History of Christianity in Hungary
The history of Christianity in Hungary started in the
Roman Pannonia
The
Early Middle Ages
Migration period
The
The Gepids' conversion to Arian Christianity started in the second half of the 4th century. The 6th-century Gothic historian
A Christian community, the bearers of the
Slavic tribes began raiding the Avar territories, forcing one of the Avar leaders, the
Carolingian Age
Transdanubia was integrated in the administrative system of the Carolingian Empire between 796 and 828.[55] The see of Salzburg ceded the lands to the west of the river Rába to the bishopric of Passau. Both prelates appointed evangelising bishops to direct proselytising missions in the region, but few archaeological finds indicate the existence of Christian communities during the first half of the 9th century.[C][57] A pagan aristocrat, Pribina (d. 861), whom the Moravians had expelled from his lands across the Danube, sought refuge in the Carolingian Empire in 833.[58][59] He was baptised on the order of King Louis the German (r. 843–876) who also granted him estates on the river Zala. Pribina built a fortress, Mosapurc, in the swamps near Lake Balaton (at present-day Zalavár), and settled Slavic, Bavarian and Swabian colonists in his estates.[60][61] A baptistery existed in Mosapurc already in the late 840s; Liupramm (d. 859), Archbishop of Salzburg, consecrated a church in the town on 24 January 850. The Saxon wandering priest, Gottschalk (d. 868), visited Pannonia in early 848, shortly before his teaching about predestination was condemned as heresy at a synod in Mainz.[60][62] A three-aisled basilica, dedicated to St Adrian (d. 306), was built in Mosapurc around 855.[60]
Pribina died fighting against the Moravians, and his son,
Kocel persuaded the Pope to appoint Methodius as bishop of the "see of St Andronicus" in Pannonia, which limited the jurisdiction of the archbishopric of Salzburg and the bishopric of Passau.[68][69] Around 870, an unidentified cleric compiled a historical work, the Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians to defend the interests of the Salzburg see.[69] When Methodius left Pannonia for Moravia in early 870, Bishop Ermanrich of Passau (d. 874) arrested him, and a synod of the Bavarian prelates ordered Methodius' imprisonment for his interference in church affairs in Transdanubia.[70] After Methodius's arrest, his pupils had to flee from Kocel's domains.[69] Pope John VIII (d. 882) achieved Methodius' release early in 873, but Methodius could not return to Mosapurc because Kocel feared of the Bavarian bishops' revenge.[71] After Kocel died around 875, Arnulf of Carinthia (d. 899) seized his domains. During his rule, the St Adrian Basilica was rebuilt in Mosapurc.[71]
By the time the Conversion was completed, more than 30 churches had been consecrated by the archbishops of Salzburg in Pannonia.[72] Cemeteries display the traits of Christianization of Transdanubia from the 830s. Commoners were still buried near sacred groves, but the orientation of their graves was consequently west–east. The offerings of food and drink almost disappeared from the commoners' graves in the 860s. The rulers' retainers were buried in new cemeteries near churches.[73] The Conversion also refers to Christian Avars who paid tax to the royal treasury.[74]
Pagan Magyars
Coming from the region of the
The Magyars came into contact with Muslims, Jews and Christians, but all theories on their influence on the Magyars' religious life are speculative.[81] The hagiographic Life of Constantine mentions that the future St Cyril run into a band of Magyar warriors in the Crimea in 860.[81][82] They wanted to kill him, but his prayers allegedly convinced them to spare his life.[81]
The Magyars were regularly hired by their neighbors to intervene in their conflicts.
Towards the Magyars' conversion
Part of the local population survived the
A paramount chieftain (or
The Magyars' last pillaging raid to the west ended with their total defeat
Géza stabilized central authority and promoted Christianity in parallel through warring against pagan chieftains,[101][102] but contemporary sources indicate that he and his wife Sarolt (d. after 997), remained half-pagans.[F] The chronicler Thietmar of Merseburg (d. 1018) states that Géza offered sacrifices to pagan gods even after his baptism; and the missionary Bruno of Querfurt (d. 1009) accuses Sarolt of mixing Christian and heathen practices.[100] The development of the church structure during Géza's reign is unknown. The earliest charter of grant to the Benedictine Pannonhalma Abbey states that Géza ordered its establishment.[104] The question of jurisdiction over the nascent Hungarian church system led to a heated debate between the archbishopric of Salzburg and Piligrim of Passau.[105]
High Middle Ages
King St Stephen
Géza died in 997, leaving Hungary to his son,
Stephen established at least eight
The Christianisation of the population required the application of violence. Bruno of Querfurt witnessed how Christian soldiers blinded
Stephen's second law book prescribed that every ten villages were to build a church, but the development of the parish system lasted for centuries. In addition to
Orthodox communities existed in Stephen's kingdom.
