Jacksonville, Florida
Jacksonville | ||
---|---|---|
Consolidated city–county | ||
City of Jacksonville and Duval County | ||
Strong Mayor–Council | ||
• Body | Jacksonville City Council | |
• Mayor | Donna Deegan (D) | |
• City Council | Members
| |
Area FIPS code | 12-35000 | |
GNIS feature ID | 0295003[8] | |
Website | City of Jacksonville |
Jacksonville is the most populous city proper in the U.S. state of Florida, located on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. It is the seat of Duval County,[9] with which the City of Jacksonville consolidated in 1968. It is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States as of 2020.[10]
City-county consolidation greatly increased Jacksonville's official population and extended its boundaries, placing most of Duval County's population within the new municipal limits; Jacksonville grew to 900 square miles (2,300 km2).[11]
As of July 2022, Jacksonville's population was 971,319, while the population of Duval County was about 1 million.[11][12] After consolidation, Jacksonville became the most populous city in Florida and the Southeastern United States, and the largest in the South outside the state of Texas.[13] With a population of 1,733,937, the Jacksonville metropolitan area ranks as Florida's fourth-largest metropolitan region.[7] The metropolitan area consists of Clay County, St. Johns County, Nassau County, and Baker County.
Jacksonville straddles the
Harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian
History
Early history
The area of the modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a University of North Florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the United States, dating to 2500 BCE.[24]
In the 16th century, the beginning of the historical era, the region was inhabited by the Mocama, a coastal subgroup of the Timucua people. At the time of contact with Europeans, all Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa, centered around the mouth of the St. Johns River.[25] One early French map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area.[26]
In 1562, French
Philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to protect the interests of Spain by attacking the French at Fort Caroline. On September 20, 1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline, and killed nearly all the French soldiers defending it.[28] The Spanish renamed the fort as San Mateo and, following the expulsion of the French, St. Augustine became the most important European settlement in Florida. The location of Fort Caroline is subject to debate, but a reconstruction of the fort was established in 1964 along the St. Johns River.[29]
Spain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 as part of the Treaty of Paris in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War (known as the French and Indian War on the North American front). The British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British called the Cow Ford; these names reflected the use of the ford for moving cattle across the river there.[30][31][32]
The British introduced the cultivation of sugarcane, indigo, and fruits as cash crops on plantations, in addition to exporting lumber. A large number of British colonists who were "energetic and of good character" were given land grants in the region and emigrated to the region, becoming the first English-speaking population in Florida. These colonists came from England, Georgia, South Carolina and Bermuda. British judges introduced the system of common law to Florida, resulting in the Floridian legal system utilizing concepts such as trial-by-jury, habeas corpus and county-based government.[33][34]
After their defeat in the American Revolutionary War, Britain returned control of the territory to Spain in 1783 via the Peace of Paris. The settlement at the Cow Ford continued to grow.[citation needed]
Founding and 19th century
After Spain ceded the Florida Territory to the United States in 1821, American settlers on the north side of the Cow Ford decided to plan a town, laying out the streets and plats. They named the town Jacksonville, after celebrated war hero and first Territorial Governor (later U.S. president) Andrew Jackson. Led by Isaiah D. Hart, residents wrote a charter for a town government, which the Florida Legislative Council approved on February 9, 1832.
During the American Civil War, Duval County produced several units that fought for the Confederate States Army. At least two were raised out of Jacksonville: the Jacksonville Light Infantry, a militia unit formed in 1859, and the Duval County Cow Boys, mustered in during the summer of 1861. Both units fought as part of the 3rd Florida Infantry.[35] The St. John's Greys, the Milton Artillery, and Company H of 1st Florida Cavalry Regiment were also all formed by men from Jacksonville.[36]
Jacksonville was also a key supply point for hogs and cattle shipped from Florida to feed the
Union forces retreated to Jacksonville and held the city for the remainder of the war. In March 1864 a Confederate cavalry confronted a Union expedition in the
During
20th and 21st centuries
1900 to 1939
On May 3, 1901, downtown Jacksonville was ravaged by a fire that started as a kitchen fire. Spanish moss at a nearby mattress factory was quickly engulfed in flames and enabled the fire to spread rapidly. In a mere eight hours, it swept through 146 city blocks, destroyed over 2,000 buildings, left about 10,000 homeless and killed seven residents. The Confederate Monument in
In the 1910s, northern film studios headquartered in New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago were attracted to Jacksonville's warm climate, exotic landscapes, excellent rail access, and cheap labor. More than 30
During this time, Jacksonville also became a banking and insurance center, with companies such as Barnett Bank, Atlantic National Bank, Florida National Bank, Prudential, Gulf Life, Afro-American Insurance, Independent Life and American Heritage Life thriving in the business district. The Walker Business College was opened c. 1916 in Jacksonville and advertised that it was the largest African American business school in the United States.[48]
1940 to 1979
During World War II, The U.S. Navy became a major employer and economic force, constructing three Navy bases in the city, while the U.S. Marine Corps established Blount Island Command.
