrender by citizens of illegal, unsafe or unwanted guns; and, a record-keeping system to track civilian firearms.[17]
In 1997, the UN published a study based on member state survey data titled the United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation which was updated in 1999.[g][17] This study was meant to initiate the establishment of a database on civilian firearm regulations which would be run by the Centre for International Crime Prevention, located in Vienna. who were to report on national systems of civilian firearm regulation every two years.[17] These plans never reached fruition and further UN-led efforts to establish international norms for the regulation of civilian-held firearms were stymied.[18] Responding to pressure from the U.S. government,[h][20] any mention of the regulation of civilian ownership of small arms was removed from the draft proposals for the 2001 UN Programme of Action on Small Arms.[17]
Although the issue is no longer part of the UN policy debate, since 1991 there have been eight regional agreements involving 110 countries concerning aspects of civilian firearm possession.[17] The Bamako Declaration,[i] was adopted in Bamako, Mali, on 1 December 2000 by the representatives of the member states of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU).[21] The provisions of this declaration recommend that the signatories would establish the illegal possession of small arms and light weapons as a criminal offence under national law in their respective countries.[22]
Studies
![]() |
![]() | The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (May 2023) |
High rates of gun mortality and injury are often cited as a primary impetus for gun control policies.
General
A 1998 review found that suicide rates generally declined after gun control laws were enacted, and concluded, "The findings support gun control measures as a strategy for reducing suicide rates."[31] A 2016 review found that laws banning people under restraining orders due to domestic violence convictions from accessing guns were associated with "reductions in intimate partner homicide".[32] Another 2016 review identified 130 studies regarding restrictive gun laws and found that the implementation of multiple such laws simultaneously was associated with a decrease in gun-related deaths.[33] According to Vox, "The authors are careful to note that their findings do not conclusively prove that gun restrictions reduce gun deaths. However, they did find a compelling trend whereby new restrictions on gun purchasing and ownership tended to be followed by a decline in gun deaths."[34]
According to a 2011 UN study, after identifying a number of methodological problems, it stated "notwithstanding such challenges, a significant body of literature tends to suggest that firearm availability predominantly represents a risk factor rather than a protective factor for homicide. In particular, a number of quantitative studies tend towards demonstrating a firearm prevalence–homicide association."[35]
United States
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2000-_Gun_sales_and_NICS_firearm_background_checks_-_U.S.svg/280px-2000-_Gun_sales_and_NICS_firearm_background_checks_-_U.S.svg.png)
In the United States, gun rights activists argue gun laws are too restrictive or should not be altered, and gun control activists argue gun laws are too permissive. Both camps center their arguments upon the legal and traditional interpretations of the
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/2019_Gun_ownership_rates_and_gun_homicide_rates_-_developed_world_-_scatter_plot.svg/280px-2019_Gun_ownership_rates_and_gun_homicide_rates_-_developed_world_-_scatter_plot.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1970-_Gun_production_-_US.svg/280px-1970-_Gun_production_-_US.svg.png)
Cross-sectional studies
In 1983, a
A 2013 study by the American Medical Association found that in the United States, "a higher number of firearm laws in a state are associated with a lower rate of firearm fatalities in that state."
Other studies comparing gun control laws in different U.S. states include a 2015 study which found that in the United States, "stricter state firearm legislation is associated with lower discharge rates" for nonfatal gun injuries.
Another study, published the same year, found that states with permit to purchase, registration, and/or license laws for handguns had lower overall suicide rates, as well as lower firearm suicide rates.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/2000-_Outcomes_of_active_shooter_attacks_%28stacked_bar_chart%29.svg/280px-2000-_Outcomes_of_active_shooter_attacks_%28stacked_bar_chart%29.svg.png)
Another 2016 study found that stricter state gun laws in the United States reduced suicide rates.[57] Another 2016 study found that U.S. states with lenient gun control laws had more gun-related child injury hospital admissions than did states with stricter gun control laws.[58] A 2017 study found that suicide rates declined more in states with universal background check and mandatory waiting period laws than in states without these laws.[59] Another 2017 study found that states without universal background check and/or waiting period laws had steeper increases in their suicide rates than did states with these laws.[60] A third 2017 study found that "waiting period laws that delay the purchase of firearms by a few days reduce gun homicides by roughly 17%."[61] A 2017 study in the Economic Journal found that mandatory handgun purchase delays reduced "firearm-related suicides by between 2 and 5 percent with no statistically significant increase in non-firearm suicides," and were "not associated with statistically significant changes in homicide rates."[62] Another 2017 study showed that laws banning gun possession by people subject to intimate partner violence restraining orders, and requiring such people to give up any guns they have, were associated with lower intimate partner homicide rates.[63] A 2021 study found that firearm purchase delay laws reduced homicide – the authors suggested that it was driven by reductions in gun purchases by impulsive customers.[64]
Reviews
In 2015, Daniel Webster and Garen Wintemute reviewed studies examining the effectiveness of gun laws aimed at keeping guns out of the hands of high-risk individuals in the United States. They found that some laws prohibiting gun possession by people under domestic violence restraining orders or who had been convicted of violent misdemeanors were associated with lower violence rates, as were laws establishing more procedures to see if people were prohibited from owning a gun under these laws. They also found that multiple other gun regulations intended to prevent prohibited individuals from obtaining guns, such as "rigorous permit-to-purchase" laws and "comprehensive background checks", were "negatively associated with the diversion of guns to criminals."[65]
A 2016 systematic review found that restrictive gun licensing laws were associated with lower gun injury rates, while concealed carry laws were not significantly associated with rates of such injuries.[66] Another systematic review found that stricter gun laws were associated with lower gun homicide rates; this association was especially strong for background check and permit-to-purchase laws.[67]
A 2020 review of almost 13,000 studies by RAND Corporation found only 123 that met their criteria of methodological rigor, "a surprisingly limited base of rigorous scientific evidence...". Only 2 of the 18 gun policies examined had supporting evidence. Among the policies for which RAND found supporting evidence were that child-access prevention laws reduce firearm injuries and deaths among children and that "stand-your-ground" laws increase firearm homicides. RAND also noted that the limited evidence currently available "does not mean that these policies are ineffective ... Instead, it partly reflects shortcomings in the contributions that science has made to policy debates."[68]
Studies of individual laws
Other studies have examined trends in firearm-related deaths before and after gun control laws are either enacted or repealed. A 2004 study in the
Other studies and debate
In 1993, Kleck and Patterson analyzed the impact of 18 major types of gun control laws on every major type of gun-involved crime or violence (including suicide) in 170 U.S. cities, and found that gun laws generally had no significant effect on violent crime rates or suicide rates.[77][needs update] Similarly, a 1997 study found that gun control laws had only a small influence on the rate of gun deaths in U.S. states compared to socioeconomic variables like poverty and unemployment.[78][needs update]
Philosophy professor Michael Huemer argues that gun control may be morally wrong, even if its outcomes would be positive, because individuals have a prima facie right to own a gun for self-defense and recreation.[79]