Revolts and consolidation
Stephen I who survived his son appointed his sister's son, the Venetian Peter Orseolo as his heir.[138][139] To secure Peter's position, Stephen ordered the mutilation of his cousin, Vazul, who inclined towards paganism.[139] Vazul's three sons, Levente, Andrew and Béla, were forced into exile.[139] Peter succeeded Stephen in 1038.[138] He distrusted the native aristocrats and replaced them with Germans and Italians.[140] The neglected lords dethroned him and elected one of their number, Samuel Aba, king,[138] but the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry III, invaded Hungary and restored Peter.[138] Peter swore fealty to the Emperor and introduced Bavarian laws.[141]
Peter remained unpopular and a group of discontented aristocrats offered the throne to Vazul's exiled sons in 1046.[142] Before the three dukes returned to Hungary, a popular uprising began.[142] The Annales Altahenses described the rebels as pagans who murdered clerics and foreigners.[143][144] Bishop Gerald of Csanád, thrown from the hill now bearing his name to the Danube, was one of their victims.[144] They captured and blinded the King, paving the way for Vazul's sons.[143][144] The eldest of them, Levente, whom the Hungarian chronicles described as a pagan, died unexpectedly.[145] The three bishops who survived the uprising crowned his Christian younger brother, Andrew, king.[145] The Annales Altahenses accused him of anti-Christian acts during the revolt,[143] but as king he restored Stephen I's decrees, outlawing paganism.[145] Andrew I was dethroned by his brother, Béla.[144][146] Béla I held a general assembly, summoning two elders from each village to Székesfehérvár in 1061.[144][146] The assembled commoners put pressure on him to expel the priests from the country, but he dissolved the meeting by force.[147]
Dynastic conflicts continued, but the position of Christianity consolidated in Hungary.[148] Archaeological finds reveal the general adoption of Christian customs by around 1100.[122] Grave goods disappeared and churches were built in pagan cemeteries.[149][150] New Benedictine[J] and Orthodox[K] monasteries were established by the monarchs.[151][134] Otto from the Győr kindred was the first aristocrat to found a Benedictine family monastery at Zselicszentjakab in 1061.[150] Cathedral chapters became important institutions of education.[117][152] The parishes in the dioceses were grouped into deaneries, each headed by a senior cleric, by around 1100.[153]
Béla I's son,
Ladislaus I's nephew and successor,
Catholic heyday
Burials outside churchyards disappeared early in the 12th century.[162] Large three-aisled basilicas with two towers were built at the episcopal sees.[164] Churches built at lay landowners' estates played an important role in the development of parishes.[165] They were either single-naved churches or rotundas.[166] The aristocrats regarded these churches as part of their patrimony and freely appointed their priests.[165]
Most churches were dedicated to the Virgin Mary,
Hungarian clerics studied in the
Géza II concluded a concordat with Pope Alexander III. Géza's right to dismiss bishops or transfer them from a see to another was abolished, but he was authorized to deliver the pallium to the archbishops and to control correspondence between the Hungarian prelates and the Holy See.[174] Géza's son and successor, Stephen III, renounced the right to appoint the abbots of the royal monasteries and to administer the goods of vacant bishoprics.[175] When Stephen died in 1172, his younger brother, Béla, succeeded him. Lucas, Archbishop of Esztergom, denied to crown him, but the Pope authorized the archbishop of Kalocsa to perform the ceremony.[176] Lucas referred to Béla's alleged simony to explain his resistance, but he most probably feared of the influence of the Orthodox Church Béla who had grewn up in the Byzantine Empire.[160][177] Schism between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches had deepened.[178] Béla III could not introduce the cult of the Bulgarian hermit John of Rila in Hungary.[178] Job, Archbishop of Esztergom, entered into an unfriendly correspondence with the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos about the differences between Catholic and Orthodox theologies.[178] Béla's elder son and successor, Emeric, proposed Pope Innocent III to appoint a Catholic bishop to administer the Greek monasteries in Hungary in 1204.[179] He did not achieve his goal, but the Greek monasteries disappeared during the following decades.[180]
