Invincible-class aircraft carrier

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Class overview
NameInvincible class
Builders
Operators Royal Navy
Preceded by
Succeeded byQueen Elizabeth class
Built1973–1981
In commission1980–2014
Completed3
Scrapped3
General characteristics
TypeLight aircraft carrier
Displacement22,000 tonnes[1]
Length209 m (686 ft)
Beam36 m (118 ft)
Draught8 m (26 ft)
Propulsion
Speed
  • 28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph) maximum
  • 18 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph) cruising
Range7,000 nmi (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at cruising speed
TroopsUp to 500 Marines
Complement650 ships company, 350 air crew
Sensors and
processing systems
  • Type 1022 Air Search Radar
  • Type 996 Surface Search Radar
  • Type 1006/1007 Navigation Radar
  • Type 909 Fire Control Radar (until 1998-2000)
  • Type 2016 Sonar
Armament
  • Sea Dart missile
    system (removed during late 1990s)
  • 2 × 20 mm
    anti-aircraft guns
  • 3
    close-in weapons systems
Aircraft carried
  • Until December 2010, 22 aircraft;
    • Multi Mission - Strike, ASuW and ASW
      • 12 x
        Harrier GR.7/9
      • 10 x
        Merlin HM Mk.1
        helicopters
    • Multi Mission - Strike and ASuW
      • 18 x
        Harrier GR.7/9
      • 4 x
        Merlin HM Mk.1 helicopters[2]
Aviation facilities
  • 168 m (551 ft) axial flight deck
  • Bow 12°
    ski-jump
Notes[3]

The Invincible class was a

North Atlantic Soviet submarine threat, and initially embarked Sea Harrier aircraft and Sea King HAS.1 anti-submarine helicopters. With cancellation of the aircraft carriers renewal programme in the 1960s, the three ships became the replacements for Ark Royal and Eagle fleet carriers and the Centaur-class
light fleet carriers, and the Royal Navy's sole class of aircraft carrier.

The three vessels saw active service in a number of locations, including the

2003 Invasion of Iraq
.

Invincible was decommissioned in 2005 and put in reserve in a low state of readiness.[4][5] She was sold to a Turkish scrapyard in February 2011,[6] and left Portsmouth under tow on 24 March 2011.[7] Pursuant to the Strategic Defence and Security Review, 2010, Ark Royal followed, decommissioning on 13 March 2011. This left Illustrious as the sole remaining ship, serving as a helicopter carrier from 2011 to 2014 when it was decommissioned as well.[8][9] The Royal Navy was without an aircraft carrier for the first time in nearly a century, until the commissioning of the first of two Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers in December 2017.

Development

The Invincible class has its origins in a sketch design for a 6,000-

Italian Navy and a larger 17,500-ton vessel with a "through-deck", nine Sea Kings and missiles right forward. By 1970, the "through-deck" design had advanced into a Naval Staff Requirement for an 18,750-ton Through-Deck Command Cruiser (TDCC).[10]

In February 1963, the

C3I and anti-submarine warfare, and were constructed like cruisers.[12] The "aircraft carrier" name did not officially appear in association with the ships until the 1980 Defence Estimates referred to the Invincibles as such.[13]

Economic problems in the UK in the early 1970s delayed progress on the new ships, but the design continued to evolve. The order for the first ship was given to

Sea Dart missile
launcher on the bows.

The government decided that the carrier needed fixed-wing aircraft to defend against Soviet reconnaissance aircraft.

LPH, in the reinforcement of NATO's Northern flank in Norway. In 1998, HMS Ocean
, with a hull form based on that of the Invincible class, was commissioned specifically for this role.

HMS Invincible in 1991

After the 1982

CIWS guns were added to the design. Illustrious had them fitted at the last minute before commissioning, Ark Royal had them added as a normal part of the building process, and Invincible had them fitted during her first overhaul after the Falklands. Initially, Invincible and Illustrious were fitted with two Vulcan Phalanx units; these were replaced with three Goalkeeper systems. Ark Royal retained the three Phalanx CIWS systems she was fitted with when built (she could be easily distinguished from her sisters by the Phalanx's distinctive white "R2-D2" radome). Electronic countermeasures were provided by a Thales jamming system and ECM system. Seagnat
launchers were provided for chaff or flare decoys. As part of upgrades during the mid-1990s, all three ships had the Sea Dart removed, with the forecastle filled in to increase the size of the flight deck.