A 2007 article published by the Journal of Injury Prevention states that approximately 60% of firearms used to commit violent crime can be traced to 1% of licensed dealers.[80] This finding indicates that, although gun laws effectively regulate approximately 99% of purchases made from licensed dealers, a majority of gun-related violent crimes are perpetrated using guns that were purchased in violation of regulations. The Journal of Injury Prevention article advocates for increased monitoring of gun vendors in tandem with the optimization of gun sale regulation, as a means to decrease violent crime perpetrated with a firearm.[81]
In 2009, the Public Health Law Research program,[82] an independent organization, published several evidence briefs summarizing the research assessing the effect of a specific law or policy on public health, that concern the effectiveness of various laws related to gun safety. Among their findings:
- There is not enough evidence to establish the effectiveness of "shall issue" laws, as distinct from "may issue" laws, as a public health intervention to reduce violent crime.[83]
- There is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of waiting period laws as public health interventions aimed at preventing gun-related violence and suicide.[84]
- Although child access prevention laws may represent a promising intervention for reducing gun-related morbidity and mortality among children, there is currently insufficient evidence to validate their effectiveness as a public health intervention aimed at reducing gun-related harms.[85]
- There is insufficient evidence to establish the effectiveness of such bans as public health interventions aimed at reducing gun-related harms.[86]
- There is insufficient evidence to validate the effectiveness of firearm licensing and registration requirements as legal interventions aimed to reduce firearm related harms.[87]
Canada
Rifles and shotguns are relatively easy to obtain, while handguns and some semi-automatic rifles are restricted.[90]
With respect to the Criminal Law Amendment Act, a gun control law passed in Canada in 1977, some studies have found that it was ineffective at reducing homicide or robbery rates.[91][92] One study even found that the law may have actually increased robberies involving firearms.[92] A 1993 study found that after this law was passed, gun suicides decreased significantly, as did the proportion of suicides committed in the country with guns.[93] A 2003 study found that this law "may have had an impact on suicide rates, even after controls for social variables,"[94] while a 2001 study by the same research team concluded that the law "may have had an impact on homicide rates, at least for older victims."[95] A 1994 study found that after this law came into force in 1978, suicide rates decreased over time in Ontario, and that there was no evidence of method substitution. The same study found that "These decreases may be only partly due to the legislation."[96]
In 1991, Canada implemented the gun control law Bill C-17. According to a 2004 study, after this law was passed, firearm-related suicides and homicides, as well as the percentage of suicides involving firearms, declined significantly in that country.[97] A 2010 study found that after this law was passed, firearm suicides declined in Quebec among men, but acknowledged that this may not represent a causal relationship.[98] In 1992, Canada promulgated the Canadian Firearms Act, which aimed at ensuring that guns were stored safely. A 2004 study found that although firearm suicide rates declined in the Quebec region Abitibi-Témiscamingue after the law was passed, overall suicide rates did not.[99] A study in 2005 also found that overall suicide rates did not change after passage of Bill C-17.[100] A 2008 study reached similar conclusions with regard to the entire Quebec province; this study also found that C-17 did not seem to increase the rate at which the firearm suicide rate was declining.[101] Other researchers have criticized this 2008 study for looking at too short a time period and not taking account of the fact that the regulations in C-17 were implemented gradually.[98]
A 1990 study compared suicide rates in the
A 2011 study looked at gun control passed in Canada between 1974 and 2004 and found that gun laws were responsible for 5 to 10 percent drops in homicides. The study found that the homicide reduction effects of Canadian gun legislation remained even after accounting for sociodemographic and economic factors associated with homicide rates.[104]
A 2012 study looked at gun control laws passed in Canada from 1974 to 2008 and found no evidence that these laws had a beneficial effect on firearm homicide rates in that country. According to the study, "other factors found to be associated with homicide rates were median age, unemployment, immigration rates, percentage of population in low-income bracket, Gini index of income equality, population per police officer, and incarceration rate."[105]
A 2013 study of the 1995 Canadian gun control law Firearms Act, 1995 reported little evidence that this law significantly reduced rates of lethal gun violence against women.[106]
On May 1, 2020, after
A 2020 study examining laws passed from 1981 to 2016 found no significant changes in overall homicide or suicide rates following changes in legislation. In addition, it also found that firearm ownership by province was not correlated to overall suicide rates by province.[108]
On October 21, 2022, under Justin Trudeau's government, Bill C-21 came into effect, aiming to address gun violence and strengthen gun control. The legislation introduced a national freeze on the sale, purchase, or transfer of handguns by individuals within Canada. It also established new "red flag" and "yellow flag" laws, allowing courts and Chief Firearms Officers (CFOs) to issue emergency weapons prohibition orders and temporarily suspend licenses, respectively. Moreover, the bill increased maximum penalties for firearms-related offenses, including smuggling and trafficking, from 10 to 14 years imprisonment. Additionally, Bill C-21 prohibited mid-velocity 'replica' airguns that closely resemble real firearms and discharge projectiles at a velocity between 366 and 500 feet per second.[109]
Australia
In 1988 and 1996, gun control laws were enacted in the
A 2006 study by gun lobby-affiliated researchers Jeanine Baker and Samara McPhedran found that after Australia enacted the National Firearms Agreement (NFA), a gun control law, in 1996, gun-related suicides may have been affected, but no other parameter appeared to have been.[112] Another 2006 study, led by Simon Chapman, found that after this law was enacted in 1996 in Australia, the country went more than a decade without any mass shootings, and gun-related deaths (especially suicides) declined dramatically.[113] The latter of these studies also criticized the former for using a time-series analysis despite the fact that, according to Chapman et al., "calculating mortality rates and then treating them as a number in a time series ignores the natural variability inherent in the counts that make up the numerator of the rate." Chapman et al. also said that Baker and McPhedran used the Box–Jenkins model inappropriately.[113]
A 2010 study looking at the effect of the NFA on gun-related deaths found that the law "did not have any large effects on reducing firearm homicide or suicide rates,"[114] although David Hemenway has criticized this study for using a structural break test despite the fact that such tests can miss the effects of policies in the presence of lags, or when the effect occurs over several years.[115] Another study, published the same year, found that Australia's gun buyback program reduced gun-related suicide rates by almost 80%, while non-gun death rates were not significantly affected.[116] Other research has argued that although gun suicide rates fell after the NFA was enacted, the NFA may not have been responsible for this decrease and "a change in social and cultural attitudes" may have instead been at least partly responsible.[117] A 2011 study found that "Australia's prohibition of certain types of firearms" has not prevented mass shootings.[118] In 2016, Chapman co-authored another study that found that after the NFA was passed, there were no mass shootings in the country (as of May 2016[update]), and that gun-related death rates declined more quickly after the NFA than they did before it. The study also found, however, that non-gun suicide and homicide rates declined even more quickly after the NFA, leading the authors to conclude that "it is not possible to determine whether the change in firearm deaths can be attributed to the gun law reforms."[119]
Other countries
- Map describes policy regarding obtaining new firearms regardless whether firearms that were produced before ban were grandfathered.
