Habbari dynasty

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Habbari Emirate
هباري خاندان
854–1011
Arabic
Sindhi
Multani
Religion
Sunni Islam
GovernmentEmirate
History 
• Habbari dynasty begins
854
• Habbari dynasty ends
1011
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Caliphal province of Sind
Soomro dynasty
Ghaznavid dynasty
Today part ofSindh

The Habbari (

Arabic: اﻹﻣﺎرة اﻟﻬﺒﺎرﻳﺔ, Sindhi: هباري خاندان) were an Arab dynasty that ruled much of Greater Sindh, as a semi-independent emirate from 854 to 1024. Beginning with the rule of 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari in 854 CE, the region became semi-independent from the Abbasid Caliphate in 861, while continuing to nominally pledge allegiance to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad.[1][2] The Habbari ascension marked the end of a period of direct rule of Sindh by the Umayyad
and Abbasid Caliphates, which had begun in 711 CE.

The Habbaris were based in the city of

Ghaznavid Empire
, thereby ending Arab rule of Sindh.

History

Background

See also:
Arab Sind, Umayyad Caliphate, and Abbasid Caliphate

The region of Greater Sindh was first brought under

Muslim Empire. The region corresponded to an area greater in area than the modern Pakistani province, and included the Makran coast, central Balochistan, and southern Punjab, which in sum correspond to much of the territory of modern Pakistan.[4] The province's internal administration was largely delegated to the natives, rather than the Arab conquerors.[3]

Chinese traveller,

Brahminical Hinduism had once again gained the majority dominance.[5][6]

According to Arab accounts of the initial conquest,

Chacha empire, prior to the arrival of Islam with the Umayyad invasions, although a significant minority of the Sindhi population adhered to Buddhism as well.[7][8] Hindus made up almost two-thirds of the ethnic Sindhi population before the arrival of Islam in the region.[9] At the time of the invasions, Sindhi Hindus were a rural pastoral population, majority of whom lived in upper Sindh, a region that was entirely Hindu;[10] whereas Buddhists were a mercantile population, almost entirely concentrated in the urban areas between lower Sindh and Makran, a region that was equally divided in population between Buddhists and Hindus.[10]

Umayyad rule over Sindh was quickly supplanted by the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad in 750.[11] The new Abbasid governor of Sindh, Hisham bin 'Amr al-Taghlibi further consolidated Abbasid power in the region. In the early 9th century, Abbasid authority began to weaken. Sindh's governor, Bishr ibn Dawud, led a short-lived revolt against the Abbasid caliph, but quickly surrendered in exchange for a pardon.[3] Abbasid rule continued to weaken, however, leading to the establishment of five semi-independent Arab principalities in Greater Sindh, based in Mansura, Multan, Qusdar (modern Khuzdar), and Mashkey.[11]

The Habbari Emirate

Further information: Anarchy at Samarra
Coinage of the Habbarid ruler 'Abd Allah II, emir of Sindh. Early-mid 10th century. Sindh mint.

The Habbari were a

Nejd in the Arabian Peninsula
since Pre-Islamic times, and gained prominence during Umayyad rule. The ancestors of 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz, the founder of the Habbari emirate, came to Greater Sindh as Arab settlers almost five or six generations prior to the establishment of Habbari rule in Sindh. The Habbari family acquired an agricultural estate in the village of Baniya, where they engaged in agriculture and in commerce, later achieving prominence among Sindh's Arab settlers.

Arab tribes became rebellious in Sindh in the early 9th century during the Abbasid period. During a period of strife in 841-2 between Yemeni and Hijazi tribes, 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari's Hijazi faction assassinated the pro-Yemeni Abbasid governor of Sindh, Imran bin Musa Barmaki,[13] leaving Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari as the de facto governor of Sindh. According to al-Ya'qubi, Umar's request to be formally appointed governor was granted in 854 by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil.[14] Following the death of Al-Mutawakkil in 861, 'Umar bin Aziz al-Habbari then established himself as an independent ruler, although he continued to read the Friday prayers in the name of the Abbasid caliph,[11] thereby nominally pledging allegiance to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad.

