History of Hamas
The History of Hamas is an account of the
(حماس) Ḥamās is an acronym of حركة المقاومة الاسلامية Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamat al-Islāmiyyah, meaning "Islamic Resistance Movement".Hamas was established in 1987, and has its origins in
In the Palestinian legislative election of January 2006, Hamas gained a large majority of seats in the
After acquiring control of Gaza, Hamas-affiliated and other militias launched rocket attacks upon Israel, which Hamas ceased in June 2008 following an
Early Islamic activism in Gaza
With its takeover of Gaza after the
Among the activists benefited was
Also, Segev said, Fatah was "our main enemy."
In 1984 the Israeli army received intelligence that Yassin's followers were collecting arms in Gaza. Israeli troops raided mosques and found a cache of weapons.[15] Yassin was arrested, but told his interrogators the weapons were meant to be used against secular Palestinians, not Israel. The cleric was released a year later and allowed to continue to develop his movement in Gaza.[15]
Around the time of Yassin's arrest, Avner Cohen, an Israeli religious affairs official, sent a report to senior military officers and civilian leadership in Gaza advising them of the dangers of the Islamic movement, but this report and similar ones were ignored.[15] Former military intelligence officer Shalom Harari said the warnings were ignored out of neglect, not a desire to fortify the Islamists: "Israel never financed Hamas. Israel never armed Hamas."[15][19]
The founding of Hamas
Hasan and Sayedahmed (2018) cite multiple sources that say that Hamas was founded in the late 1970s as a religious counterweight to the secular Fatah. Other sources say that Hamas was founded by Yassin and six other Palestinians as an offshoot of
King (2009) wrote that the nonviolence of the First Intifada "neither lifted the military occupation nor stopped the implanting of Israeli settlements in lands set aside for the Palestinians by the United Nations. Nevertheless, the uprising's nonviolent sanctions achieved more than had decades of armed attacks on largely civilian targets. ... Israeli agents provacateurs in Arab disguise ... joined demonstrations and sought to incite demonstrators to use violence. The local committee [organizing the nonviolent demonstrations] prevented such provocations from instigating lethal escalations." The First Intifada disintegrated "into violence after Israel's incarceration, deportation, or discrediting of the very activist intellectuals who had sustained the uprising's nonviolent character".[20]
Hamas carried out its first attack against Israel in 1989, abducting and killing two soldiers. The Israel Defense Forces immediately arrested Yassin and sentenced him to life in prison, and deported 400 Hamas activists, including Zahar, to
From 1987 to 1991, Hamas campaigned for the wearing of the hijab alongside other measures, including insisting women stay at home, be segregated from men, and the promotion of polygamy. In the course of this campaign women who chose not to wear the hijab were verbally and physically harassed, with the result that the hijab was being worn 'just to avoid problems on the streets'.[21]
The 1990s
Hamas's military branch, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, was created in 1991.
In December 1992 Israel responded to the killing of a border police officer by deporting 415 leading figures of Hamas and
Although the suicide attacks by the al-Qassam Brigades and other groups violated the 1993
In September 1997, Israeli agents in Jordan attempted but failed to kill Hamas leader
The Second Intifada
Al-Qassam Brigades militants were among the armed groups that launched both military-style attacks and suicide bombings against Israeli civilian and military targets during the
The immediate trigger for the Second Intifada is disputed, but a more general cause, writes U.S. political science professor Jeremy Pressman, was "popular Palestinian discontent [that] grew during the Oslo peace process because the reality on the ground did not match the expectations created by the peace agreements."[39] Hamas would be the beneficiary of this growing discontent in the 2006 Palestinian Authority legislative elections.
2004 – Negotiation Attempts
In January 2004, Hamas leader Yassin said that the group would end armed resistance against Israel in exchange for a Palestinian state in the
From the time of an attack on the Israeli southern town of
At the end of January 2004,
While Hamas boycotted the
2005 – Israel's unilateral disengagement plan
In 2004, in a prelude to
Hamas claimed that this unilateral withdrawal was a victory for its armed struggle and pledged to liberate all the occupied territories, including the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Fatah, on the other hand, viewed Ariel Sharon's unilateral plan as proof of the Palestinians' failure to obtain international recognition. Both criticized the disengagement plan, citing Sharon's simultaneous encouragement of Israeli settlements in the West Bank, including Ma'ale Adumim, a large settlement east of Jerusalem.[49]
In April 2005, an advisor of Benjamin Netanyahu, a principal right-wing opponent of Ariel Sharon, secretly negotiated with a Hamas representative, according to the Le Canard enchaîné. The meeting was about the "possibility of an administrative co-gestion with the Hamas in the occupied territories", which is already the case in some Hamas-controlled cities of the West Bank, according to the French newspaper, which continued: "But, in both sides, participants to such a dialogue keeps their mouth shut (bouche cousue). It is impossible to admit that one has met and negotiated with his sworn enemy."[46]
January 2006 – Winning the legislative election
While Hamas had boycotted the
Political decisions, and consequences on economy
The result of the election was regarded as a major setback for governments attempting to mediate the ongoing
The US and the EU cut all funds to the Palestinian Authority, with only Russia warning against the potential dangers of cutting out the PA from any Western support. The EU (which gives $500 million per year to the PA) announced that future aid to the Palestinians was tied to "Three Principles" outlined by the international community—Hamas must renounce violence, it must recognize Israel's right to exist, and it must express clear support for the Middle East peace process, as outlined in the 1993