Foreign interest

In the mid-1970s, the

Iranian Navy could not commit to providing sufficient personnel for manning the vessels, the ship order was cancelled in 1976.[16]
A later proposal to buy four "Harrier-type" vessels was also discarded, as were later negotiations to buy the Sea Harrier.

The 1981 Defence White Paper and its planned reduction in the size of the carrier fleet saw Invincible marked as surplus to requirements, and the ship was offered for sale to the Royal Australian Navy in July 1981 as a replacement for the ageing aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne.[17] The class had previously been considered and discarded as a potential replacement for the Australian ship, but the low £175 million (A$285 million) offer price and the already-constructed state of the vessel prompted the Australian government to announce in February 1982 their intention to accept the British offer.[18] In Australian service, the ship would have been named HMAS Australia, and would operate as a helicopter carrier until a later decision on the acquisition of Sea Harriers was made.[19] Invincible's service during the Falklands War showed that the White Paper's suggested reductions were flawed and both nations withdrew from the deal in July 1982.[18]

Falklands War

Prior to 1982, Invincible's air group consisted purely of Sea King HAS.5 anti-submarine helicopters and

ASW hunter-killer groups in the North Atlantic during a war against the Soviet Union. In that context, the main weapon of the carrier would not be its fighter aircraft, but its ASW helicopters. The fighters were on board to shoot down the occasional Soviet maritime patrol aircraft
nosing around the ship and its escorts.

The

airborne early warning
) version. Illustrious carried the first examples of the type when it was rushed south in the aftermath of the Falklands War to relieve Invincible of its guard duty around the islands.

HMS Illustrious (right) with the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS John C. Stennis

In the aftermath of the Falklands, the typical air group was three AEW Sea Kings, nine ASW Sea Kings and eight or nine Sea Harriers. Analysis of the Sea Harrier's performance during the war led to the requirement for an upgrade, approval for which was granted in 1984. The

Sea Harrier FA2 entered service in 1993 and deployed on Invincible to Bosnia in 1994. The FA2 featured the Blue Vixen radar which was described as one of the most advanced pulse Doppler radars in the world. The FA2 carried the AIM-120 AMRAAM. The final new build Sea Harrier FA2 was delivered on 18 January 1999. Other improvements were made to the class during the 1980s and early 1990s, in particular to increase the ski-jump exit angle on Invincible and Illustrious to 12° to match Ark Royal.[15]

Modernisation

Invincible undergoing overhaul and modernisation

In later years, three other changes were made. One was the removal of the Sea Dart system, creating an increased deck park for aircraft. The Sea Dart magazines were converted to increase air-to-surface weapons stowage, and new aircrew briefing facilities created under the extended flight deck, both to support the embarkation of RAF Harrier GR7s as a routine part of the air group. The ships were all fitted to handle

Fort-class auxiliaries
.

The last wartime deployments of the class saw them in their secondary LPH role, as it was officially judged that Sea Harriers could provide no useful role in the missions. During those deployments, the class embarked RAF Chinook helicopters, in lieu of their fixed-wing complement.

Invincible's final refit was in 2004.[5]

Illustrious underwent a 16-month £40 million refit at Rosyth Dockyard during 2010 and 2011 in preparation for her new role as a helicopter carrier during the refit of HMS Ocean.[9]

Final years

Illustrious (top) moored alongside Queen Elizabeth at Rosyth in 2014, showing the difference in size between the Invincible class and the ships that will replace them

The Sea Harrier was officially retired on 1 April 2006. The principal weapon of the Invincible-class carriers then became the

Harrier GR9 flown by two Fleet Air Arm
and two RAF squadrons until they were retired in 2010.