A 2007 study found evidence that gun control laws passed in Austria in 1997 reduced the rates of firearm suicide and homicide in that country.[120] In Brazil, after disarmament laws were passed in 2003,[121] gun-related mortality declined by 8% in 2004 relative to the previous year, the first decline observed in a decade. Gun-related hospitalizations also reversed their previous trend by decreasing 4.6% from 2003 to 2004.[122] A 2006 study found that after gun control laws were passed in New Zealand in 1992, suicides committed with guns declined significantly, especially among youth. This study however found that overall suicide rates did not change significantly.[123] A case-control study conducted in New Zealand found that gun ownership was significantly associated with a greater risk of gun suicides, but not suicides overall.[124]
A 2010 study looked at the effect of a policy adopted by the
See also
International
- Game law
- Hunting license
- List of countries by gun ownership
- Overview of gun laws by nation
United States
- Assault weapons legislation in the United States
- Federal Assault Weapons Ban
- Gun Control Act of 1968
- Gun control after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
- Gun politics in the United States
- Gun show loophole
- Public opinion on gun control in the United States
- 2018 United States gun violence protests
Notes
- ^ a b As of April 2022[update], the only countries with permissive gun legislation are: Chad, Republic of Congo, Honduras, Micronesia, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Switzerland, Tanzania, the United States, Yemen, and Zambia.
- ^ This figure excludes older, pre-automatic small arms from military and law enforcement stockpiles or 'craft-produced' civilian firearms.[8]
- ^ Composed of 'insurgents and militias, including dormant and state-related groups'.[10]
- ^ However, as of 2009, active non-state armed groups, numbering about 285,000 combatants, control only about 350,000 small arms.[11]
- ^ Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, and Taiwan (Republic of China) prohibit civilian ownership of firearms in almost all instances. Eritrea and Somalia also prohibit civilian possession of firearms as part of their implementation of the UN Programme of Action on Small Arms. In the Solomon Islands, civilian firearm ownership is restricted to members of the Regional Assistance Mission.[12]
- ^ The survey, carried out by the Small Arms Survey included 28 countries (42 jurisdictions in total). The countries included in the sample were:
- Africa: Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda;
- Americas: Belize, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Dominican Republic, United States, Venezuela;
- Asia: India, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Singapore, Turkey, Yemen;
- Europe: Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Lithuania, Russian Federation, Switzerland, United Kingdom;
- Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea.[14]
- ^ The impetus behind this study was twofold: firstly, there were concerns over the incidence of firearm-related crimes, accidents and suicides; secondly, there was the apprehension that existing regulatory instruments administering the ownership, storage and training in the use of firearms held by civilians might be inadequate.[17]
- ^ The US government was opposed to a section of the draft proposal calling on countries 'to seriously consider the prohibition of unrestricted trade and private ownership of small arms and light weapons'.[19]
- ^ The full title is 'The Bamako Declaration on an African Common Position on the Illicit Proliferation, Circulation and Trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons (2000)'.[21]
References
- ^ Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (2005). Federal Firearms Regulations Reference Guide (PDF). Archived 2021-04-24 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved: January 3, 2016.
- ^ "Firearms-Control Legislation and Policy". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2022-05-30. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
- ^ Alpers, Philip; Wilson, Marcus (9 June 2020). "Guns in the United Nations: Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy". Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2016-08-27 – via GunPolicy.org.
- ^ "International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapon" (PDF). unodc.org. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 25 February 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
- ^ "Definitions of Small Arms and Light Weapons". Small Arms Survey. 15 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2011-06-19. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
- ^ LaFrance, Adrienne (11 January 2016). "How 'Gun Control' Became a Taboo Phrase". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2017-01-17. Retrieved 2016-03-29.
- ^ Ball, Molly (January 2013). Don't Call It 'Gun Control' Archived 2021-04-17 at the Wayback Machine The Atlantic. Retrieved: September 24, 2016.
- ^ a b c d Karp 2007, p. 39.
- ^ a b c d Karp 2010, p. 102
- ^ a b Karp 2010, p. 101
- ^ Karp 2010, p. 121
- ^ Parker 2011, p. 62 n. 1
- ^ Parker 2011, p. 1
- ^ Parker 2011, p. 2
- ^ Parker 2011, p. 62 n. 4
- ^ a b c Parker 2011, p. 36
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Parker 2011, p. 3
- ^ Parker 2011, pp. 3–4
- ^ Alley 2004, p. 54
- ^ Alley 2004, pp. 53–54
- ^ a b Juma 2006, p. 39
- ^ Parker 2011, p. 4
- ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (December 2012). "The Case for More Guns (and More Gun Control)". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
- ^ National Research Council 2005, pp. 3, 6.
- ^ a b Branas et al. 2009.
