Harvard Law School
Harvard Law School | |
---|---|
Latin for 'Law and Justice') | |
Parent school | Harvard University |
Established | 1817 |
School type | Private law school |
Dean | John C. P. Goldberg (interim)[1] |
Location | Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
Enrollment | 1,990 (2019)[2] |
Faculty | 135[3] |
USNWR ranking | 4th (tie) (2024)[4] |
Bar pass rate | 99.4% (2021)[5] |
Website | hls |
ABA profile | Standard 509 Report |
Harvard Law School (HLS) is the law school of Harvard University, a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1817, Harvard Law School is the oldest continuously operating law school in the United States.
Each class in the three-year JD program has approximately 560 students, which is among the largest of the top 150 ranked law schools in the United States.[6] The first-year class is broken into seven sections of approximately 80 students, who take most first-year classes together. Aside from the JD program, Harvard also awards both LLM and SJD degrees.
HLS is home to the world's largest academic
History
Founding
Harvard Law School's founding is traced to the establishment of a 'law department' at Harvard in 1819.
The founding of the law department came two years after the establishment of Harvard's first endowed professorship in law, funded by a bequest from the estate of wealthy slave-owner
The Royall family's coat of arms, which shows three stacked wheat sheaves on a blue background, was adopted as part of the law school's arms in 1936, topped with the university's motto (Veritas, Latin for 'truth').[17] Until the school began investigating its connections with slavery in the 2010s, most alumni and faculty at the time were unaware of the origins of the arms.[18] In March 2016, following requests by students, the school decided to remove the emblem because of its association with slavery.[19] In November 2019, Harvard announced that a working group had been tasked to develop a new emblem.[20] In August 2021, the new Harvard Law School emblem was introduced.[21]
Royall's Medford estate, the
Growth and the Langdell curriculum
By 1827, the school, with one faculty member, was struggling.
In the 1870s, under
20th century
During the 20th century, Harvard Law School was known for its competitiveness. For example,
Eleanor Kerlow's book Poisoned Ivy: How Egos, Ideology, and Power Politics Almost Ruined Harvard Law School criticized the school for a 1980s political dispute between newer and older faculty members over accusations of insensitivity to minority and feminist issues. Divisiveness over such issues as political correctness lent the school the title "Beirut on the Charles."[33]
In Broken Contract: A Memoir of Harvard Law School, Richard Kahlenberg criticized the school for driving students away from public interest and toward work in high-paying law firms. Kahlenberg's criticisms are supported by Granfield and Koenig's study, which found that "students [are directed] toward service in the most prestigious law firms, both because they learn that such positions are their destiny and because the recruitment network that results from collective eminence makes these jobs extremely easy to obtain."[34] The school has also been criticized for its large first year class sizes (at one point there were 140 students per classroom; in 2001 there were 80), a cold and aloof administration,[35] and an inaccessible faculty. The latter stereotype is a central plot element of The Paper Chase and appears in Legally Blonde.
In response to the above criticisms, HLS eventually implemented the once-criticized[30] but now dominant approach pioneered by Dean Robert Hutchins at Yale Law School, of shifting the competitiveness to the admissions process while making law school itself a more cooperative experience. Robert Granfield and Thomas Koenig's 1992 study of Harvard Law students that appeared in The Sociological Quarterly found that students "learn to cooperate with rather than compete against classmates," and that contrary to "less eminent" law schools, students "learn that professional success is available for all who attend, and that therefore, only neurotic 'gunners' try to outdo peers."[34]
21st century
Under Kagan, the second half of the 2000s saw significant academic changes since the implementation of the Langdell curriculum. In 2006, the faculty voted unanimously to approve a new first-year curriculum, placing greater emphasis on problem-solving, administrative law, and international law. The new curriculum was implemented in stages over the next several years,[36][37] with the last new course, a first year practice-oriented problem solving workshop, being instituted in January 2010. In late 2008, the faculty decided that the school should move to an Honors/Pass/Low Pass/Fail (H/P/LP/F) grading system, much like those in place at Yale and at Stanford Law School. The system applied to half the courses taken by students in the Class of 2010 and fully started with the Class of 2011.[38]
In 2009, Kagan was appointed solicitor general of the United States by President Barack Obama and resigned the deanship. On June 11, 2009, Harvard University president, Drew Gilpin Faust named Martha Minow as the new dean. She assumed the position on July 1, 2009. On January 3, 2017, Minow announced that she would conclude her tenure as dean at the end of the academic year.[39] In June 2017, John F. Manning was named as the new dean, effective as of July 1, 2017.[40]
In September 2017, the school unveiled a plaque acknowledging the indirect role played by slavery in its history:
In honor of the enslaved whose labor created wealth that made possible the founding of Harvard Law School May we pursue the highest ideals of law and justice in their memory[41]
Reputation
HLS was ranked as the fifth best law school in the United States by U.S. News & World Report in its 2023 rankings.[42][43] HLS was ranked first in the world by QS World University Rankings in 2023.[44] It is ranked first in the world by the 2019 Academic Ranking of World Universities.[45]
HLS has graduated the largest number of U.S. Supreme Court justices and U.S. attorneys general. HLS is the best represented law school in the current U.S. Congress and among the law faculty at U.S. law schools.