The state established by the Habbaris came to be known as Mansura,[11] named after the city which was designated their capital in 883.[15] The Mansura state ruled by Umar bin Abdul Aziz Habbari controlled the region between the Arabian Sea and Aror,[3] and Khuzdar in central Balochistan. The region around the city of Aror continued to be ruled by its local Hindu Raja, who acted as a subordinate of the Habbari emirate.[16]

Other parts of Greater Sindh did not fall under Habbari rule after the collapse of direct Abbasid rule. The Banu Munabih established an

Kalat).[11]
After the secession of Greater Sindh from the Caliphate, there was no basic change in the character of the regime and the newly established Habbari state continued to function on the lines set by the Umayyads and the Abbasids.

Ghaznavid invasions of the subcontinent.[17][18]

'Umar bin Aziz al-Habbari ruled until around 884, when his son Abdullah bin Umar took power until around 914. He, in turn, was followed by 'Umar bin Abdullah until around 943. During the rule of the first 3 Habbari rulers, caravan routes from Persia were routed into the Habbari capital of Mansura, before continuing westward into the rest of the Indian Subcontinent.[11] The routing of trade through Mansura made it a wealthy city, as confirmed by the accounts of Istakhri, Ibn Hawqal, and Al-Maqdisi, who had all visited the city.[11]

Five more members of the Habbari family held the office of Emir of Mansura until 1025 C.E. The state was then under the rule of the

Samanids, until being conquered by the Ghaznavids
in 1026. Mahmud Ghaznavi considered the Abbasids the true Caliphs, and regarded the Habbaris as representative of ongoing Umayyad rule, despite their nominal allegiance to the Abbasid caliph, since they had originally migrated and gained prominence in Sindh under Umayyad rule.

Religious beliefs

The first Habbaris were followers of the Sunni school of thought, and pledged allegiance to the Sunni caliphs in Baghdad, although the last Habbari ruler,

Khafif, may have converted to Isma'ili Islam.[19] Under Habbari rule, Ismaili missionaries, who pledged allegiance to the Fatimid Caliphate in Cairo, became active in Sindh, which became one of 12 jaza'ir, or "islands" in the Islamic world in which Ismaili missionary activity was successful.[19] In 957, al-Qadi al-Nu'man recorded that an Ismaili da'i travelled throughout Sindh in the mid-10th century, and successfully converted large numbers of non-Muslims to Ismaili Islam.[19] By 985, Al-Maqdisi noted that the population of Multan (in northern Greater Sindh, ruled by the Banu Munnabih) was largely Shia,[19] although the population of Mansura pledged allegiance to the Sunni Imam Daud Zahiri ibn Athir.[20] Following the conquest of Multan by Mahmud Ghaznavi in 1005, who is noted to have massacred the Ismaili population, large numbers of Ismailis fled south to Mansura, where Ismailism continued even after the Ghaznavid invasion,[19] and became the religion of the Soomra dynasty
that would rule Sindh in later centuries.

Central and southern Sindh was largely Buddhist south of Aror,[4] but during the Arab rule of Sindh, Buddhism was largely extinguished, while Hinduism continued on.[12]

List of Habbari Emirs

Historical Arab states and dynasties
Ancient Arab states
Kingdom of Qedar 800 BC–300 BC
Kingdom of Lihyan 600 BC–100 BC
Nabataean Kingdom 400 BC–106 AD
Kingdom of Osroene 132 BC–244 AD
Emesene Dynasty 64 BC–300s AD
Kingdom of Hatra 100s–241 AD
Tanukhids 196–1100 AD
Ghassanids 220–638 AD
Salihids 300s–500s AD
Lakhmids 300s–602 AD
Kingdom of Kinda 450 AD–550 AD
Arab empires and caliphates
Rashidun 632–661
Umayyads 661–750
Abbasids 750–1258
Fatimids 909–1171
Eastern dynasties
Shirvanshah
 861–1538
Alavids 864–928
Hamdanids 890–1004
Rawadids 955–1071
Mazyadids 961–1150
Jarrahids 970–1107
Uqaylids 990–1096
Numayrids 990–1081
Mirdasids 1024–1080
Munqidhites 1025–1157
Ma'nids 1517–1697
Turabays 1480–1677
Harfushs 1517–1865
Shihabs 1697–1842
Western dynasties and caliphates
Senussids
1837–1969
Arabian Peninsula
Mutawakkilite Kingdom
 1926–1970
East Africa
Tippu Tip's State
 1860–1887
Current monarchies
Umm al-Quwain)
 1775–present
Al Khalifa (Bahrain) 1783–present
Al Nuaimi (Ajman) 1810–present
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Hashemites (Jordan) 1921–present
Part of a series on the
History of Pakistan
Statue of an Indus priest or king found in Mohenjodaro, 1927
Timeline
Ancient
Classical
Medieval
Early modern
  • Durrani Empire, c. 1747 – c. 1826 CE
  • Misl
    , c. 1716 – c. 1799 CE
  • Maratha Empire
    , c. 1758 – c. 1760 CE
  • Sikh Empire, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE
  • British Raj, c. 1858 – c. 1947 CE
    • Independence Movement
Modern
History of provinces