- ^ Stein, Sam (6 October 2015). "The Congressman Who Restricted Gun Violence Research Has Regrets". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 2015-10-10. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ^ Betz, Ranney & Wintemute 2016.
- ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2013.
- ^ Jamieson, Christine (February 2013). "Gun violence research: History of the federal funding freeze". Psychological Science Agenda. Archived from the original on 2017-05-05. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
- ^ Barzilay, Julie (16 June 2016). "Why the CDC Hasn't Launched a Comprehensive Gun Study in 15 Years". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2020-06-27. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
- ^ Lambert & Silva 1998.
- ^ Zeoli, Malinski & Turchan 2016.
- ^ Santaella-Tenorio et al. 2016.
- ^ Beauchamp, Zack (29 February 2016). "A huge international study of gun control finds strong evidence that it actually works". Vox. Retrieved 2022-10-10.
- ^ "2011 Global Study on Homicide" (PDF). unodc.org. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2011. p. 43. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-09. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
- ^ ● Gun sale data from Brownlee, Chip (31 December 2023). "Gun Violence by the Numbers in 2023". The Trace. Archived from the original on 2024-01-28.
● NICS firearm check data downloaded via link at "NICS Firearm Background Checks: Month/Year" (PDF). FBI.gov. Federal Bureau of Investigation. January 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-01-29. - S2CID 250218456.
- ^ Fox, Kara; Shveda, Krystina; Croker, Natalie; Chacon, Marco (26 November 2021). "How US gun culture stacks up with the world". CNN. Archived from the original on 2021-11-26.
CNN's attribution: Developed countries are defined based on the UN classification, which includes 36 countries. Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (Global Burden of Disease 2019), Small Arms Survey (Civilian Firearm Holdings 2017)
- ^ a b Mascia, Jennifer; Brownlee, Chip (9 April 2024). "The Armed Era". The Trace. Archived from the original on 2024-04-14.
- ^ Medoff & Magaddino 1983.
- ^ Conner & Zhong 2003.
- ^ Price, Thompson & Dake 2004.
- ^ Rosengart et al. 2005.
- ^ Rodríguez Andrés & Hempstead 2011.
- ^ Fleegler et al. 2013.
- ^ Kalesan et al. 2016.
- ^ Hemenway 2016.
- ^ Simonetti et al. 2015.
- ^ Safavi et al. 2014.
- ^ Anestis & Anestis 2015.
- ^ Anestis et al. 2015.
- ^ Irvin et al. 2014.
- ^ Lanza 2014.
- ^ Anestis & Capron 2016.
- ^ Pierce, Braga & Wintemute 2015.
- ^ Buchanan, Larry; Leatherby, Lauren (22 June 2022). "Who Stops a 'Bad Guy With a Gun'?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2022-06-22.
Data source: Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training Center
- ^ Kposowa, Hamilton & Wang 2016.
- ^ Tashiro et al. 2016.
- ^ Anestis, Anestis & Butterworth 2017.
- ^ Anestis, Selby & Butterworth 2017.
- ^ Luca, Malhotra & Poliquin 2017.
- ^ Edwards et al. 2018.
- ^ Diez et al. 2017.
- S2CID 243676146.
- ^ Webster & Wintemute 2015.
- ^ Crandall et al. 2016.
- ^ Lee et al. 2016.
- ^ "What Science Tells Us About the Effects of Gun Policies". www.rand.org. Retrieved 2022-10-10.
- ^ Webster et al. 2004.
- ^ a b Crifasi et al. 2015.
- ^ Rudolph et al. 2015.
- ^ Webster, Crifasi & Vernick 2014.
- ^ Ludwig & Cook 2000.
- ^ Abrams, Jonathan (10 January 2010). "Washington's Gun Past Affects Arenas's Future". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
- ^ Loftin et al. 1991.
- ^ Britt, Kleck & Bordua 1996.
- ^ Kleck & Patterson 1993.
- ^ Kwon et al. 1997.
- ^ Huemer 2003.
- PMID 17446245.
- PMID 17446245.
- ^ "Home – Public Health Law Research". Publichealthlawresearch.org. Archived from the original on 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
- ^ ""Shall Issue" Concealed Weapons Laws, Public Health Law Research 2009". Publichealthlawresearch.org. Retrieved 2017-10-04. [permanent dead link]
- ^ "Waiting Period Laws for Gun Permits – Public Health Law Research". publichealthlawresearch.org. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
- ^ "Child Access Prevention (CAP) Laws for Guns – Public Health Law Research". publichealthlawresearch.org. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
- ^ "Bans on Specific Guns and Ammunition – Public Health Law Research". publichealthlawresearch.org. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
- ^ "Gun Registration and Licensing Requirements – Public Health Law Research". publichealthlawresearch.org. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
- ^ "Facts About the Effects of Gun Policies Are Elusive but Important", Rand.org, archived from the original on 2019-08-08, retrieved 2019-08-11
- ^ Woodward, Aylin (6 August 2019). "Gun control really works. Science has shown time and again that it can prevent mass shootings and save lives". Business Insider. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
- ^ "Classes of firearms". 18 April 2012. Archived from the original on 2018-03-15. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
- ^ Mauser & Holmes 1992.
- ^ a b Mauser & Maki 2003.
- ^ Lester & Leenaars 1993.
- ^ Leenaars et al. 2003.
- ^ Leenaars & Lester 2001.
- ^ Carrington & Moyer 1994.
- ^ Bridges 2004.
- ^ a b Gagne et al. 2010.
- ^ Caron 2004.
- ^ Cheung & Dewa 2005.
- ^ Caron, Julien & Huang 2008.
- ^ Sloan et al. 1990.
- ^ Dandurand 1998.
- ^ Blais, Gagné & Linteau 2011.
- ^ Langmann 2012.
- ^ McPhedran & Mauser 2013.
- ^ Tasker, John Paul (1 May 2020). "Trudeau announces ban on 1,500 types of 'assault-style' firearms – effective immediately". CBC. Archived from the original on 2020-05-01. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
- PMID 32555647.
- ^ Canada, Public Safety (30 May 2022). "A comprehensive strategy to address gun violence and strengthen gun laws in Canada". www.publicsafety.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
- ^ Ozanne-Smith et al. 2004.
- ^ Cantor & Slater 1995.
- ^ Baker & McPhedran 2006.
- ^ a b Chapman et al. 2006.