Jacksonville, like most large cities in the United States, suffered from many negative effects of rapid urban sprawl after World War II. The construction of federal highways essentially subsidized development of suburban housing, and wealthier, better established residents moved to newer housing in the suburbs. After World War II, the government of the city of Jacksonville began to increase spending to fund new public building projects in the postwar economic boom. Mayor W. Haydon Burns' Jacksonville Story resulted in the construction of a new city hall, civic auditorium, public library and other projects that created a sense of civic pride. Development of suburbs led to a growing middle class who lived outside the urban core. An increasing proportion of residents in Jacksonville's urban core had a higher than average rate of poverty, especially as businesses and jobs also migrated to the suburbs.[49]
Given the postwar migration of residents, businesses, and jobs, the city's tax base declined. It had difficulty funding education, sanitation, and traffic control within the city limits. In addition, residents in unincorporated suburbs had difficulty obtaining municipal services, such as sewage and building code enforcement. In 1958, a study recommended the city of Jacksonville begin annexing outlying communities to create the needed larger geographic tax base to improve services throughout the county. Voters outside the city limits rejected annexation plans in six referendums between 1960 and 1965.
On
In 1962, a federal court ordered the city to prepare a plan for integration of public schools, in accordance with the ruling of the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education (1954). A study found schools were in poor condition and poorly equipped.
On December 29, 1963, the Hotel Roosevelt fire killed 22 people, the highest one-day death toll in Jacksonville.[50] On September 10, 1964, Hurricane Dora made landfall near St. Augustine, causing major damage to buildings in North Florida. Hurricane Dora was the first recorded hurricane to make a direct hit to North Florida.[51]
In the mid-1960s, corruption scandals arose among city and some county officials, who were mainly part of a traditional white Democratic network that had dominated politics for the decades since the
In 1963 the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools threatened to withdraw accreditation of area schools in a year because of "instructional deficiencies". But voters refused to approve new taxes to improve school conditions. In late 1963, Duval County was spending $299 per student compared to the state average spending of $372 per student. In 1964 all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation.[52] This added momentum to proposals for government reform.
Jacksonville Consolidation, led by J. J. Daniel and Claude Yates, began to win more support during this period, from both inner-city blacks, who wanted more involvement in government after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, that provided federal oversight and enforcement of their right to vote, and whites in the suburbs, who wanted more services and more control over the central city. Lower taxes, increased economic development, unification of the community, better public spending, and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government.
When a
1980 to present
Tommy Hazouri supported passage of environmental regulations and reduced pollution odor during his single term as mayor, which began in 1987.[54]
The Better Jacksonville Plan, promoted as a "blueprint for Jacksonville's future" and approved by Jacksonville voters in 2000, authorized a half-penny sales tax. This generated most of the revenue required for the $2.25 billion package of major projects, which have included road and infrastructure improvements, environmental preservation, targeted economic development, and new or improved public facilities.[57]
In 2005, Jacksonville hosted Super Bowl XXXIX, which was seen by an estimated 86 million viewers.[58]
The city has suffered damage in natural disasters. In October 2016, Hurricane Matthew caused major flooding and damage to Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beach, Atlantic Beach and Neptune Beach, the first such damage in the area since 2004.[59] In September 2017, Hurricane Irma caused record-breaking floods in Jacksonville, with a severity not seen since 1846.[60][61]
As has been typical of other metropolitan areas across the country, suburban growth has continued around Jacksonville, where large areas of land were available for development, drawing more residents, businesses and jobs from the city. This has resulted in further demographic changes. The city's largest ethnic group, non-Hispanic white,[49] declined from 75.8% of the population in 1970 to 55.1% by 2010.[62]
Geography
Cityscape
Topography
According to the
Soil composition is primarily sand and clay rather than limestone, so few sinkholes develop; however, deep, large diameter sinkholes do occur.[63]
Architecture
The
Jacksonville's early predominant position as a regional center of business left an indelible mark on the city's skyline. Many of the earliest skyscrapers in the state were constructed in Jacksonville, dating to 1902.[68] The city last held the state height record from 1974 to 1981.[69] The tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline is the Bank of America Tower, constructed in 1990 as the Barnett Center. It has a height of 617 ft (188 m) and includes 42 floors.[70][71] Other notable structures include the 37-story Wells Fargo Center (with its distinctive flared base making it the defining building in the Jacksonville skyline),[72][73] originally built in 1972–1974 by the Independent Life and Accident Insurance Company, and the 28-floor Riverplace Tower. When this tower was completed in 1967, it was the tallest precast, post-tensioned concrete structure in the world.[74][75]
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Laura Street Trio (1902–1912)
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The Carling (1925)
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11 East Forsyth (1926)
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Eight Forty One (1955)
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Riverplace Tower (1967)
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Wells Fargo Center (1974)
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TIAA Bank Center (1983)
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Bank of America Tower (1990)
Neighborhoods
There are more than 500 neighborhoods within Jacksonville's vast area.
Four municipalities have retained their own governments since consolidation; these are
-
Northbank
Climate
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Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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According to the Köppen climate classification, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with hot humid summers, and warm to mild and drier winters. Seasonal rainfall is concentrated in the warmest months from May through September, when brief but intense downpours with thunder and lightning are common, while the driest months are from November through April. Rainfall averages around 52 inches (1.3 m) a year.[82]
Normal monthly mean temperatures range from 54.2 °F (12.3 °C) in January to 82.5 °F (28.1 °C) in July; high temperatures average 65.5 to 91.9 °F (18.6 to 33.3 °C) throughout the year.[81]
The city of Jacksonville usually averages only about 10 to 15 nights at or below freezing. Such cold weather is usually short-lived.
Jacksonville has only received one direct hit from a hurricane since 1871. The rarity of direct strikes is attributed to chance.