Israel, on the other side, decided to cut transfers of the $55 million tax-receipts of the PA that it receives on the PA's behalf, since the PA did not have any access point to receive taxes. On February 19, 2006, interim
In May 2006, following a
The World Bank had already compared the 2001 and 2002 economic recession, due to the Second Intifada and Israel's refusal to transfer tax receipts, to the 1929 economic crisis. The UN underlined that unemployment, which was estimated to 23% in 2005, would increase to 39% in 2006, while poverty, estimated at 44%, would increase to 67% in 2006.[53] According to a World Bank report published on May 7, 2006, the delay in paying the PA's civil servants—who had not received their wages since March 2006—was dangerous both on social and security plans. This convinced the United States to accept the EU proposal, supported by Russia and the Arab countries, of finding a way to transfer funds to the Palestinian society without passing by the Palestinian Authority. The Quartet on the Middle East thus accepted, on May 9, 2006, an "international temporary mechanism of limited range and length"[51]
Last Fatah measures
Before the Israeli decision to cut transfer of tax receipts, the Palestinian Assembly passed legislation giving the Palestinian President, Mahmoud Abbas, the power to appoint a court that could veto legislation passed by the new Hamas-led parliament to be sworn in start of February. The constitutional court would veto legislation deemed in violation of the Palestinians' Basic Law, a forerunner to the Palestinian constitution. Palestinian deputies also backed a decree that automatically makes members of the incoming parliament members of the Palestine Liberation Organization's (PLO) parliament in exile. Unlike the Hamas charter, the PLO charter recognises the legitimacy of Israel.[55][56]
Hamas' declarations since the 2006 legislative elections
Hamas has omitted its call for the destruction of Israel from its election manifesto, calling instead for "the establishment of an independent state whose capital is Jerusalem,".[57][58]
On February 8, Hamas head Khaled Mashal speaking in Cairo clarified that "Anyone who thinks Hamas will change is wrong".[59]
However, on February 13, 2006, in an interview in Russian newspaper Nezavisimaya Gazeta, the same Khaled Mashal declared that Hamas would stop armed struggle against Israel if it recognized the 1967 borders, withdrew itself from all Palestinian occupied territories (including the West Bank and East Jerusalem), and recognized Palestinian rights that would include the "right of return". This was the first time that Hamas even talked about an eventual stop to armed struggle. But Mashal continued to refuse to acknowledge the Road map for peace, adopted by the Quartet in June 2003, "since nobody respects it". The Road map projected the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in 2005.[60] The Palestinian Authority's Al-Hayat Al-Jadeeda conducted a poll in 2006 that showed that 84% of Palestinians support a peace deal with Israel, based on the responses of "863 Palestinians from the Gaza Strip and West Bank," and that more than 75% of the peace-deal supporters voted for Hamas.[61]
In April 2006, Henry Siegman, former director of the American Jewish Committee, stated that according to "a prominent senior member of Hamas's Political Committee" Hamas is prepared to explicitly recognize the state of Israel. "Members of Hamas's political directorate do not preclude significant changes over time in their policies toward Israel and in their founding charter, including recognition of Israel, and even mutual minor border adjustments. Such changes depend on Israel's recognition of Palestinian rights. Hamas will settle for nothing less than full reciprocity." These sentiments "are in striking contrast to the odiousness of Hamas's founding charter," said Siegman.[62]
In May 2006, Hamas leaders threatened a new Intifada, as well as to decapitate anyone who tried to bring down their cabinet.[63]
Cabinet formation
Palestinian Prime Minister
On March 20, 2006, Hamas unveiled its full cabinet list, placing loyal members in charge of all key ministries; of the 24 ministers appointed, the majority were Hamas (the others were independent or
In his interview to The Sunday Telegraph, the newly appointed chief of the Palestinian security services Jamal Abu Samhadana stated: "We have only one enemy. They are Jews. We have no other enemy. I will continue to carry the rifle and pull the trigger whenever required to defend my people."[65] However, president Mahmoud Abbas retained official control over the Palestinian security services.[66]
Tensions between Fatah and Hamas
After the formation of the Hamas cabinet on March 20, 2006, tensions progressively rose in the Gaza Strip between Fatah and Hamas militants. In May 2006,
Twelve people were killed during the first days of October 2006 in armed clashes between Fatah, and the Hamas Interior ministry police. These clashes started when the interior ministry militia forcibly dispersed a gathering of Policemen demonstrating against unpaid wages. The Fatah-affiliated Al-Aqsa brigades have threatened to kill Hamas leaders including Khaled Meshal, Saeed Seyam and Youssef al-Zahar.[citation needed] The Al-Aqsa brigade kidnapped but then released a senior official in the Finance ministry.
Agreement and preservation of national unity
On June 27, Hamas and Fatah reached an agreement on the
In February 2007
In March 2007, the
2006 Gaza–Israel conflict
On June 9, during or shortly after an Israeli operation,
It was initially assumed that Israeli shellings were responsible for the killings, although Israeli government officials later denied this. Prompted by the recent events Hamas formally withdrew from its 16-month ceasefire on June 10, and took responsibility for the ongoing Qassam rocket attacks being launched from Gaza into Israel.[73]On June 24, Israeli operatives apprehended Osama and Mustafa Muamar in the Gaza Strip, alleged by Israel to be Hamas members.