- ^ Lee & Suardi 2010.
- ^ Hemenway 2009.
- ^ Leigh & Neill 2010.
- ^ Klieve, Barnes & De Leo 2009.
- SSRN 2122854.
- ^ Chapman, Alpers & Jones 2016.
- ^ Kapusta et al. 2007.
- ^ "Lei Nº 10.426, de 24 de Abril de 2002" [Law No. 10.426 of April 24, 2002]. www.planalto.gov.br (in Portuguese). Presidência da República Casa Civil. Archived from the original on 2015-12-29. Retrieved 2016-01-31.
- ^ de Souza et al. 2007.
- ^ Beautrais, Fergusson & Horwood 2006.
- ^ Beautrais, Joyce & Mulder 1996.
- ^ Lubin et al. 2010.
- ^ Reisch et al. 2013.
- ^ Gjertsen, Leenaars & Vollrath 2013.
- ^ Matzopoulos, Thompson & Myers 2014.
- ^ Villaveces et al. 2000.
Bibliography
- Alley, Roderic (2004). Internal Conflict and the International Community: Wars Without End?. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 9780754609766. Archivedfrom the original on 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
- Anestis, MD; Anestis, JC (October 2015). "Suicide Rates and State Laws Regulating Access and Exposure to Handguns". American Journal of Public Health. 105 (10): 2049–58. PMID 26270305.
- Anestis, MD; Khazem, LR; Law, KC; et al. (October 2015). "The Association Between State Laws Regulating Handgun Ownership and Statewide Suicide Rates". American Journal of Public Health. 105 (10): 2059–67. PMID 25880944.
- Anestis, MD; Capron, DW (March 2016). "The associations between state veteran population rates, handgun legislation, and statewide suicide rates". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 74: 30–34. PMID 26736038.
- Anestis, MD; Anestis, JC; Butterworth, SE (April 2017). "Handgun Legislation and Changes in Statewide Overall Suicide Rates". American Journal of Public Health. 107 (4): 579–581. PMID 28207333.
- Anestis, MD; Selby, EA; Butterworth, SE (July 2017). "Rising longitudinal trajectories in suicide rates: The role of firearm suicide rates and firearm legislation". Preventive Medicine. 100: 159–66. PMID 28455222.
- Anonymous (1909). "Carrying Concealed Weapons". Virginia Law Register. 15 (5): 337–416. JSTOR 1102220.
- Baker, J.; McPhedran, S. (2006). "Gun Laws and Sudden Death: Did the Australian Firearms Legislation of 1996 Make a Difference?" (PDF). British Journal of Criminology. 47 (3): 455–69. (PDF) from the original on 2015-07-14. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
- Beautrais, A. L.; Joyce, P. R.; Mulder, R. T. (1996). "Access to firearms and the risk of suicide: A case control study". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 30 (6): 741–48. S2CID 9805679.
- Beautrais, A. L.; Fergusson, D. M.; Horwood, L. J. (January 2006). "Firearms legislation and reductions in firearm-related suicide deaths in New Zealand". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 40 (3): 253–59. S2CID 208623661.
- Betz, Marian; Ranney, Megan; Wintemute, Garen (21 January 2016). "Frozen Funding on Firearm Research: "Doing Nothing Is No Longer an Acceptable Solution"". Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 17 (1): 91–93. PMID 26823941.
- Blais, Étienne; Gagné, Marie-Pier; Linteau, Isabelle (2011). "L'Effet des lois en matière de contrôle des armes à feu sur les homicides au Canada, 1974–2004". Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice. 53: 27–61. S2CID 143960174.
- Branas, C. C.; Richmond, T. S.; Culhane, D. P.; et al. (2009). "Investigating the Link Between Gun Possession and Gun Assault". American Journal of Public Health. 99 (11): 2034–40. PMID 19762675.
- Bridges, F. Stephen (June 2004). "Gun Control Law (Bill C-17), Suicide, and Homicide in Canada". Psychological Reports. 94 (3): 819–26. S2CID 25666987.
- Britt, Chester L.; Kleck, Gary; Bordua, David J. (1996). "A Reassessment of the D.C. Gun Law: Some Cautionary Notes on the Use of Interrupted Time Series Designs for Policy Impact Assessment". Law & Society Review. 30 (2): 361–80. JSTOR 3053963.
- Bukstein, O. G.; Brent, O. A.; Perper, J. A.; et al. (1993). "Risk factors for completed suicide among adolescents with a lifetime history of substance abuse: A case-control study". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 88 (6): 403–08. S2CID 44711985.
- Bryant, M. S. (2012a). "Germany, Gun Laws". In Carter, G. L. (ed.). Guns in American society: an encyclopedia of history, politics, culture, and the law. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 314–16. ISBN 9780313386701. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
- Bryant, M. S. (2012b). "Holocaust Imagery and Gun Control". In Carter, G. L. (ed.). Guns in American society: an encyclopedia of history, politics, culture, and the law. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 411–14. ISBN 9780313386701. Archivedfrom the original on 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
- Caron, Jean (October 2004). "Gun Control and Suicide: Possible Impact of Canadian Legislation to Ensure Safe Storage of Firearms". Archives of Suicide Research. 8 (4): 361–74. S2CID 35131214.
- Caron, J; Julien, M; Huang, JH (April 2008). "Changes in suicide methods in Quebec between 1987 and 2000: the possible impact of bill C-17 requiring safe storage of firearms". Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 38 (2): 195–208. PMID 18444777.
- Carrington, PJ; Moyer, S (April 1994). "Gun control and suicide in Ontario". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 151 (4): 606–08. PMID 8147463.
- Cantor, CH; Slater, PJ (5 June 1995). "The impact of firearm control legislation on suicide in Queensland: preliminary findings". The Medical Journal of Australia. 162 (11): 583–85. S2CID 43656446.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (3 October 2003). "First Reports Evaluating the Effectiveness of Strategies for Preventing Violence: Early Childhood Home Visitation and Firearms Laws. Findings from the Task Force on Community Preventive Services" (PDF). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). 52 (RR-14): 11–20. (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-08. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2 August 2013). "Firearm Homicides and Suicides in Major Metropolitan Areas – United States, 2006–2007 and 2009–2010". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). 62 (30): 597–602. from the original on 2017-04-22. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
- Chapman, S.; Alpers, P.; Agho, K.; Jones, M. (2006). "Australia's 1996 gun law reforms: Faster falls in firearm deaths, firearm suicides, and a decade without mass shootings". Injury Prevention. 12 (6): 365–72. PMID 17170183.