Béla III and his successors adopted an active foreign policy, often in close alliance with the Papacy.[181] Emeric waged a war against Ban Kulin of Bosnia whom Pope Innocent III regarded as the Bogumils' main protector.[179][182] Emeric's brother, Andrew II, launched a crusade to the Holy Land in 1217–1218.[183] Andrew's son, Béla IV, supported the Dominicans' missions among the Cumans of the Pontic steppes.[184] The mendicant orders settled in Hungary in the 1220s.[185] In contrast with the traditional monastic orders, the mendicants willingly mingled with the common people to spread Christian ideas.[185] One of the eight initial provinces of the Dominicans was set up in Hungary. Friar Paulus Hungarus, who had taught Roman law at the university of Bologna, returned to his homeland to found the first Dominican priories in 1221.[186] The Franciscans came to Hungary in 1229.[185]
Andrew II made generous grants to the aristocrats, threatening the social position of the
Andrew II employed Jews and Muslims in the administration of royal revenues, outraging the prelates and Pope Honorius III.
The Dominican
The position of the archbishops of Esztergom strengthened.[202] Béla IV authorized the archbishop to supervise royal coinage. He also enabled the noblemen to will their estates to the archbishopric and to enter into the archbishop's service.[203] Béla's successor, Stephen V prevented the archbishop's noble warriors from demanding the privileges of the "true nobles of the realm".[204] Stephen granted Esztergom County to the archbishops, making them its perpetual ispán.[173]
Asceticism and the development of eremitical communities was an eminent feature of the spiritual life in the 13th century.[205] A canon of Esztergom, Eusebius, settled in the woods of the Pilis Hills to live as a hermit in 1246.[205] Ascetics joined him and their community developed into the new order of hermits, known as Paulines during the following decades.[205] The Dominicans lost favour with Béla IV after his daughter, Margaret, who was a Dominican nun, refused to marry, ruining his plan of a marriage alliance.[186][206] Béla thereafter supported the Franciscans who established more than forty priories during the following decades.[186][206]
See also
- History of the Catholic Church in Hungary
- Protestantism in Hungary
Notes
- ^ Graves in Gepid cemeteries yielded amulets and pendants depicting Thor's hammer at Kiszombor and Csongrád.[30]
- ^ They placed food and drink in the graves and buried their warriors with their hunting dogs and weapons.[32]
- ^ A chalice unearthed at Petőháza is one of the few Christian objects from the early Carolingian period in Pannonia.[56]
- ^ Püspök ('bishop'), pap ('priest'), and keresztény ('Christian') are among the Slavic loanwords in the Christian vocabulary of Hungarian.[86]
- ^ The Árpáds were believed to have descended from a legendary bird of prey, called the turul.[88]
- ^ As Sarolt was Geula's daughter, she likely adhered to Orthodox Christianity, according to several historians, such as Gábor Thoroczkay.[99][103]
- longer version of Stephen's first legend refers to papal blessing before the ceremony; and Stephen's early-12th-century official hagiography writes that Stephen received the crown from the papacy.[108]
- ^ The longer version of Stephen's first legend attributes the establishment of ten dioeceses to Stephen, whereas a later source writes of the foundation of twelve bishoprics during Stephen's reign, but according to modern scholarly consensus, only eight dioceses can certainly be traced back to the early 11th century.[110]
- ^ Zsoldos adds that Veszprém may have been the usual seat of a missionary bishop already under Géza.[105]
- ^ Tihany Abbey was founded by Andrew I in 1055, Szekszárd Abbey by Béla I in 1061, and Somogyvár Abbey by Ladislaus I in 1091.
- ^ Andrew I established monasteries for Orthodox monks at Tihany and Visegrád.
- ^ For instance, the Cistercian abbeys of Zirc (1182), Szentgotthárd (1183) and Pilis (1184) were royal foundations.
- ^ For example, Premonstratensian priory was established at Zsámbék by the Ajnárdfi, at Türje by the Türje kindred.
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