On June 29, Israel captured 64 Hamas officials. Amongst them were eight
In November 2006, a 64-year-old woman executed a suicide bombing mission, killing herself and slightly injuring 2 Israeli soldiers. Hamas claimed responsibility and its spokesman, Abu Obeida, declared that "both Palestinian men and women are committed to battling the Israelis".[76]
2007 – End-of-truce with Israel
On April 24, 2007, "six rockets were launched from Gaza [by Hamas], two of which landed in Israel". According to Bloomberg news, Palestinians said the rockets were in response to Israeli military action over the previous weekend which had "killed as many as eight people in the West Bank, where there is no cease-fire, and one in Gaza." Most of the dead were militants, but Palestinians said at least two civilians, including a 17-year-old girl, were killed. Hamas announced that it considered the truce to be over.[77][78][79]
The rocket attack, which came on Israel's 59th Independence Day, caused no damage or injury. However, it marked the first time Hamas openly acknowledged firing shells toward Israel since agreeing to a cease-fire along the Gaza-Israel border in November.
Abu Ubeida, a spokesman for Hamas' armed wing, told foreign journalists that "there is no truce between us and the occupation, the occupation destroyed the truce from the moment it started, we did not trust the intentions of the occupation from the beginning."[80] Abu Ubeida told the Voice of Palestine radio station that "the cease-fire has been over for a long time, and Israel is responsible for that."[81] "This is a message to the Zionist enemy that our strikes will continue," Abu Obeida said of the rocket fire. "We are ready to kidnap more and more, and kill more and more of your soldiers."[81]
Israeli soldier Cpl. Gilad Shalit's kidnappers demand the release of hundreds of Palestinian prisoners, including veterans and those involved in killing or wounding Israelis.
Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said on April 23, 2007, that freeing soldiers is important to the government, but that it would not repeat "mistakes made in the past" by releasing violent prisoners who then carried out more attacks against Israelis. But Olmert said there would be "no escape in the end from making a difficult decision" on trading prisoners for the captured Israeli troops.
Hamas militants stated on April 24, 2007, that they had launched 40 rockets and 70 mortar shells. The Israeli military said it could confirm six rockets and eight mortars. Two of the rockets fell in Israel, north of the Gaza Strip, the Israeli army said–they added that the attack was a diversion for an attempt by Hamas gunmen to kidnap an IDF soldier.[82]
Hamas-Fatah conflict
After the formation of the Hamas-led cabinet on March 20, 2006, tensions between Fatah and Hamas militants progressively rose in the Gaza strip, leading to demonstrations, violence, and repeated attempts at a truce. Israeli intelligence warned Mahmoud Abbas that Hamas had planned to kill him at his office in Gaza. According to a Palestinian source close to Abbas, Hamas considers President Abbas to be a barrier to its complete control over Palestine and decided to kill him. In a statement to Al Jazeera, Hamas leader Mohammed Nazzal accused Abbas of being party to besieging and isolating the Hamas-led government.[83]
On June 9, 2006, during an Israeli artillery operation,
On June 29, following a joint incursion by Fatah, Islamic Jihad, and Hamas in which two Israeli soldiers were killed and corporal
These arrests, along with other events, including the subsequent arrest of the speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council, effectively prevented the Hamas-dominated legislature that resulted from the preceding elections from functioning during most of its term.[90][91]
In February 2007, Saudi-sponsored negotiations in Mecca produced
In March 2007, the
In June 2007, renewed fighting broke out between Hamas and Fatah. In the course of the June
Immediately upon the conclusion of the Battle of Gaza, Israel imposed an economic blockade on Gaza, and Hamas repeatedly launched rocket attacks upon areas of Israel near its border with Gaza because of the blockade.[9]
At least 600 Palestinians died in fighting between Hamas and Fatah.[97] Human Rights Watch, a U.S.-based group, accused both sides in the conflict of torture and war crimes.[98]
Gaza War
On June 17, 2008, Egyptian mediators announced that an informal truce had been agreed to between Hamas and Israel.[99][100] Hamas agreed to cease rocket attacks on Israel, while Israel agreed to allow limited commercial shipping across its border with Gaza, barring any breakdown of the tentative peace deal; Hamas also hinted that it would discuss the release of Gilad Shalit.[101] Israeli sources state that Hamas also committed itself to enforce the ceasefire on the other Palestinian organizations.[102]
While Hamas was careful to maintain the ceasefire, the lull was sporadically violated by other groups, sometimes in defiance of Hamas.