- Chapman, Simon; Alpers, Philip; Jones, Michael (22 June 2016). "Association Between Gun Law Reforms and Intentional Firearm Deaths in Australia, 1979–2013". JAMA. 316 (3): 291–99. PMID 27332876.
- Cheung, A. H.; Dewa, C. S. (2005). "Current trends in youth suicide and firearms regulations". Canadian Journal of Public Health. 96 (2): 131–35. PMID 15850034.
- Conner, Kenneth R; Zhong, Yueying (November 2003). "State firearm laws and rates of suicide in men and women". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 25 (4): 320–24. PMID 14580634.
- Conwell, Y.; Duberstein, P. R.; Connor, K.; et al. (2002). "Access to Firearms and Risk for Suicide in Middle-Aged and Older Adults". The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 10 (4): 407–16. PMID 12095900.
- Crandall, M; Eastman, A; Violano, P; et al. (November 2016). "Prevention of firearm-related injuries with restrictive licensing and concealed carry laws: An Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma systematic review". The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 81 (5): 952–60. S2CID 22673439.
- Crifasi, CK; Meyers, JS; Vernick, JS; Webster, DW (October 2015). "Effects of changes in permit-to-purchase handgun laws in Connecticut and Missouri on suicide rates". Preventive Medicine. 79: 43–49. PMID 26212633.
- Dandurand, Yvon (September 1998). "4. Firearm Suicides". Firearms, Accidental Deaths, Suicides and Violent Crime (PDF) (working document). Department of Justice, Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-15. Retrieved 2021-06-15.
- Díez, C; Kurland, RP; Rothman, EF; et al. (17 October 2017). "State Intimate Partner Violence-Related Firearm Laws and Intimate Partner Homicide Rates in the United States, 1991 to 2015". Annals of Internal Medicine. 167 (8): 536–43. PMID 28975202.
- de Fatima Marinho de Souza, M.; Macinko, J.; Alencar, A. P.; et al. (March–April 2007). "Reductions In Firearm-Related Mortality And Hospitalizations In Brazil After Gun Control". Health Affairs. 26 (2): 575–84. PMID 17339689.
- Dyer, Gwynne (2010). War: The New Edition. Random House. ISBN 9780307369017. Archivedfrom the original on 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
- Edwards, Griffin; Nesson, Erik; Robinson, Josh; Vars, Fredrick (2018). "Looking Down the Barrel of a Loaded Gun: The Effect of Mandatory Handgun Purchase Delays on Homicide and Suicide". The Economic Journal. 128 (616): 3117–40. S2CID 155851188.
- Fleegler, EW; Lee, LK; Monuteaux, MC; et al. (13 May 2013). "Firearm legislation and firearm-related fatalities in the United States". JAMA Internal Medicine. 173 (9): 732–40. PMID 23467753.
- Gagne, M.; Robitaille, Y.; Hamel, D.; St-Laurent, D. (29 June 2010). "Firearms regulation and declining rates of male suicide in Quebec". Injury Prevention. 16 (4): 247–53. PMID 20587817.
- Gjertsen, Finn; Leenaars, Antoon; Vollrath, Margarete (30 December 2013). "Mixed Impact of Firearms Restrictions on Fatal Firearm Injuries in Males: A National Observational Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11 (1): 487–506. PMID 24380979.
- Hahn, RA; Bilukha, O; Crosby, A; et al. (February 2005). "Firearms laws and the reduction of violence: a systematic review". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 28 (2 Suppl 1): 40–71. PMID 15698747.
- Hemenway, D. (2009). "How to find nothing". Journal of Public Health Policy. 30 (3): 260–68. PMID 19806067.
- Hemenway, David (March 2016). "Firearm legislation and mortality in the USA". The Lancet. 387 (10030): 1796–97. S2CID 37771810.
- Hemenway, D.; Miller, M. (2000). "Firearm availability and homicide rates across 26 high-income countries". The Journal of Trauma. 49 (6): 985–88. PMID 11130511.
- Hepburn, L. M.; Hemenway, D. (2004). "Firearm availability and homicide: A review of the literature". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 9 (4): 417–40. .
- Huemer, Michael (2003). "Is There a Right to Own a Gun?". Social Theory and Practice. 29 (2): 297–324. doi:10.5840/soctheorpract200329215. Archived from the originalon 2017-12-13.
- Irvin, N; Rhodes, K; Cheney, R; Wiebe, D (August 2014). "Evaluating the effect of state regulation of federally licensed firearm dealers on firearm homicide". American Journal of Public Health. 104 (8): 1384–86. PMID 24922158.
- Juma, Monica Kathina, ed. (2006). Compendium of Key Documents Relating to Peace and Security in Africa. Series on peace and conflict in Africa. Pretoria: Pretoria University Law Press. ISBN 9780958509732. Archivedfrom the original on 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
- Kalesan, Bindu; Mobily, Matthew E; Keiser, Olivia; et al. (March 2016). "Firearm legislation and firearm mortality in the USA: a cross-sectional, state-level study" (PDF). The Lancet. 387 (10030): 1847–55. (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-13. Retrieved 2019-12-14.
- Kapusta, ND; Etzersdorfer, E; Krall, C; Sonneck, G (September 2007). "Firearm legislation reform in the European Union: impact on firearm availability, firearm suicide and homicide rates in Austria". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 191 (3): 253–57. PMID 17766767.
- Karp, Aaron (2010). "Elusive Arsenals: Gang and Group Firearms". In Berman, Eric G.; et al. (eds.). Small Arms Survey 2010: Gangs, Groups, and Guns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521146845. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2010-11-04.
- Karp, Aaron (2007). "Completing the Count: Civilian Firearms" (PDF). In Berman, Eric G.; et al. (eds.). Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521706544. Archivedfrom the original on 2018-08-27. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
- Kates, D. B. (1983). "Handgun Prohibition and the Original Meaning of the Second Amendment" (PDF). Michigan Law Review. 82 (2): 204–73. (PDF) from the original on 2014-12-22. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
- Kates, D. B.; Mauser, G. A. (2007). "Would Banning Firearms Reduce Murder and Suicide? A Review of International and Some Domestic Evidence" (PDF). Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy. 30 (2): 649–94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-10.