In 2004, Jacksonville was inundated by
Climate data for Jacksonville, Florida (Jacksonville Int'l), 1991−2020 normals,[a] extremes 1871−present[b] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 87 (31) |
89 (32) |
94 (34) |
95 (35) |
100 (38) |
103 (39) |
105 (41) |
102 (39) |
100 (38) |
96 (36) |
89 (32) |
85 (29) |
105 (41) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 80.4 (26.9) |
82.9 (28.3) |
86.4 (30.2) |
89.6 (32.0) |
94.1 (34.5) |
96.8 (36.0) |
97.4 (36.3) |
96.2 (35.7) |
93.4 (34.1) |
89.1 (31.7) |
84.6 (29.2) |
81.1 (27.3) |
98.4 (36.9) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 65.5 (18.6) |
68.9 (20.5) |
74.3 (23.5) |
79.8 (26.6) |
85.9 (29.9) |
89.9 (32.2) |
91.9 (33.3) |
90.7 (32.6) |
87.1 (30.6) |
80.8 (27.1) |
73.1 (22.8) |
67.5 (19.7) |
79.7 (26.5) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 54.2 (12.3) |
57.5 (14.2) |
62.4 (16.9) |
68.1 (20.1) |
74.9 (23.8) |
80.3 (26.8) |
82.5 (28.1) |
82.1 (27.8) |
78.8 (26.0) |
71.2 (21.8) |
62.3 (16.8) |
56.7 (13.7) |
69.3 (20.7) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 42.4 (5.8) |
45.6 (7.6) |
50.0 (10.0) |
55.8 (13.2) |
63.3 (17.4) |
70.2 (21.2) |
72.7 (22.6) |
72.9 (22.7) |
70.0 (21.1) |
61.1 (16.2) |
50.8 (10.4) |
45.3 (7.4) |
58.4 (14.7) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 25.3 (−3.7) |
28.2 (−2.1) |
32.6 (0.3) |
40.8 (4.9) |
50.7 (10.4) |
62.5 (16.9) |
68.2 (20.1) |
68.1 (20.1) |
60.5 (15.8) |
44.8 (7.1) |
33.1 (0.6) |
29.2 (−1.6) |
23.5 (−4.7) |
Record low °F (°C) | 7 (−14) |
10 (−12) |
23 (−5) |
31 (−1) |
45 (7) |
47 (8) |
61 (16) |
63 (17) |
48 (9) |
33 (1) |
21 (−6) |
11 (−12) |
7 (−14) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.28 (83) |
2.86 (73) |
3.29 (84) |
2.93 (74) |
3.42 (87) |
7.60 (193) |
6.77 (172) |
6.88 (175) |
7.56 (192) |
4.03 (102) |
2.00 (51) |
2.78 (71) |
53.40 (1,356) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 7.7 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 14.1 | 13.6 | 15.1 | 12.4 | 8.0 | 6.6 | 7.7 | 113.9 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
74.9 | 72.2 | 71.2 | 69.5 | 72.7 | 76.8 | 77.7 | 80.3 | 80.8 | 78.6 | 77.7 | 76.7 | 75.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 189.4 | 193.8 | 257.9 | 286.4 | 303.9 | 283.6 | 282.0 | 262.4 | 228.2 | 214.6 | 193.9 | 183.6 | 2,879.7 |
Percent possible sunshine | 59 | 62 | 69 | 74 | 72 | 67 | 65 | 64 | 62 | 61 | 61 | 58 | 65 |
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)[89][81][90][91] |
Parks
The City of Jacksonville has a unique park system, with various lands operated by the
National parks
The
State parks
There are several state parks within the city limits of Jacksonville, these include
City parks
- Confederate monument was erected in 1915 honoring the Women of the Southland.[93] On August 11, 2020, the city council voted to change the name of the park to "Springfield Park".[94]
- Southbank Riverwalk. It opened in 1965 as the world's largest and tallest fountain, and has been one of Jacksonville's most recognizable and popular attractions. The fountain's three pumps could push 17,000 US gallons (64,000 L) of water per minute up to 100 feet (30 m) in height. It was designed by Jacksonville architect Taylor Hardwick in 1963 and in 2011, the city completed a $3.2 million renovation to the fountain and the surrounding park. It features a light show and music each evening.[95]
- segregation in the United States. Hannah Park also has a campground with both RV and tent sites.[96]
- James Weldon Johnson Park is a 1.54-acre (6,200 m2) public park in the heart of the government center in downtown. Originally a village green, it was the first park and remains the oldest park in the city. The area was established as a public square in 1857 by Isaiah Hart, founder of Jacksonville. Formerly Hemming Park, it was renamed in 2020 for writer and civil rights activist James Weldon Johnson.[94] The first Wednesday of every month, the park is converted into the centerpiece of Jacksonville's Downtown Art Walk. The third Thursday of every month, the park hosts a night market called Jaxsons Night Market.[97]
- Henry J. Klutho, turned much of the park grounds into a Venetian-style promenade.[98]
- Treaty Oak, a massive 250-year-old tree in the Southbank.[100]
- Metropolitan Park is a 32-acre (13 ha) waterfront park on the St. Johns River, in the Sports Complex area of downtown. The multi-purpose facility contains an exhibition area, picnic and playground area, and a performance pavilion which has a capacity of 10,000 persons.[101]
- Charles Adrian Pillars designed the bronze sculpture, 'Life', prominently showcased in the park.[102]
- Riverside. It is the second oldest park in the city.[103]
- Riverwalk 2.0 miles (3.2 km) along the St. Johns from Berkman Plaza to I-95 at the Fuller Warren Bridge while the Southbank Riverwalk stretches 1.2 miles (1.9 km) from the Radisson Hotel to Museum Circle. Adjacent to Museum Circle is St. Johns River Park, also known as Friendship Park. It is the location of Friendship Fountain, one of the most recognizable and popular attractions in Jacksonville. This landmark was built in 1965 and promoted as the "World's Tallest and Largest" fountain at the time.[104]
- Veterans Memorial Wall is a tribute to local servicemen and women killed while serving in the US armed forces. A ceremony is held each Memorial Day, recognizing any service woman or man from Jacksonville who died in the previous year.[105]
Other
- Evergreen Cemetery is a large historic cemetery added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 8, 2011.[106][107][108]
- Jacksonville Arboretum & Gardensbroke ground on a new center in April 2007 and held their grand opening on November 15, 2008.
- Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens
- Jacksonville National Cemetery
- Old City Cemetery
- Tree Hill Nature Center is a nature preserve and environmental education center five minutes from Downtown Jacksonville.
Demographics
2000-2010 city compared to county & state | |||
---|---|---|---|
2000-2010 city, county, and state comparison | |||
2010 Census |
Jacksonville | Duval County | Florida |
Total population | 821,784 | 864,263 | 18,801,310 |
Population, percent change, 2000 to 2010 | +11.7% | +11.0% | +17.6% |
Population density | 1,100.1/sq mi | 1,133.9/sq mi | 350.6/sq mi |
Demographic profile | 2020[49] | 2010[49] | 2000[109] | 1990[62] | 1970[62] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
White (non-Hispanic) |
47.8% | 55.1% | 62.2% | 70.3% | 75.8% |
Black or African American |
30.0% | 30.1% | 29.0% | 25.2% | 22.3% |
Hispanic or Latino | 11.6% | 7.7% | 4.2% | 2.6% | 1.3%[c] |
Asian |
5.0% | 4.2% | 2.8% | 1.9% | 0.4% |
Two or more races (multiracial) |
4.6% | 2.9% | 2.0% | N/A | N/A |
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1850 | 1,045 | — | |
1860 | 2,118 | 102.7% | |
1870 | 6,912 | 226.3% | |
1880 | 7,650 | 10.7% | |
1890 | 17,201 | 124.8% | |
1900 | 28,429 | 65.3% | |
1910 | 57,699 | 103.0% | |
1920 | 91,558 | 58.7% | |
1930 | 129,549 | 41.5% | |
1940 | 173,065 | 33.6% | |
1950 | 204,275 | 18.0% | |
1960 | 201,030 | −1.6% | |
1970 | 528,865 | 163.1% | |
1980 | 540,920 | 2.3% | |
1990 | 635,230 | 17.4% | |
2000 | 735,503 | 15.8% | |
2010 | 821,784 | 11.7% | |
2020 | 949,611 | 15.6% | |
2023 (est.) | 985,843 | [110] | 3.8% |
U.S. Decennial Census[111] 2010–2020[11] |
Although incorporated in 1832, Jacksonville did not appear in the U.S. Census for the first time until 1850, when it recorded a population of only 1,045.[112]
2010 and 2020 census
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop. 2000[113] | Pop. 2010[114] | Pop. 2020[115] | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White (NH)
|
457,478 | 452,525 | 453,795 | 62.19% | 55.07% | 47.79% |
Black or African American (NH)
|
211,252 | 247,516 | 284,328 | 28.72% | 30.12% | 29.94% |
Alaska Native (NH)
|
2,264 | 2,687 | 2,203 | 0.31% | 0.33% | 0.23% |
Asian (NH) | 20,165 | 34,731 | 47,821 | 2.74% | 4.23% | 5.04% |
Native Hawaiian (NH)
|
414 | 668 | 938 | 0.06% | 0.08% | 0.10% |
Some other race (NH)
|
1,358 | 1,949 | 6,623 | 0.18% | 0.24% | 0.70% |
Two or more races/Multiracial (NH) | 12,092 | 18,223 | 43,822 | 1.64% | 2.22% | 4.61% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 30,594 | 63,485 | 110,081 | 4.16% | 7.73% | 11.59% |
Total | 735,617 | 821,784 | 949,611 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 949,611 people, 348,809 households, and 213,174 families residing in the city.[116]
As of the 2010 United States census, there were 821,784 people, 311,064 households, and 197,888 families residing in the city.[117]
As of 2020, Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida and the eleventh most populous city in the United States.
As of 2010[update], those of Hispanic or Latino ancestry accounted for 7.7% of Jacksonville's population. Of these, 2.6% identified as
As of 2010[update], those of African ancestry accounted for 30.7% of Jacksonville's population, which includes African Americans. Out of the 30.7%, 1.8% identified as
As of 2010[update], those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 55.1% of Jacksonville's population. Of these, 10.4% identified as ethnic
As of 2010[update], those of Asian ancestry accounted for 4.3% of Jacksonville's population. Out of the 4.3%, 1.8% were
In 2010, 6.7% of the population identified as of American ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity.)