On November 4, 2008, Israeli forces, stating they were attempting to stop construction of a tunnel, killed six Hamas gunmen in a raid inside the Gaza Strip.[106][107] Hamas responded with increased rocket attacks, a total of 190 rockets in November according to Israel's military, up from two in each of the preceding months.[108]
With the six-month truce officially expired on December 19, Hamas launched 50 to more than 70 rockets and mortars into Israel over the next three days, though no Israelis were injured.[109][110] On December 21, Hamas said it was ready to stop the attacks and renew the truce if Israel stopped its "aggression" in Gaza and opened up its border crossings.[110] The previous six weeks had seen a "dramatic increase" in attacks from Hamas.[111]
On December 27 and 28, the
Israel declared a unilateral ceasefire on January 17, 2009.[122] Hamas responded the following day by announcing a one-week ceasefire to give Israel time to withdraw its forces from the Gaza Strip.[123] Between 1,166 and 1,400 Palestinians and 13 Israelis were killed in the conflict.[124][125]
After the Gaza War
On August 16, 2009, Hamas leader
The August 2, 2010 rocket attack on Eilat and Aqaba sparked rage in Egypt at Hamas and Iran. The Egyptian press stated that the firing of the rockets from Egyptian territory by Hamas or by organizations cooperating with it constituted the crossing of a red line. The Egyptian position was that Iran is using Hamas as a local proxy to escalate violence in the Middle East and to sabotage the Palestinian reconciliation efforts, as well as efforts to renew Palestinian-Israeli peace negotiations.[131]
In February 2010, Palestinian Authority security forces in the West Bank arrested a Hamas cell preparing to test-fire a Qassam rocket near Ramallah and handed the rocket over to Israel. Hamas later stated that "Having a Qassam rocket in the West Bank is a demand that must be achieved".[132][133]
On June 20, 2010, senior Hamas official
Islamization of the Gaza Strip (2007–present)
Since Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip in 2007, some of its members have attempted to impose Islamic dress or the Hijab head covering on women.[135][136] Also, the government's "Islamic Endowment Ministry" has deployed Virtue Committee members to warn citizens of the dangers of immodest dress, card playing and dating.[137] However, there are no government laws imposing dress and other moral standards, and the Hamas education ministry reversed one effort to impose Islamic dress on students.[135] There has also been successful resistance to attempts by local Hamas officials to impose Islamic dress on women.[138]
According to Human Rights Watch, the Hamas-controlled government of Gaza stepped up its efforts to "Islamize" Gaza in 2010, efforts that included, according to the organization, the "repression of civil society" and "severe violations of personal freedom."[139]
Hamas officials denied having any plans to impose Islamic law, one legislator stating that "What you are seeing are incidents, not policy," and that Islamic law is the desired standard "but we believe in persuasion."[137] The Hamas education ministry reversed one effort to impose Islamic dress on students.[135]
2011
In 2011, Ismail Haniyeh, head of the Hamas administration in the Gaza Strip, condemned the killing of Osama bin Laden by American forces, praising bin Laden as a "martyr" and an "Arab holy warrior".[141]
2017
Hamas released
In December 2017, Hamas' leader stated that U.S. President Donald Trump's decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital was a "Declaration of War" and called for an uprising against the Jewish State.[142][143]
Allegations of Israeli support for Hamas
On Jan. 24, 2009,
On October 8, 2023, Tal Schneider claimed in an op-ed article in The Times of Israel that Netanyahu's policy for years had been to prevent the establishment of a Palestinian state by treating Hamas as a partner at the expense of Mahmoud Abbas, the Palestinian Authority and its West Bank government, resulting in "wounds that would take Israel years to heal from". For years, she wrote, Netanyahu divided power between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, bringing Abbas to his knees while propping up Hamas. One method she described was collaborating with Hamas to increase the number of Israeli work permits granted to Gazan laborers, from approximately 2,000-3,000 work permits in 2021 to 20,000 after Netanyahu's return to power in 2023. She also wrote that "While Netanyahu does not make these kind of statements publicly or officially, his words are in line with the policy that he implemented." [145]
On October 9, 2023, an article was written by Haaretz that mentioned Netanyahu treated Hamas as a partner by covertly funding and supporting them to make a two-state solution impossible. The article also mentioned that in March 2019, he told his colleagues of the Likud Party, [146]
"Anyone who wants to thwart the establishment of a Palestinian state has to support bolstering Hamas and transferring money to Hamas. This is part of our strategy - to isolate the Palestinians in Gaza from the Palestinians in the West Bank".
On December 10, 2023, the
On Januar 19, 2024, Reuters reported that Josep Borrell, the EU foreign policy chief, said while receiving an honorary doctorate from the University of Valladolid that "Israel had financed the creation of Palestinian militant group Hamas, publicly contradicting Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu who has denied such allegations." and that "Borrell added the only peaceful solution included the creation of a Palestinian state. 'We only believe a two-state solution imposed from the outside would bring peace even though Israel insists on the negative,' he said." [148] [149] Borrell also described Israel as having "created Hamas", but immediately continued saying that "yes, Hamas was financed by Israel to weaken the Palestinian Authority". [150] [151] [152]
Brief timeline
- 1984 Arrest of Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, sentenced to 12 years of prison after the discovery of an arms cache. Yassin is freed the next year.
- 1987 Creation of Hamas by Sheikh Ahmed Yassin.
- 1987–1993 First Intifada.
- 1988 Hamas Covenant.
- 1989 Israel outlaws Hamas and imprisons Sheikh Ahmed Yassin.
- 1991 Gulf War.
- 1992 Creation of the military branch Izz ad-Din al-Qassam.
- 1993 Oslo Accords.
- April 1993. First Hamas suicide bombing at Mehola Junction.
- 1996 Palestinian legislative and presidential election. Hamas boycotts them, allowing Fatah, led by Yasser Arafat, a large victory.
- January 5, 1996. Targeted killing of Yahya Ayyash, Hamas bomb maker.
- February–March 1996. 47 Israelis killed in three different bombings.
- October 1997. Freed by Prime Minister Sheikh Yassinis acclaimed as a hero on his return to Gaza.
- March 1998 – Death of Mohiyedine Sharif, master bombmaker
- September 2000. Beginning of Al-Aqsa Intifada.
- July 2002. Killing of Salah Shahade, leader of the Ezzedeen-al-qassam brigades.
- March 8, 2003, Israel kills Ibrahim al-Makadmeh, a leader of the Hamas's military wing. 3 other men are also killed[153]
- January 6, 2004. 10-year truce (hudna) offered by senior Hamas official Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi in exchange of Israel's complete withdrawal to the 1967 borders.
- March 22, 2004, killing of Sheikh Yassin. Yassin, then an old man restricted to a wheel-chair due to his lifelong paralysis was killed in an Israeli missile strike. Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi replaced him as the leader of Hamas. On March 28, Rantissi stated in a speech given at
- April 17, 2004, killing of Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi. Rantissi was also killed in an air strike by the Israeli Air Force, five hours after a fatal suicide bombing by Hamas. Khaled Mashal, the leader of Hamas in Syria, said Hamas should not disclose the name of its next leader in Gaza.