- Kellermann, A. L.; Rivara, F. P.; Somes, G.; et al. (1992). "Suicide in the Home in Relation to Gun Ownership". New England Journal of Medicine. 327 (7): 467–72. S2CID 35031090.
- Kellermann, Arthur L.; Rivara, Frederick P.; Rushforth, Norman B.; et al. (7 October 1993). "Gun Ownership as a Risk Factor for Homicide in the Home". New England Journal of Medicine. 329 (15): 1084–91. PMID 8371731.
- Killias, Martin (1993). "Gun ownership, suicide and homicide: an international perspective" (PDF). In Del Frate, A. A.; et al. (eds.). Understanding crime: experiences of crime and crime control (Report). Rome: UNICRI. pp. 289–306. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-12-24.
- Killias, M.; van Kesteren, J.; Rindlisbacher, M. (2001). "Guns, violent crime, and suicide in 21 countries". Canadian Journal of Criminology. 43 (4): 429–48. .
- Kleck, G.; Patterson, E. B. (1993). "The impact of gun control and gun ownership levels on violence rates". Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 9 (3): 249–87. S2CID 144180611.
- Klieve, Helen; Barnes, Michael; De Leo, Diego (2009) [Epub: 4 October 2008]. "Controlling firearms use in Australia: has the 1996 gun law reform produced the decrease in rates of suicide with this method?". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 44 (4): 285–92. S2CID 22624912.
- Kposowa, A; Hamilton, D; Wang, K (21 March 2016). "Impact of Firearm Availability and Gun Regulation on State Suicide Rates". Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 46 (6): 678–96. PMID 26999372.
- Krug, E.; Powell, K. E.; Dahlberg, L. L. (1998). "Firearm-related deaths in the United States and 35 other high- and upper-middle-income countries". International Journal of Epidemiology. 27 (2): 214–21. PMID 9602401.
- Kwon, Ik-Whan G.; Scott, Bradley; Safranski, Scott R.; Bae, Muen (24 August 2010). "The Effectiveness of Gun Control Laws". American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 56 (1): 41–50. .
- ISBN 9780895264770.
- Lambert, Michael T.; Silva, Peter S. (1998). "An Update on the Impact of Gun Control Legislation on Suicide". Psychiatric Quarterly. 69 (2): 127–34. S2CID 37048769.
- Langmann, C. (10 February 2012). "Canadian Firearms Legislation and Effects on Homicide 1974 to 2008". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 27 (12): 2303–21. S2CID 42273865.
- Lanza, Steven P. (3 April 2014). "The effect of firearm restrictions on gun-related homicides across US states". Applied Economics Letters. 21 (13): 902–05. S2CID 154724050.
- Lee, Wang-Sheng; Suardi, Sandy (January 2010). "The Australian Firearms Buyback and ITS Effect on Gun Deaths". Contemporary Economic Policy. 28 (1): 65–79. S2CID 53520961.
- Lee, LK; Fleegler, EW; Farrell, C; et al. (14 November 2016). "Firearm Laws and Firearm Homicides: A Systematic Review". JAMA Internal Medicine. 177 (1): 106–19. S2CID 205119294.
- Leenaars, Antoon A; Lester, David (July 2001). "The impact of gun control (Bill C-51) on homicide in Canada". Journal of Criminal Justice. 29 (4): 287–94. .
- Leenaars, Antoon A.; Moksony, Ferenc; Lester, David; Wenckstern, Susanne (February 2003). "The Impact of Gun Control (Bill C-51) on Suicide in Canada". Death Studies. 27 (2): 103–24. S2CID 10059933.
- Leigh, A.; Neill, C. (20 August 2010). "Do Gun Buybacks Save Lives? Evidence from Panel Data". American Law and Economics Review. 12 (2): 509–57. S2CID 787141.
- Lester, David; Leenaars, Antoon (June 1993). "Suicide Rates in Canada before and after Tightening Firearm Control Laws". Psychological Reports. 72 (3): 787–90. S2CID 25191464.
- Loftin, Colin; McDowall, David; Wiersema, Brian; Cottey, Talbert J. (5 December 1991). "Effects of Restrictive Licensing of Handguns on Homicide and Suicide in the District of Columbia". New England Journal of Medicine. 325 (23): 1615–20. PMID 1669841.
- ISBN 9780226493671. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
- Lott, J. R. (2012). "What a Balancing Test Will Show for Right-to-Carry Laws". University of Maryland Law Review. 71 (4): 1205–18. Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
- Lubin, Gad; Werbeloff, Nomi; Halperin, Demian; et al. (October 2010). "Decrease in Suicide Rates After a Change of Policy Reducing Access to Firearms in Adolescents: A Naturalistic Epidemiological Study". Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 40 (5): 421–24. PMID 21034205.
- Luca, Michael; Malhotra, Deepak; Poliquin, Christopher (16 October 2017). "Handgun waiting periods reduce gun deaths". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (46): 12162–65. PMID 29078268.
- Ludwig, Jens; Cook, Phillip J. (2 August 2000). "Homicide and Suicide Rates Associated With Implementation of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act". JAMA. 284 (5): 585–91. PMID 10918704.
- Malcolm, Joyce (1994). To Keep and Bear Arms: The Origins of an Anglo-American Right. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674893061.
- Malcolm, Joyce (2002). Guns and violence : The English experience. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674007536.
- Matzopoulos, Richard G.; Thompson, Mary Lou; Myers, Jonathan E. (March 2014). "Firearm and Nonfirearm Homicide in 5 South African Cities: A Retrospective Population-Based Study". American Journal of Public Health. 104 (3): 455–60. PMID 24432917.
- Mauser, G. A.; Holmes, R. A. (1 December 1992). "An Evaluation of the 1977 Canadian Firearms Legislation". Evaluation Review. 16 (6): 603–17. S2CID 144576514.
- Mauser, Gary A.; Maki, Dennis (April 2003). "An evaluation of the 1977 Canadian firearm legislation: robbery involving a firearm". Applied Economics. 35 (4): 423–36. S2CID 154344131.