As of 2010[update], there were 311,064 households, out of which 11.8% were vacant. 23.9% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.21. In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.9% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.[120][121]
In 2010, the median income for a household in the county was $48,829, and the median income for a family was $59,272. Males had a median income of $42,485 versus $34,209 for females. The per capita income for the county was $25,227. About 10.5% of families and 14.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.4% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those aged 65 or over.[122]
In 2010, 9.2% of the county's population was
As of 2010[update], 87.1% of Jacksonville's population age five and over spoke only English at home while 5.8% of the population spoke Spanish at home. About 3.3% spoke other Indo-European languages at home. About 2.9% spoke Asian languages or Pacific Islander languages/Oceanic languages at home. The remaining 0.9% of the population spoke other languages at home. In total, 12.9% spoke another language other than English.[120]
2000 census
As of 2000, speakers of
Ethnicities
Jacksonville has the largest
As of 2010, Jacksonville had Florida's largest
In 2000, Jacksonville had the country's tenth-largest
Religion
Jacksonville has a diverse religious population. The largest religious group is
Jacksonville is part of the
There are also two
ARDA estimated 14,886 members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and 511 Unitarian Universalists in 2010.[129] There were an estimated 8,581 Muslims attending seven mosques, the largest being the Islamic Center of Northeast Florida.[129][134] The Jewish community, which numbered 6,028 in 2010,[129] is largely centered in the neighborhood of Mandarin.[135] There are five Orthodox, two Reform, two Conservative, and one Reconstructionist synagogues. The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute teaches courses for the community.[129][136]
ARDA also estimated 4,595 Hindus, 3,530 Buddhists and 650 Baháʼís in the Jacksonville area in 2010.[129]
Economy
Jacksonville's location on the
Jacksonville is home to the headquarters of four
In 2008, Jacksonville had 2.8 million visitors who stayed overnight, spending nearly $1 billion. A study by Research Data Services of Tampa quantified the importance of tourism. The total economic impact was $1.6 billion and supported nearly 43,000 jobs, 10% of the local workforce.[139]
Banking and financial services
Jacksonville has long had a regional legacy in banking and finance. Locally headquartered
Jacksonville's
Logistics
Jacksonville is a rail, air, and highway focal point and a busy port of entry, with
According to Forbes magazine in 2007, Jacksonville ranked third among the top ten U.S. cities as destinations for jobs.[149] Jacksonville was ranked as the tenth-fastest growing city in the U.S.[150]
To emphasize the city's transportation business and capabilities, the Jacksonville Regional Chamber of Commerce filed Jacksonville America's Logistics Center as a trademark on November 9, 2007. It was formally registered on August 4, 2009.[151] Cornerstone began promoting the city as "Jacksonville: America's Logistics Center" in 2009. Signs were added to the existing city limit markers on Interstate 95.[152]
The
Cecil Commerce Center is on the site of the former Naval Air Station Cecil Field, which closed in 1999 following the 1993 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) decision. Covering a total area of 22,939 acres (92.83 km2), it was the largest military base in the Jacksonville area. The parcel contains more than 3% of the total land area in Duval County (17,000 acres (69 km2)). The industrial and commercial-zoned center offers mid to large-size parcels for development; it has excellent transportation and utility infrastructure, including the third-longest runway in Florida.
Media and technology
When it comes to broadcast media, as of 2023, Jacksonville was considered the 47th-largest local television market in the United States.[156] Despite its large population, Jacksonville has always been a small-to-medium-sized market because of population trends towards suburban and once-traditionally rural areas around Duval County, Florida. They are served by television stations affiliated with major American networks including but not limited to: WTLV 12 (NBC) and its sister station WJXX 25 (ABC), WJAX-TV 47 (CBS) and WFOX-TV 30 (Fox; with MyNetworkTV/MeTV on DT2), which operates WJAX-TV under a joint sales and shared services agreement, WJCT 7 (PBS), and WCWJ 17 (CW). WJXT 4, WCWJ's sister station, is a former longtime CBS affiliate that turned independent in 2002.
Jacksonville is also considered, after 2017, the 46th-largest local radio market in the U.S.[157] and is also dominated by two of the largest media groups in the United States that also dominates the American radio industry, including the following: Cox Radio[158] and iHeartMedia.[159] The dominant AM radio station in terms of ratings - or households to use an industry term tuning in, is WOKV 690AM, which is also the flagship station for the Jacksonville Jaguars.[160] In May 2013, WOKV began simulcasting on 104.5 FM as WOKV FM. There are two radio stations currently broadcasting, after 2017, primarily contemporary American (U.S. Based) Pop music, and they are the following: WAPE 95.1 which has somewhat dominated this niche for over 20 years but had competition originally based out of Atlanta, Georgia and Los Angeles, California linked to Ryan Seacrest. And more recently has been challenged to a certain extent by WKSL 97.9 FM (KISS FM).
For other popular genres of music, this would be
Military and defense
Jacksonville is home to three US naval facilities. Together with the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Jacksonville is the third-largest naval complex in the country.[16] Only Norfolk, Virginia and San Diego, California are bigger. The United States military is the largest employer in Jacksonville and its total economic impact is approximately $6.1 billion annually. Several veterans' service organizations are also headquartered in Jacksonville, including Wounded Warrior Project.[161]
Naval Air Station Jacksonville is a military airport 4 miles (6 km) south of the central business district. Approximately 23,000 civilian and active-duty personnel are employed on the base. There are 35 operational units/squadrons assigned there. Support facilities include an airfield for pilot training, and a maintenance depot capable of tasks ranging from changing a tire to intricate micro-electronics, or total engine disassembly. Also on-site is a Naval Hospital, a Fleet Industrial Supply Center, a Navy Family Service Center, and recreational facilities.[162]
Naval Station Mayport is a Navy Ship Base that is the third-largest fleet concentration area in the U.S. Mayport has a busy harbor capable of accommodating 34 ships, and an 8,000-foot (2,400 m) runway capable of handling any aircraft used by the Department of Defense. Until 2007, it was home to the aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy, which locals called "Big John". In January 2009, the Navy committed to stationing a nuclear-powered carrier at Mayport when the official Record of Decision was signed. The port will require approximately $500 million in facility enhancements to support the larger vessel, which took several years to complete.[163] The carrier was projected to arrive in 2019; however, an amphibious group was sent before the carrier.[164]
Blount Island Command is a Marine Corps Logistics Base whose mission is to support the Maritime Prepositioning Force (MPF). This provides for rapid deployment of personnel to link up with pre-positioned equipment and supplies embarked aboard forward-deployed Maritime Prepositioning Ships (MPS).[165]
USS Jacksonville, a nuclear-powered Los Angeles-class submarine, is a U.S. Navy ship named for the city. The ship's nickname is The Bold One and Pearl Harbor is her home port.