- April 18, 2004, Hamas secretly selected a new leader in the Gaza Strip, fearing he would be killed if his identity were made public. However, it was speculated that the new leader is Ismail Haniya; and third-in-command, Said Seyam.[155]
- September 2004. Israeli army Chief of Staff Moshe Ya'alonsaid that Israel would "deal with [...] those who support terrorism", including those in "terror command posts in Damascus".
- September 26, 2004. Killing of Izz El-Deen Sheikh Khalil. Sheikh Khalil was killed by a car bomb in Damascus, Syria. Khalil was described variously as "mid-level", "senior", a "distinguished member", and believed to be in charge of the group's military wing outside the Palestinian territories. Although the Israeli government offered no official confirmation, anonymous Israeli officials acknowledged responsibility for the attack.[citation needed] In a statement released in Gaza, Hamas threatened to target Israelis abroad in retaliation.
- October 2004. Killing of Adnan al-Ghoul, assistant of Mohammed Deif, the leader of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam brigades.
- November 11, 2004. Death of Palestinian National Authority.
- January 2005 Palestinian presidential election. Hamas boycotts them. PLO chairman Mahmoud Abbas elected to replace Yasser Arafat.
- Qalqilyah in the West Bank and Rafah.
- March 2005. Hamas proclaims tahdiyah, a period of calm.
- January 25, 2006. Victory of the Hamas at the legislative election, which took 74 seats of the 132 seats.
- March 2007, the Palestinian Legislative Council established a national unity government headed by Ismail Haniya.
- June 2007. Hamas begins a takeover of Gaza, ending the coalition with Fatah.
See also
Notes
References
- ^ Usher 2005.
- ^ Abu-Amr 1994, pp. 66–72.
- ^ Reuters 2007.
- ^ Sela 2002, pp. 335–342.
- ^ Filiu 2012, pp. 55, 66.
- ^ Peraino 2006.
- ^ Brown 2015.
- ^ Urquhart 2007.
- ^ a b "Gaza faces economic disaster if blockade continues, U.N. official warns" International Herald Tribune
- McClatchy Newspapers. December 8, 2008.
- ^ "The Six Months of the Lull Arrangement pdf" (PDF). Tel Aviv Terrorism Information Center. December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
- Ynet NewsNovember 20, 2008
- ^ Lefkovits, Etgar (19 January 2009). "Pool of 8 foreign journalists allowed into Gaza". Archived from the original on 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Israel withdraws its troops from Gaza" Archived 2011-05-10 at the Wayback Machine Times Online
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Higgins, Andrew (24 January 2009). "How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- .
- ^ Filiu 2012, pp. 54–70, 55.
- ^ Hitchens, Christopher (30 January 2006). "Suicide Voters". Slate.com. Archived from the original on 3 September 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- ^ Shavit, Ari (7 January 2009). "Watching Hamas". New Yorker. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- ^ King 2009, pp. 146, 150 and 131.
- ^ Rubenberg, C., Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank (USA, 2001) p.230–231
- ^ Martyrdom, Not Suicide: The Legality of Hamas' Bombings in the Mid-1990s in Modern Islamic Jurisprudence Archived 2016-08-29 at the Wayback Machine By M.A. Philipp Holtmann, p. 13
- ^ al-Qassam Brigades: Details of the organisation Archived 2015-01-07 at the Wayback Machine Australian Government National Security August 18, 2012
- ^ For suicide attacks, sources include:
- "To the outside world, Hamas is best-known—infamous—for its reliance on suicide bombers." (Palestinian territories:Inside Hamas Archived 2017-08-27 at the PBS Frontline: World, May 9, 2006)
- "...the militant organization, best known abroad for its attacks against Israeli civilians..." (Musharbash, Yassin. "Could Victory be Undoing of Hamas" Archived 2011-08-05 at the Wayback Machine, Der Spiegel, January 27, 2006)
- "...it was best known in Israel and abroad for the suicide attacks it used..." ("After the Hamas earthquake", The Guardian, January 27, 2006).
- "To the outside world, Hamas is best-known—infamous—for its reliance on suicide bombers." (Palestinian territories:Inside Hamas Archived 2017-08-27 at the
- ^ a b The Palestinian people: a history Archived 2016-08-29 at the Wayback Machine By Baruch Kimmerling & Joel S. Migdal, pp. 372–373
- ^ For Arabs in Israel, a house is not a home Archived 2010-09-01 at the Wayback Machine by Edward Platt, New Statesman, August 30, 2010
- ^ Inside Hamas: the untold story of militants, martyrs and spies Archived 2016-08-29 at the Wayback Machine By Zaki Chehab, p. 115
- ^ Middle East International Nos 441,442, 8&22 January 1993, Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP; Editor Michael Adams; Jim Muir pp.5,6&11,12
- ^ Middle East International No 461, 22 October 1993; September chronology p.13
- ^ Middle East International No 467, 21 January 1994; December chronology p.15
- The UN Refugee Agency, 2004
- ^ Karsh, Efraim. Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest. New York: Grove Press, 2003. p. 216.
- ^ a b "Jordan curbs Hamas" Archived 2017-02-13 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, November 22, 1999
- ^ a b Hamas Leader Khaled Mashaal Archived 2010-10-26 at the Wayback Machine Time, January 4, 2009
- ^ a b Jordan: Whether Hamas persecute, kidnap, torture or abuse with impunity Jordanian citizens who disagree with its methods, policies and ideology Archived 2011-08-12 at the Wayback Machine Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, October 25, 2000, JOR35666.E. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
- ^ Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad, by Matthew Levitt, Dennis Ross. Yale University Press, 2007. p.45
- ^ B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities Archived 2010-12-02 at the Wayback Machine, B'Tselem.