In November 2022, the law school made a joint decision along with Yale Law School to withdraw from the U.S. News & World Report Best Law Schools rankings, citing the system's "flawed methodology."[46]
Employment
According to the school's employment summary for 2020 graduates, 86.8% were employed in bar passage required jobs and another 5.3% were employed in J.D. advantage jobs.[47]
Costs
The cost of tuition for the 2022–2023 school year (9 month term) is $72,430. A Mandatory HUHS Student Health Fee is $1,304, bringing the total direct costs for the 2022–2023 school year to $73,734.[49]
The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at Harvard Law for the 2021–2022 academic year is $104,200.[50]
Coat of arms
The
The president of the university and dean of the law school, acting upon the recommendation of a committee formed to study the issue, ultimately agreed with its majority decision,[53] that the shield was inconsistent with the values of both the university and the law school. Their recommendation was ultimately adopted by the Harvard Corporation and on March 15, 2016, the shield was ordered retired.[54][55][56]
On August 23, 2021, it was announced that a new emblem was approved by the Harvard Corporation. The new design features Harvard's traditional motto, Veritas (Latin for 'truth'), resting above the Latin phrase Lex et Iustitia, meaning 'law and justice'. According to the HLS Shield Working Group's final report, the expanding or diverging lines, some with no obvious beginning or end, are meant to convey a sense of broad scope or great distance — the limitlessness of the school's work and mission. The radial lines also allude to the latitudinal and longitudinal lines that define the arc of the earth, conveying the global reach of the Law School's community and impact. The multifaceted, radiating form — a form inspired by architectural details found in both Austin Hall and Hauser Hall — seeks to convey dynamism, complexity, inclusiveness, connectivity, and strength. [57]
Student organizations and journals
Harvard Law School has more than 90 student organizations that are active on campus.[58] These organizations include the student-edited journals, Harvard Law Record, and the HLS Drama Society, which organizes the annual Harvard Law School Parody, the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau as well as other political, social, service, and athletic groups.
HLS Student Government is the primary governing, advocacy, and representative body for Law School students. In addition, students are represented at the university level by the Harvard Graduate Council.
Harvard Law Review
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2016) |
Students of the Juris Doctor (JD) program are involved in preparing and publishing the Harvard Law Review, one of the most highly cited university law reviews, as well as several other law journals and an independent student newspaper. The Harvard Law Review was first published in 1887 and has been staffed and edited by some of the school's most notable alumni.[59]
In addition to the journal, the Harvard Law Review Association, in conjunction with the Columbia Law Review, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, and
The
The Harvard Law Bulletin is the
Harvard Law School student journals
- Harvard Law Review
- Harvard Business Law Review[64]
- Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review
- Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal[65]
- Harvard Environmental Law Review
- Harvard Human Rights Journal
- Harvard International Law Journal
- Harvard Journal of Law & Gender (formerly Women's Law Journal)
- Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy
- Harvard Journal of Law & Technology
- Harvard Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law
- Harvard Journal on Legislation
- Harvard Latin American Law Review
- Harvard Law & Policy Review
- Harvard National Security Journal
- Harvard Negotiation Law Review
- Unbound: Harvard Journal of the Legal Left
Research programs and centers
- Animal Law & Policy Program[66]
- Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society[67]
- Center on the Legal Profession (CLP)[68]
- Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice[69]
- Child Advocacy Program (CAP)[70]
- Criminal Justice Policy Program (CJPP)[71]
- East Asian Legal Studies Program (EALS)[72]
- Environmental & Energy Law Program[73]
- Foundations of Private Law[74]
- Harvard Initiative on Law and Philosophy[75]
- Harvard Law School Project on Disability (HPOD)[76]
- Human Rights Program (HRP)[77]
- Institute for Global Law and Policy (IGLP)[78]
- John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics and Business[79]
- The Julis-Rabinowitz Program on Jewish and Israeli Law[80]
- Labor and Worklife Program (LWP)[81]
- The Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics[82]
- Program in Islamic Law (PIL)[83]
- Program on Biblical Law and Christian Legal Studies (PBLCLS)[84]
- Program on Behavioral Economics and Public Policy[85]
- Program on Corporate Governance[86]
- Program on Institutional Investors (PII)[87]
- Program on International Financial Systems (PIFS)[88]
- Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (PILAC)[89]
- Program on Law and Society in the Muslim World[90]
- Program on Negotiation (PON)[91]
- Shareholder Rights Project (SRP)[92]
- Systemic Justice Project (SJP)[93]
- Tax Law Program[94]
Notable people
Alumni
Harvard Law School's large class size has enabled it to graduate a large number of distinguished alumni.
Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th president of the United States, graduated from HLS. Additionally, Barack Obama, the 44th president of the United States, graduated from HLS and was president of the Harvard Law Review. His wife, Michelle Obama, is also a graduate of Harvard Law School. Past presidential candidates who are HLS graduates include Michael Dukakis, Ralph Nader and Mitt Romney. Eight sitting U.S. senators are alumni of HLS: Romney, Ted Cruz, Mike Crapo, Tim Kaine, Jack Reed, Chuck Schumer, Tom Cotton, and Mark Warner.
Other legal and political leaders who attended HLS include former president of
Attorneys General
Many HLS alumni are leaders and innovators in the business world. Its graduates include the current senior chairman of
Legal scholars who graduated from Harvard Law include
In sports,
Faculty
- William P. Alford
- Deborah Anker
- Yochai Benkler
- Robert C. Clark
- I. Glenn Cohen
- Susan P. Crawford
- Noah Feldman
- Roger Fisher
- William W. Fisher
- Jody Freeman
- Charles Fried
- Gerald Frug
- Nancy Gertner
- Mary Ann Glendon
- Jack Goldsmith
- Lani Guinier
- David Alan Hoffman
- Morton Horwitz
- Vicki C. Jackson
- David Kennedy
- Duncan Kennedy
- Randall Kennedy
- Michael Klarman
- Richard J. Lazarus
- Lawrence Lessig
- Kenneth W. Mack
- John F. Manning
- Frank Michelman
- Martha Minow
- Robert Harris Mnookin
- Ashish Nanda
- Charles Nesson
- Gerald L. Neuman
- Ruth Okediji
- Charles Ogletree
- John Mark Ramseyer
- Mark J. Roe
- Lewis Sargentich
- Robert Sitkoff
- Jeannie Suk
- Ronald S. Sullivan Jr.
- Cass Sunstein
- Laurence Tribe
- Mark Tushnet
- Rebecca Tushnet
- Roberto Unger
- Adrian Vermeule
- Steven M. Wise
- Jonathan Zittrain
Former faculty
- Paul M. Bator
- Joseph Henry Beale
- Derrick Bell
- Derek Bok
- Stephen Breyer
- Zechariah Chafee
- Abram Chayes
- Vern Countryman
- Archibald Cox
- Alan Dershowitz
- Christopher Edley Jr.
- Felix Frankfurter
- Paul A. Freund
- Lon Fuller
- John Chipman Gray
- Erwin Griswold
- Lani Guinier
- Henry M. Hart Jr.
- Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
- Wendy Jacobs
- Elena Kagan
- Christopher Columbus Langdell
- Daniel Meltzer
- Soia Mentschikoff
- Arthur R. Miller
- Elisabeth Owens
- John Palfrey
- Roscoe Pound
- John Rawls
- Joseph Story
- Kathleen Sullivan
- Elizabeth Warren
- Joseph H. H. Weiler
- Samuel Williston
In popular culture
Books
Scott Turow wrote a memoir of his experience as a first-year law student at Harvard, One L.
Film and television
Several movies and television shows take place at least in part at the school. Most of them have scenes filmed on location at or around Harvard University. They include:
- Love Story (1970)
- The Paper Chase (1973)
- The Paper Chase (1978–1979, 1983–1986 television series)
- Soul Man (1986)
- The Firm (1993)
- A Civil Action (1998)
- How High (2001)
- Legally Blonde (2001)
- Catch Me If You Can (2002)
- Love Story in Harvard (2004 Korean TV series)
- Suits (TV Series)(2011–2019)
- On the Basis of Sex (2018)
Many popular movies and television shows also feature characters introduced as Harvard Law School graduates. The central plot point of the TV series
See also
- Ames Moot Court Competition
- Harvard Association for Law & Business
- Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society
- List of Harvard University people
- List of Ivy League law schools
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Further reading
- Bennett, Drake (October 19, 2008). "Crimson tide: Harvard Law School, long fractious and underachieving, is on the rise again – and shaking up the American legal world". The Boston Globe.
- Centennial History of the Harvard Law School, 1817–1917, Harvard Law School Association, 1918, OL 7224560M
- Chase, Anthony. "The Birth of the Modern Law School," American Journal of Legal History (1979) 23#4 pp. 329–48 in JSTOR
- Coquillette, Daniel R. and Bruce A. Kimball. On the Battlefield of Merit: Harvard Law School, the First Century (Harvard University Press, 2015) 666 pp.
- Granfield, Robert (1992). Making Elite Lawyers: Visions of Law at Harvard and Beyond. New York: Routledge.
- Kimball, Bruce A. "The Proliferation of Case Method Teaching in American Law Schools: Mr. Langdell's Emblematic 'Abomination,' 1890–1915," History of Education Quarterly (2006) 46#2 pp. 192–240 in JSTOR
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