The Florida Air National Guard is based at Jacksonville International Airport.
Coast Guard Sector Jacksonville is on the St. Johns River next to Naval Station Mayport. Sector Jacksonville controls operations from
Culture
Leisure and entertainment
Throughout the year, many annual events of various types are held in Jacksonville. In sports, the annual
A number of cultural events are also held in Jacksonville. The Jacksonville Jazz Festival, held downtown, is the second largest jazz festival in the nation,[168] while Springing the Blues, one of the oldest and largest blues festivals, has been held in Jacksonville Beach since 1990.[169] The World of Nations Celebration has been held in Metropolitan Park since 1993, and features a number of events, food and souvenirs from various countries.
The Art Walk, a monthly outdoor art festival formerly on the first Wednesday of each month, was sponsored by Downtown Vision, Inc, an organization which works to promote artistic talent and venues on the First Coast. This Art Walk - renowned and attracted many art lovers and traditional artists alike participating from New York City and Los Angeles, California, used to be held at Hemming Park prior to 2017 before it was reduced in size and character, resembling somewhat like Central Park in New York City, and is now selectively held at MOCA at UNF indoors, in downtown Jacksonville after 2017.
Jacksonville is home to many breweries and a growing number of distilleries.
The
Jacksonville has two fully enclosed shopping malls. The oldest is the
The St. Johns Town Center opened in 2005, on the south side of Jacksonville. River City Marketplace opened in 2006, on the north side of Jacksonville. Both of these are "open-air" malls, with a mix of stores but not contained under the same roof.
Literature, film and television
A handful of significant literary works and authors are associated with Jacksonville and the surrounding area. Perhaps the most important is
Already famous for having written
Jacksonville embraced the movies.
The
Since the late 20th century, the city has attracted numerous film companies, which shot The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking (1988), Brenda Starr (1989), G.I. Jane (1997), The Devil's Advocate (1997), Ride (1998), Why Do Fools Fall in Love (1998), Forces of Nature (1999), Tigerland (2000), Sunshine State (2002), Basic (2003), The Manchurian Candidate (2004), Lonely Hearts (2006), Moving McAllister (2007), The Year of Getting to Know Us (2008), The Ramen Girl (2008) and Like Dandelion Dust (2009).[180]
Notable television series or made-for-television films that have been partially or completely shot in Jacksonville include Inherit the Wind (1988), Orpheus Descending (1990), Saved by the Light (1995), The Babysitter's Seduction (1996), First Time Felon (1997), Safe Harbor (2009), Recount (2008), American Idol (2009), and Ash vs Evil Dead (2015).
Museums and art galleries
The
The Museum of Contemporary Art Jacksonville (MOCA Jacksonville) is a contemporary art museum funded and operated as a "cultural resource" of the University of North Florida. Tracing its roots to the formation of Jacksonville's Fine Arts Society in 1924, it opened its current 60,000-square-foot (6,000 m2) facility in 2003 next to the Main Library downtown. The museum features eclectic permanent and traveling exhibitions, and a collection of over 700 works.[181]
The
Alexander Brest, founder of Duval Engineering and Contracting Co., was the benefactor for the
Three other art galleries are at educational institutions in town. Florida State College at Jacksonville has the Kent Gallery on their westside campus and the Wilson Center for the Arts at their main campus. The University Gallery is on the campus of the University of North Florida.[185]
The Jacksonville Karpeles Manuscript Library Museum is a branch of the world's largest private collection of original manuscripts and documents. The museum in Jacksonville is in a 1921 neoclassical building on the outskirts of downtown.[186][187] In addition to document displays, an antique-book library has numerous volumes dating from the late 19th century.
The
The LaVilla Museum opened in 1999 and features a permanent display of African-American history. In addition, the art exhibits are changed periodically.
The city has several outstanding historical properties, some of which have been adapted to new uses. These include the Klutho Building, the
The Jacksonville Naval Museum opened in 2022 with the museum ship USS Orleck as its centerpiece. This museum gives tribute to the city's naval history.
Music
The
The Jacksonville Jazz Festival has been held for than 40 years. It takes place over the three-day Memorial Day weekend, and includes the Jacksonville Jazz Piano Competition.