- ^ Human Capital and the Productivity of Suicide Bombers pdf Archived January 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Journal of Economic Perspectives Volume 21, Number 3, Summer 2007. Pages 223–238
- ^ The Second Intifada: Background and Causes of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Archived 2009-03-18 at the Wayback Machine Jeremy Pressman, Fall 2003 (pdf)
- ^ a b c Running out of time Archived January 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Al-Ahram Weekly, January 29 – February 4, 2004
- ^ a b Israel rejects 'insincere' Hamas offer of 10-year truce Archived 2010-01-21 at the Wayback Machine The Independent January 27, 2004
- ^ Fury as Gaza buries Hamas leader Archived 2011-04-13 at the Wayback Machine BBC News, April 19, 2004
- ^ Hamas chief killed in air strike Archived 2008-12-19 at the Wayback Machine BBC News, March 22, 2004
- ^ "Deadly Hebron cell caught". YNetnews. 6 February 2006. Archived from the original on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
- ^ "Shin Bet cracks Hamas terror cell". The Jerusalem Post. 6 February 2006.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Le Canard Enchaîné, February 1, 2006 (issue n°4449) (in French)
- ^ Price, Matthew (13 May 2005). "Hamas success in Fatah heartland". BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 March 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- ^ Joel Beinin (8 February 2006). "Breakthrough or Blockade in Middle East Peace Process? Why Hamas won, and why negotiations must resume". San Francisco Chronicle.
- Le Monde Diplomatique. February 2006. Archivedfrom the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
- ^ "The CEC announces the final results of the second PLC elections". Elections.ps. 29 January 2006. Archived from the original on 4 April 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ RFI. 10 May 2006. Archivedfrom the original on 9 September 2006. Retrieved 10 May 2006.
- ^ "Hamas rejects 'unfair' aid demand" Archived 2007-02-18 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, January 31, 2006
- ^ a b c d "Le Quartet cherche une solution à la banqueroute palestinienne". Le Monde (in French). 9 May 2006. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2006.
- ^ "Palestinians to get interim aid" Archived 2007-09-11 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, May 10, 2006
- ^ "Palestinian Parliament Gives New Power". The Washington Post. 13 February 2006. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012.
- ^ "Outgoing MPs boost Abbas' power". BBC News. 13 February 2006. Archived from the original on 23 February 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- ^ McGreal, Chris (12 January 2006). "Hamas drops call for destruction of Israel from manifesto". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- ^ "Hamas: Ceasefire for return to 1967 border". Y Net News. 30 January 2006. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
- ^ Butcher, Tim (9 February 2006). "Hamas offers deal if Israel pulls out". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- ^ "Hamas will end armed struggle if Israel quits territories — leader". AFX News Limited. 12 February 2006. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
- ^ "75% of Hamas voters oppose destruction of Israel". The Jerusalem Post. 31 January 2006.[permanent dead link]
- ^ [1] Archived 2007-06-08 at the Wayback Machine Hamas: The Last Chance for Peace? By Henry Siegman, New York Review of Books, April 27, 2006
- ^ Abu Toameh, Khaled. Hamas armed force readies for action[permanent dead link], The Jerusalem Post, May 6, 2006.
- ^ "Hamas unveils Palestinian cabinet list". Reuters. 20 March 2006.
- ^ "'Jews are our enemy. I will pull the trigger whenever required'". London: The Daily Telegraph. 23 April 2006. Archived from the original on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- ^ a b "Three die in Fatah-Hamas clashes". BBC News. 8 May 2006. Archived from the original on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2006.
- The Sunday Times, May 7, 2006.
- ^ "Un complot visant Abbas aurait été déjoué grace aux Israéliens", L'Orient-Le Jour, May 8, 2006.
- ^ Westervelt 2007.
- ^ Black, Ian; Tran, Mark (15 June 2007). "Hamas takes control of Gaza". Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 31 August 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
- ^ McGreal, Chris (10 June 2006). "Death on the Beach: Seven Palestinians killed as Israeli shells hit family picnic". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- IslamOnline.net. 11 June 2006. Archived from the originalon 7 December 2008.
- ^ Copans, Laurie (15 June 2006). "Militants Fire Rockets Into South Israel". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
- ^ "Israel captures pair in Gaza raid". BBC News. 24 June 2006. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- UN. 30 June 2006. Archivedfrom the original on 26 January 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
- ^ "Suicide bomber was grandmother aged 64". Edinburgh: News.scotsman.com. 24 November 2006. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ "Hamas Rockets Hit Israel for First Time Since Truce". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
- ^ "Sources: IDF to limit its response to rocket barrage". Haaretz. Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
- ^ Waked, Ali (24 April 2007). "Hamas fires rockets at Israel". ynetnews. Archived from the original on 26 April 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
- ^ "Hamas fighters end Israel truce". BBC. 24 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 April 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
- ^ a b Hamas claims end to truce, fires rockets at Israel Archived 2011-05-23 at the Wayback Machine USA Today 2007-04-24
- ^ Greenberg, Hanan (24 April 2007). "Hamas attempt to kidnap IDF soldier thwarted". Ynetnews.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
- The Sunday Times, May 7, 2006
- ^ McGreal, Chris (10 June 2006). "Death on the Beach: Seven Palestinians killed as Israeli shells hit family picnic". London: Guardian. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- IslamOnline.net. 11 June 2006. Archived from the originalon 7 December 2008.