Invincible was decommissioned in July 2005, and was mothballed until September 2010.[4] On 24 March 2011 Invincible left Portsmouth under tow for scrapping at Leyal Ship Recycling, Turkey.[7]

Ark Royal took over as the flagship, was planned to be decommissioned in 2016, but retired in 2010 following the Strategic Defence and Security Review.

Illustrious remained the only one of the class in service, but was also retired in 2014. After being laid up it left Portsmouth under tow to the shipbreakers in Turkey on 7 December 2016.[20]

Two larger Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers replaced the Invincible class, with the first, HMS Queen Elizabeth, commissioned in late 2017. They displace around 65,000 tonnes each[21] – more than three times the displacement of the Invincible class.

Ships in class

Name Pennant Image Builder Ordered Laid down Launched Commissioned Fate
Invincible R05 Vickers Armstrong, Barrow.[22] 17 April 1973 [14][22][23] 20 July 1973 [22] 3 May 1977 [22] 11 July 1980 [22] Broken up at Aliağa, 2011
Illustrious R06 Swan Hunter, Wallsend[22] 14 May 1976 [22] 7 October 1976 [22] 1 December 1978 [22] 20 June 1982 [22] Broken up at Aliağa, 2017
Ark Royal
(ex-Indomitable) 		R07 Swan Hunter, Wallsend [22] December 1978 [22] 14 December 1978 [22] 2 June 1981 [22] 1 November 1985 [22] Broken up at Aliağa, 2013

References

  1. ^ "HMS Illustrious". Royal Navy. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012.
  2. ^ The Big Interview: Admiral Sir Alan West
  3. ^ "Invincible Class Aircraft Carriers, United Kingdom". Naval-technology.com. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
  4. ^ a b "Barrow-built Invincible thrown out of the Navy". North West Evening Mail. 5 October 2010. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  5. ^ a b Rayment, Sean (28 November 2010). "Aircraft carrier HMS Invincible is put up for sale". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  6. ^ "HMS Invincible sold to Turkish ship recyclers". BBC News. 8 February 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  7. ^ a b "Former HMS Invincible leaves Portsmouth". BBC News. 24 March 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  8. ^ Ward, Victoria (11 March 2011). "Ark Royal: decommissioning marks end of a long and celebrated history". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  9. ^ a b "HMS Illustrious leaves Rosyth after £40m refit". STV. 20 June 2011. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  10. ^
    ISBN 0-370-31021-7
    .
  11. ^ Hansard HC Deb 26 March 1969 vol 780 c303W Cruisers (V/STOL Aircraft)
    "Mr. Wall asked the Secretary of State for Defence whether the new cruisers will operate vertical/short take-off and landing aircraft; and when it is expected the first will be ordered.
    Mr. John Morris No decision has yet been taken whether vertical and short take-off and landing aircraft should be operated at sea. It is too early to say when the first of the new cruisers will be ordered."
  12. ^ a b James, D. R. (January 1999). "Carrier 2000: A Consideration of Naval Aviation in the Millennium – I" (PDF). The Naval Review. 87 (1): 3–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  13. ISBN 0-7509-2458-6
    .
  14. ^
    ISBN 0-7106-0105-0
  15. ^
    ISBN 9781612519999
    .
  16. ^ Secret Projects, 13 September 2010
  17. OCLC 39641731
    .
  18. ^
    OCLC 50418095
    .
  19. ISSN 1322-6231
    .
  20. ^ "Changes to Royal Navy's surface fleet announced". Ministry of Defence. 15 December 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
  21. ^ "Queen Elizabeth Class (CVF), United Kingdom". naval-technology.com. 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  22. ^
    ISBN 0-85177-605-1
    page 501.
  23. ^ Hansard HC Deb 04 March 1977 vol 927 c337W, this lists Invincible as ordered in financial year 1973–74, the explanation for this is given in the following source:
    Hansard HC Deb 24 November 1977 vol 939 cc869-70W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence about contracts, 24 November 1977.
    For the first ASW Cruiser (HMS Invincible) the planned order date when tender invited was February 1973. The contract was placed in April 1973.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Invincible class aircraft carriers.

Further reading

  • Waters, Conrad (December 2016), "Invincible Class Aircraft Carriers", Ships Monthly: 33–39
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