During the 1960s, the
The
The next local group to achieve national success was the
Sports
Club | Sport | League | Venue (capacity) |
---|---|---|---|
Jacksonville Jaguars | Football | NFL | TIAA Bank Field (69,428)
|
Sporting Club Jacksonville | Soccer | USLC | TBD |
Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp | Baseball | IL | 121 Financial Ballpark (11,000) |
Jacksonville Giants | Basketball | ABA | VyStar Veterans Memorial Arena (14,100) |
Jacksonville Icemen | Ice hockey | ECHL | VyStar Veterans Memorial Arena (13,000) |
Jacksonville Sharks | Indoor football
|
IFL | VyStar Veterans Memorial Arena (13,000) |
Jacksonville Axemen | Rugby league | USARL | Hodges Stadium (12,000) |
Jacksonville Armada FC | Soccer
|
MLS Next Pro | New Eastside Stadium |
Jacksonville Saints | Australian Rules Football
|
USAFL | Willowbranch Park |
Jacksonville is home to one
Jacksonville is also home to several minor league-level teams. The Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp, a Triple-A baseball team, have played in Jacksonville continuously since 1970 and have consistently been near the top of their league in attendance.[193][194] The Jacksonville Sharks, who began play in 2010, were the champions of the Arena Football League's ArenaBowl XXIV in 2011[195][196] and now play in the Indoor Football League. The Jacksonville Axemen are a semi-professional rugby league team founded in 2006, and now play in the USA Rugby League.[197] The Jacksonville Giants basketball team started play in the new American Basketball Association in December 2010. The Giants won the 2012 ABA Championship in March 2012 in Tampa, Florida.[198][199][200] The Jacksonville Armada FC is a soccer team that began play in the North American Soccer League (NASL) in 2015.[201] The Jacksonville Icemen is a minor league ice hockey team in the ECHL that began play in the 2017–18 season. The team plays its home games at VyStar Veterans Memorial Arena.
All Elite Wrestling (AEW) is a professional wrestling promotion based in Jacksonville and a competitor of WWE.[202]
Government and politics
Government
In 1968 Jacksonville and Duval County consolidated their governments in the Jacksonville Consolidation. This eliminated a separate county executive or legislature, and supplanted these positions with the Mayor of Jacksonville and the City Council of the City of Jacksonville, respectively. Because of this, voters who live outside of the city limits of Jacksonville but inside Duval County may vote in elections for these positions and run for them. In 1995, John Delaney, a resident of Neptune Beach within Duval County, was elected as mayor of the city of Jacksonville.
Jacksonville is organized under the
As before the consolidation, some government services are operated independently of city and county authority. In accordance with Florida law, the elected school board has nearly complete autonomy. Jacksonville also has several quasi-independent government agencies which only nominally answer to the consolidated authority, including electric authority, port authority, transportation authority, housing authority and airport authority. The main environmental and agricultural body is the Duval County Soil and Water Conservation District, which works closely with other area, state, and federal agencies.
The
Politics
The present mayor is Donna Deegan, who assumed office on July 1, 2023.[205] Deegan's predecessor was Lenny Curry.[206]
Most of the city lies in the Florida's 4th congressional district, and is represented by Republican Aaron Bean. Most of central Jacksonville is in the 5th district, represented by Republican John Rutherford. In 2010, Duval County's
Jacksonville and Duval County historically maintained separate police agencies: the Jacksonville Police Department and Duval County Sheriff's Office. As part of consolidation in 1968, the two merged, creating the Jacksonville Sheriff's Office (JSO). The JSO is headed by the elected Sheriff of Jacksonville, currently T.K. Waters.[208] The sheriff's office is responsible for law enforcement and corrections in the county.
Education
Primary and secondary education
Public primary and secondary schools in Jacksonville and Duval County are administered by
Three of Jacksonville's high schools, Stanton College Preparatory School, Darnell-Cookman School of the Medical Arts and Paxon School for Advanced Studies regularly appear at the top of Newsweek magazine's annual list of the country's top public high schools, coming in respectively at #3, #7, and #8 in the 2010 edition.[210] Five other schools, Douglas Anderson School of the Arts (#33), Mandarin High School (#97), Duncan U. Fletcher High School (#205), Sandalwood High School (#210), and Englewood High School (#1146) were also included in the list.[210]
The
Colleges and universities
Jacksonville is home to a number of institutions of higher education. The
Other colleges and universities in Jacksonville include
Public libraries
The
Over the course of 127 years, the system has grown from that one room library to become one of the largest in the state. The Jacksonville library system includes the Main Library and 20 branches, ranging in size from the 54,000 sq ft (5,000 m2) West Regional Library to smaller neighborhood libraries like Westbrook and Eastside. The Library annually receives nearly four million visitors and circulates over six million items. Nearly 500,000 library cards are held by area residents.[219]
On November 12, 2005, the new 300,000 sq ft (30,000 m2)
Infrastructure
Transportation
Roadways and bridges
There are seven bridges over the St. Johns River at Jacksonville. They include (starting from furthest downstream) the Napoleon Bonaparte Broward Bridge (Dames Point) (which carries Interstate 295 Eastern Beltway traffic), the John E. Mathews Bridge, the Isaiah D. Hart Bridge, the John T. Alsop Jr. Bridge (Main Street), the St. Elmo W. Acosta Bridge, the Fuller Warren Bridge (which carries I-95 traffic) and the Henry Holland Buckman Bridge (which carries I-295 North/South traffic). Also, next to the Acosta Bridge is a large jackknife railroad bridge built in the 1920s by Henry Flagler's FEC Railroad.
Beginning in 1953, tolls were charged on the Hart, Mathews, Fuller Warren and Main Street bridges to pay for bridge construction, renovations and many other highway projects. As Jacksonville grew, toll plazas created bottlenecks and caused delays and accidents during rush hours. In 1988, Jacksonville voters chose to eliminate toll collection and replace the revenue with a ½ cent local sales tax increase. In 1989, the toll booths were removed.
Interstate 10 (I-10) and I-95 intersect in Jacksonville, forming the busiest freeway interchange in the region with 200,000 vehicles each day.[221] I-10 ends at this intersection (the other end being in Santa Monica, California). Additionally, State Road 202 (J. Turner Butler Boulevard) provides freeway access to the Jacksonville beaches from I-95 on the Southside.