- ^ Katz, Yaakov (20 June 2006). "HRW says it can't refute IDF Gaza beach findings blast". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
- ^ Katz, Yaakov (22 June 2006). "IF: Second piece of shrapnel not ours". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
- ^ "Militants Fire Rockets Into South Israel". Sfgate.com. 5 March 2010. Archived from the original on 4 February 2008. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
- UN. 30 June 2006. Archivedfrom the original on 26 January 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
- ^ "Fatah and Hamas no nearer to unity as Palestinian parliament's term ends". Haaretz. 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ^ "Israel releases jailed Hamas parliament speaker". Haaretz. 23 June 2009. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ^ "The Palestinian National Unity Government". 24 February 2007. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ Black, Ian; Tran, Mark (15 June 2007). "Hamas takes control of Gaza". Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 31 August 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
- ^ The "Gaza War" Archived 2010-08-05 at the Wayback Machine. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2010-08-21.
- ^ What Happens After Hamas Wins? Archived 2007-06-16 at the Wayback Machine Time
- ^ "Abbas outlaws Hamas militia forces". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008.
- ^ "Over 600 Palestinians killed in internal clashes since 2006". Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. 20 June 1995. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- ^ Fatah supporters surrender to Hamas Archived 2017-07-04 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian (UK), June 13, 2007
- ^ "Israel-Hamas truce announced". Al Jazeera English. 17 June 2008. Archived from the original on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
- ^ Israel, Hamas Agree on Gaza Strip Truce Archived 2017-08-27 at the Wayback Machine Washington Post, June 18, 2008
- ^ Israel agrees to Gaza ceasefire Archived 2011-05-12 at the Wayback Machine BBC News
- ^ a b Six Months of the Lull Arrangement Intelligence Report (PDF) Archived 2009-10-13 at the Wayback Machine Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Israel Intelligence Heritage & Commemoration Center (IICC) December 31, 2008
- ^ Hamas: Continued rocket fire by Fatah armed group harms Palestinian interests Archived 2008-11-22 at the Wayback Machine Haaretz. Avi Isacharoff and Yuval Azoulay. June 29, 2008
- ^ Hamas arrests militants after rocket fire Archived 2009-04-22 at the Wayback Machine Reuters. July 10, 2008
- ^ Israel closes Gaza after rockets Archived 2013-08-26 at the Wayback Machine BBC, June 25, 2008
- ^ Gaza truce broken as Israeli raid kills six Hamas gunmen Archived 2018-01-06 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, November 5, 2008.
- ^ Why Israel went to war in Gaza Archived 2016-09-22 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, January 4, 2008.
- ^ Robin Lustig (6 January 2009). "Gaza: the numbers". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
- ^ "Rockets from Gaza bombard Israeli area". Upi.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
- ^ a b "Hamas 'might renew truce' in Gaza". London: BBC News. 23 December 2008. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
- ^ Why Israel Attacked Archived 2013-06-17 at the Wayback Machine Time magazine – December 27, 2008
- ^ a b Civilian death toll rises after second day of air strikes Archived 2017-07-04 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian (UK), December 29, 2008
- ^ a b c Israeli airstrikes in Gaza kill more than 200 Archived 2015-08-22 at the Wayback Machine NBC News, December 28, 2008
- ^ "IAF kills Hamas strongman Siam". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Obituary: Nizar Rayyan". London: BBC News. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
- ^ "Key Hamas Leader Killed". London: BBC News. 15 January 2009. Archived from the original on 18 January 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
- ^ Warnings Not Enough for Gaza Families Archived 2016-07-23 at the Wayback Machine New York Times, January 5, 2009
- ^ Israel Deepens Gaza Incursion as Toll Mounts Archived 2016-07-23 at the Wayback Machine New York Times, January 5, 2009
- ^ "Strike at Gaza school 'kills 40'". London: BBC News. 7 January 2009. Archived from the original on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
- ^ "Israel 'shelled civilian shelter'". London: BBC News. 9 January 2009. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
- ^ Israel accused of war crimes over 12-hour assault on Gaza village Archived 2017-03-13 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian, January 18, 2009
- ^ "Israel declares ceasefire in Gaza". London: BBC News. 18 January 2009. Archived from the original on 19 January 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
- ^ "Hamas announces ceasefire in Gaza". London: BBC News. 18 January 2009. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
- ^ Hamas releases second response to Goldstone Report Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Palestine Note, July 28, 2010 "...approximately 1,400 Palestinians were killed according to the Hamas government and the Palestinian Center for Human Rights. The Israeli army puts the number at 1,166."
- ^ Israel, Hamas probes on Gaza violations 'inadequate' Agence France Presse, hosted by Yahoo News, September 21, 2010
- Jerusalem Post. Archivedfrom the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2009.
- ^ Speech of Khaled Meshaal Archived 2016-01-21 at the Wayback Machine August 30, 2009 (rough automated translation from Arabic)
- Washington Institute for Near East Policy. September 1, 2009.
- ^ Video interview of Khaled Meshal by Charlie Rose, May 28, 2010 Archived September 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Click on small "transcript" link at top of comments section to view transcript; scroll up to view video.
- ^ rs.com/article/idUSTRE64T2AM20100530 Hamas renews offer to end fight if Israel withdraws[permanent dead link] Reuters, May 30, 2010.