- McPhedran, S; Mauser, G (2013). "Lethal firearm-related violence against Canadian women: did tightening gun laws have an impact on women's health and safety?". Violence and Victims. 28 (5): 875–83. S2CID 21714121.
- Medoff, M. H.; Magaddino, J. P. (1 January 1983). "Suicides and Firearm Control Laws". Evaluation Review. 7 (3): 357–72. S2CID 145607862.
- Miller, M. (1978). "Geriatric Suicide: The Arizona Study". The Gerontologist. 18 (5 Part 1): 488–95. PMID 263566.
- Miller, M.; Azrael, D.; Hemenway, D. (2002). "Rates of Household Firearm Ownership and Homicide Across US Regions and States, 1988–1997". American Journal of Public Health. 92 (12): 1988–93. PMID 12453821.
- Miller, M.; Hemenway, D.; Azrael, D. (2007). "State-level homicide victimization rates in the US in relation to survey measures of household firearm ownership, 2001–2003". Social Science & Medicine. 64 (3): 656–64. PMID 17070975.
- Miller, M.; Hemenway, D. (2008). "Guns and Suicide in the United States". New England Journal of Medicine. 359 (10): 989–91. PMID 18768940.
- National Research Council (2005). Wellford, C. F.; Pepper, J. V.; Petrie, C. V. (eds.). Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review. Committee to Improve Research Information and Data on Firearms. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. ISBN 9780309091244. Archivedfrom the original on 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
- Ozanne-Smith, J.; Ashby, K.; Newstead, S.; et al. (2004). "Firearm related deaths: The impact of regulatory reform". Injury Prevention. 10 (5): 280–86. PMID 15470007.
- Parker, Sarah (2011). "Balancing Acts: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession". In Berman, Eric G.; et al. (eds.). Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521146869. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-07-11.
- Perrin, Noel (1980). Giving Up the Gun: Japan's Reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879. Shambhala. ISBN 9780877731849. Archivedfrom the original on 2020-02-13. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
- Pierce, GL; Braga, AA; Wintemute, GJ (June 2015). "Impact of California firearms sales laws and dealer regulations on the illegal diversion of guns". Injury Prevention. 21 (3): 179–84. S2CID 41375606.
- Price, James H.; Thompson, Amy J.; Dake, Joseph A. (August 2004). "Factors Associated with State Variations in Homicide, Suicide, and Unintentional Firearm Deaths". Journal of Community Health. 29 (4): 271–83. S2CID 12678341.
- Reisch, T; Steffen, T; Habenstein, A; PMID 23897090.
- Reuter, Peter; Mouzos, Jenny (2003). "Australia: A Massive Buyback of Low-Risk Guns". In Ludwig, J.; Cook, P. J. (eds.). Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence (PDF). Brookings Institution Press. pp. 121–56. ISBN 9780815753377. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
- Rodríguez Andrés, Antonio; Hempstead, Katherine (June 2011). "Gun control and suicide: The impact of state firearm regulations in the United States, 1995–2004". Health Policy. 101 (1): 95–103. PMID 21044804.
- Rosengart, M; Cummings, P; Nathens, A; et al. (April 2005). "An evaluation of state firearm regulations and homicide and suicide death rates". Injury Prevention. 11 (2): 77–83. PMID 15805435.
- Rudolph, KE; Stuart, EA; Vernick, JS; Webster, DW (August 2015). "Association Between Connecticut's Permit-to-Purchase Handgun Law and Homicides". American Journal of Public Health. 105 (8): e49–54. PMID 26066959.
- Safavi, A; Rhee, P; Pandit, V; et al. (January 2014). "Children are safer in states with strict firearm laws: a National Inpatient Sample study". The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 76 (1): 146–50, discussion 150–51. S2CID 11563737.
- Santaella-Tenorio, Julian; Cerdá, Magdalena; Villaveces, Andrés; Galea, Sandro (10 February 2016). "What Do We Know About the Association Between Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Injuries?". Epidemiologic Reviews. 38 (1): 140–57. PMID 26905895.
- Simonetti, Joseph A.; Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali; Mills, Brianna; et al. (August 2015). "State Firearm Legislation and Nonfatal Firearm Injuries". American Journal of Public Health. 105 (8): 1703–09. PMID 26066935.
- Sloan, JH; Rivara, FP; Reay, DT; et al. (8 February 1990). "Firearm regulations and rates of suicide. A comparison of two metropolitan areas". The New England Journal of Medicine. 322 (6): 369–73. PMID 2393410.
- Tahmassebi, S. B. (Summer 1991). "Gun Control and Racism". George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal. 2 (1): 67–100. Archived from the original on 2000-08-16.
- Tashiro, J; Lane, RS; Blass, LW; et al. (3 August 2016). "The Effect of Gun Control Laws on Hospital Admissions for Children in the United States". The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 81 (4 Suppl 1): S54–60. S2CID 25217599.
- Villaveces, Andrés; Cummings, Peter; Espitia, Victoria E.; et al. (1 March 2000). "Effect of a Ban on Carrying Firearms on Homicide Rates in 2 Colombian Cities". JAMA. 283 (9): 1205–09. PMID 10703790.
- Webster, DW; Vernick, JS; Zeoli, AM; Manganello, JA (4 August 2004). "Association between youth-focused firearm laws and youth suicides". JAMA. 292 (5): 594–601. PMID 15292085.
- Webster, Daniel; Crifasi, Cassandra Kercher; Vernick, Jon S. (7 March 2014). "Effects of the Repeal of Missouri's Handgun Purchaser Licensing Law on Homicides". Journal of Urban Health. 91 (2): 293–302. PMID 24604521.
- Webster, Daniel W.; Wintemute, Garen J. (18 March 2015). "Effects of Policies Designed to Keep Firearms from High-Risk Individuals". Annual Review of Public Health. 36 (1): 21–37. PMID 25581152.
- ISBN 9780393345834. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
- Zeoli, April M.; Malinski, Rebecca; Turchan, Brandon (5 January 2016). "Risks and Targeted Interventions: Firearms in Intimate Partner Violence". Epidemiologic Reviews. 38 (1): 125–39. PMID 26739680.
Further reading
- death penalty... because of incontrovertible evidence that innocent people have been sentenced to death." (pp. 22, 24.)
External links
- Gun control at Curlie
- GunPolicy.org Archived 2018-09-13 at the Wayback Machine