Note: the dates below are only approximate.[21]

  • Umar ibn'Abd al-Aziz al'Habbari (855-884)
  • Abdullah ibn Umar (884-913)
  • Umar ibn-Abdullah (913-943)
  • Muhammad ibn Abdullah (943-973)
  • Ali ibn Umar (973-987)
  • Isa ibn Ali
  • Manbi ibn Ali ibn Umar (987-1010)
  • Khafif
    (Soomra dynasty) (1010-1025)

See also

  • List of Monarchs of Sindh

References

  1. ISBN 978-81-261-0436-9
    pg 43-45.
  2. ISBN 978-90-04-08551-0
    pg 140-143.
  3. ^ a b c d A Gazetteer of the Province of Sindh. G. Bell and Sons. 1874.
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-90-04-08551-0
    .
  5. ISBN 9780761996644. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved April 23, 2024. It appears that at the time of Hsuan Tsang, after a millennia-long historical con- flict, Brahmanism had emerged dominant. Buddhism was declining and it would, within centuries, vanish from the land of its origin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link
    )
  6. ISBN 9780855984960
    . Retrieved October 7, 2023. By the seventh century AD, Buddhism declined completely and Hinduism became the dominant religion. Around this time the Arabs, who had trade and commerce links going back for centuries, came for the first time as conquerors (712 AD). By 724 AD they had established direct rule in Sindh.
  7. ISBN 9789047441816
    . Retrieved April 23, 2024. Sind's majority population followed Hindu traditions but a substantial minority was Buddhist.
  8. ISBN 9788122000689. Archived
    from the original on October 19, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2024. Besides the Hindus, who formed the bulk of the population, a considerable number consisted of Buddhists, and a fraction probably of Jains too.
  9. ^ Chandwani, Nikhil (March 13, 2019). "History of Hinduism in Sindh from ancient times and why Sindh belongs to India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on March 13, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2023. Before the invasion of Mohammed bin Qasim, Hinduism was the most prominent religion in Sindh that constituted about 64 percent of percent of the total population.
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-90-04-08551-0. Archived
    from the original on January 21, 2023. Retrieved April 23, 2024. As a result, it is possible to conclude that Buddhism, while important in Sindh, was not the only or even the majority religion. Hindus were definitely in the vast majority in upper Sind (where, as noted, there were few if any Buddhists), but probably at least equal in numbers to the Buddhists in Lower Sindh and Mukrân. (page 52) ..... Nevertheless, the data indicate, in a general way, the relative balance between the two religions in Lower Sind and the predominance of Hinduism in Upper Sind. (page 72)
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-81-208-1595-7
    .
  12. ^
    ISBN 978-90-04-08551-0
    .
  13. ^ Nadvi, Syed Sulaiman (1962). Indo-Arab Relations: An English Rendering of Arab Oʾ Hind Ke Taʾllugat. Institute of Indo-Middle East Cultural Studies.
  14. ISBN 978-0-19-547503-6
    .
  15. ISBN 978-0-19-569512-0
    .
  16. ^ Khan, Ahmad Nabi (1990). Al-Mansurah: A Forgotten Arab Metropolis in Pakistan. Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan.
  17. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5
    .
  18. ISBN 0226742210
    .
  19. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-029520-2
    .
  20. ISBN 978-81-7304-561-5
    .
  21. ^ "Chapter No. 1: History and Geography of al-Mansurah" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2014-01-27.

External links

—
Imperial house
—
Habbari dynasty
Preceded by Monarchy
855–1025 		Succeeded by
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