- ^ Rage in Egypt at Hamas and Iran following Rocket Attacks on Eilat, Aqaba Archived 2010-09-03 at the Wayback Machine, MEMRI Special Dispatch No.3200
- ^ Palestinians hand Israel Qassam rocket seized in West Bank Archived 2011-12-09 at the Wayback Machine, Haaretz 22-02-2010
- ^ Hamas seeks to have rockets in West Bank Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, Xinhua 01-0302010
- ^ A-Zahar calls for rockets to be fired from West Bank Archived 2012-10-19 at the Wayback Machine, Jerusalem Post 20-06-2010
- ^ a b c Hamas Fights Over Gaza’s Islamist Identity Archived 2017-01-19 at the Wayback Machine New York Times, September 5, 2009
- ^ "Hamas encourages Gaza women to follow Islamic code _English_Xinhua". Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011. Xinhua, 2010-01-03
- ^ a b Hamas Bans Women Dancers, Scooter Riders in Gaza Push Archived 2015-11-18 at the Wayback Machine By Daniel Williams, Bloomberg, November 30, 2009
- ^ Hamas patrols beaches in Gaza to enforce conservative dress code Archived 2017-02-10 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian (UK), October 18, 2009
- ^ "In Gaza, prisoners twice over; Palestinians are being squeezed by the Israeli blockade and Hamas' 'Islamizing' actions," Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Bill Van Esveld, Bill Van Esveld is a Middle East researcher for Human Rights Watch, June 27, 2010, Los Angeles Times.
- ^ The Hamas Enterprise and the Talibanization of Gaza, by Khaled Al-Hroub, Al-Ayyam (Palestinian Authority), October 11, 2010. Translation Archived 2010-10-24 at the Wayback Machine by the Middle East Research Institute, October 22, 2010.
- ^ Ali Sawafta and Nidal al-Mughrabi, [Abbas government welcomes bin Laden death, Hamas deplores https://www.reuters.com/article/us-binladen-palestinians-idUSTRE74137A20110502 [2]]. Reuters, May 2, 2011
- ^ Hume; Tim; TRUMP'S JERUSALEM SPEECH A "DECLARATION OF WAR," SAYS HAMAS; VICE News; December 7, 2017; https://news.vice.com/story/trump-jerusalem-declaration-of-war-hamas Archived 2017-12-08 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Hamas: US decision on Jerusalem is a war declaration; Al Jazeera; December 7, 2017; http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/hamas-leader-jerusalem-decision-war-declaration-171207083427072.html Archived 2017-12-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Andrew Higgins (24 January 2024). "How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ Tal Schneider (8 October 2023). "For years, Netanyahu propped up Hamas. Now it's blown up in our faces". Times of Israel. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ Gidi Weitz (9 October 2023). "Another concept implodes: Israel can't be managed by a criminal defendant". Haaretz.
- ^ Mark Mazzetti; Ronen Bergman (10 December 2023). "'Buying Quiet': Inside the Israeli Plan That Propped Up Hamas". New York Times. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ "EU's Borrell says Israel financed creation of Gaza rulers Hamas". Reuters. 19 January 2024.
- ^ "Borrell carga contra Israel: "Financió a Hamás durante años para restar poder a Fatah"". El Independiente (in Spanish). 19 January 2024.
"Hamás ha sido financiado por Israel durante años para intentar restar poder a la autoridad palestina de Fatah", ha declarado Borrell durante su intervención en el solemne acto de investidura
- ^ "Borrell accuses Israel of 'creating' and 'financing' Hamas". Euractiv.
"We believe that a two-state solution must be imposed from outside to bring peace. Although, I insist, Israel is reaffirming its refusal (of this solution), and to prevent it they have gone so far as to create Hamas themselves," Borrell said.
- ^ Beatriz Navarro. "Borrell acusa a Israel de haber financiado a Hamas".
"Sí, Hamas fue financiado por el gobierno de Israel en un intento de debilitar a la Autoridad Palestina liderada por Al Fatah", defendió ayer el alto representante ..., Josep Borrell, en una vehemente defensa de la solución de los dos estados. ... En su empeño de "debilitar" a la Autoridad Palestina, el ejecutivo israelí habría llegado a "crear" y "financiar" al grupo terrorista islámico Hamas, remató
- ^ "BORRELL acusa a ISRAEL de FINANCIAR la CREACIÓN de HAMÁS para DEBILITAR a PALESTINA". YouTube, channel: RTVE Noticias.
(from transcript at 1:16) Aunque insisto Israel se reafirme en esa negativa que para impedirla han llegado ellos mismos a crear jamás sí jamás ha sido financiado por el gobierno de Israel para intentar debilitar a la autoridad Palestina
- ^ Graham Usher (19 March 2003). "Recruiting for Hamas". Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from the original on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ Nichols, Bill (28 March 2004). "Hamas leader says Bush is the 'enemy' of God and Islam". Usatoday.Com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
- ^ "Next Hamas Leader Confirmed". Arutz Sheva. 26 April 2004. Archived from the original on 21 March 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
Sources
- ISBN 978-0-253-20866-8.
- Brown, Nathan J. (27 August 2015). "Palestinians: Fighting and Governing". Wilson Center.
- Filiu, Jean-Pierre (Spring 2012). "The Origins of Hamas: Militant Legacy or Israeli Tool?". Journal of Palestine Studies. 41 (3): 54–70.
- "Hamas leader condemns Islamist charity blacklist". Reuters. 23 August 2007.
- Hasan, Mehdi; Sayedahmed, Dina (19 February 2018). "Blowback: How Israel Went from Helping Create Hamas to Bombing It". The Intercept.
- King, Mary Elizabeth (2009). "Palestinian Civil Resistance against Israeli Military Occupation". In Stephan, Maria J. (ed.). Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East. ISBN 978-0-230-10175-3.
- Peraino, Kevin (25 June 2006). "The Gangs of Gaza". Newsweek.
- ISBN 978-0-826-41413-7.
- Urquhart, Conal (25 October 2007). "A tale of two factions". The Guardian.
- Usher, Graham (21 August 2005). "The New Hamas: Between Resistance and Participation". MERIP.
- Westervelt, Eric (9 February 2007). "Hamas, Fatah Reach Accord on Government". NPR.