I-95 has a
Several regional transportation projects have been undertaken in recent years to deal with congestion on Jacksonville freeways. A $152 million project to create a high-speed interchange at the intersection of Interstates 10 and 95 began in February 2005, after the conclusion of Super Bowl XXXIX. Construction was expected to take nearly six years with multiple lane flyovers and the requirement that the interchange remain open throughout the project. The previous configuration used single lane, low speed, curved ramps which created backups during rush hours and contributed to accidents.[223] Also, construction of SR 9B (future
Transit system
The Jacksonville Skyway is an automated people mover connecting Florida State College at Jacksonville downtown campus, the Northbank central business district, Convention Center, and Southbank locations. The system includes 8 stops connected by two lines. The existing train is a UMIII monorail built by Bombardier. The guideway consists of concrete beams which rest atop an unusually large support structure not used in most monorail systems. Maximum speed for the train is 48 km/h (30 mph).[224]
A monorail was first proposed in the 1970s as part of a mobility plan hoping to attract interest from the Urban Mass Transit Administration's Downtown Peoplemover Program. The initial study was undertaken by the Florida Department of Transportation and Jacksonville's planning department, who took the Skyway project to the Jacksonville Transportation Authority (JTA) in 1977. Following further development and a final 18-month feasibility study, the UMTA selected Jacksonville as one of seven cities to receive federal funding for an automated people mover. Two other related projects are Miami's Metromover and Detroit's People Mover. UMTA's approved plan called for the construction of a 2.5-mile (4.0 km) Phase I system to be built in three segments.
Modal characteristics
In 2014, the Jacksonville was among the top large cities ranked by percentage of commuters who drove to work alone (80 percent).[225] According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 80 percent of city of Jacksonville residents commuted in single-occupancy vehicles, 8.6 percent carpooled, 2.6 percent used public transportation, and 2.7 percent walked. All other forms of transportation combined for 1.7 percent of the commuter modal share, while 4.5 percent worked out of the home.[226]
Some patterns of car ownership are similar to national averages. In 2015, 8.3 percent of city of Jacksonville households lacked a car, which increased slightly to 8.7 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Jacksonville averaged 1.62 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[227]
Rail
Jacksonville is the headquarters of two significant freight railroads. CSX Transportation, owns a large building on the downtown riverbank that is a significant part of the skyline. Florida East Coast Railway and RailAmerica also call Jacksonville home.
Airports
Jacksonville is served by Jacksonville International Airport (IATA: JAX, ICAO: KJAX, FAA LID: JAX), 13 miles (21 km) north of downtown, with 82 departures a day to 27 nonstop destination cities. Airports in Jacksonville are managed by the Jacksonville Aviation Authority (JAA). Smaller aircraft use Jacksonville Executive at Craig Airport (IATA: CRG, ICAO: KCRG, FAA LID: CRG) in Arlington, Herlong Recreational Airport (ICAO: KHEG, FAA LID: HEG) on the Westside, and Cecil Airport (IATA: VQQ, ICAO: KVQQ, FAA LID: VQQ), at Cecil Commerce Center. The state of Florida has designated Cecil Airport a space port, allowing horizontal lift spacecraft to use the facility.
Seaports
Public seaports in Jacksonville are managed by the Jacksonville Port Authority, known as JAXPORT. Four modern deepwater (40 ft; 12 m) seaport facilities, including America's newest cruise port, make Jacksonville a full-service international seaport. In FY2006, JAXPORT handled 8.7 million tons of cargo, including nearly 610,000 vehicles, which ranks Jacksonville second in the nation in automobile handling, behind only the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[228]
The 20 other maritime facilities not managed by the Port Authority move about 10 million tons of additional cargo in and out of the St. Johns River. In terms of total tonnage, the Port of Jacksonville ranks 40th nationally; within Florida, it is third behind Tampa and Port Everglades.
In 2003, the
The Mayport Ferry connects the north and south ends of State Road A1A between Mayport and Fort George Island, and is the last active ferry in Florida. The state of Florida transferred responsibility for ferry operations to JAXPORT on October 1, 2007.
Utilities
Basic utilities in Jacksonville (water, sewer, electric) are provided by JEA (formerly the Jacksonville Electric Authority). According to Article 21 of the Jacksonville City Charter:
JEA is authorized to own, manage and operate a utilities system within and outside the City of Jacksonville. JEA is created for the express purpose of acquiring, constructing, operating, financing and otherwise have plenary authority with respect to electric, water, sewer, natural gas and such other utility systems as may be under its control now or in the future.[234]
Health
Major players in the Jacksonville health care industry include
The TaxExemptWorld.com website, which compiles Internal Revenue Service data, reported that in 2007, there are 2,910 distinct, active, tax exempt/non-profit organizations in Jacksonville which, excluding Credit Unions, had a total income of $7.08 billion and assets of $9.54 billion.[235] There are 333 charitable organizations with assets of over $1 million. The largest share of assets was tied to Medical facilities, $4.5 billion. The problems of the homeless are addressed by several non-profits, most notably the Sulzbacher Center and the Clara White Mission.
Notable people
Sister cities
Jacksonville's
- Bahía Blanca, Argentina (1967)
- Murmansk, Russia (1975), Dormant status[237]
- Changwon, South Korea (1983)
- Nantes, France (1984)
- Yingkou, China (1990)
- Nelson Mandela Bay, South Africa (2000)
- Curitiba, Brazil (2009)
- San Juan, Puerto Rico (2009)
In 2000, Sister Cities International awarded Jacksonville the Innovation Arts & Culture Award for the city's program with Nantes.[citation needed]
See also
- Duval County, Florida
- Greater Jacksonville
- List of people from Jacksonville, Florida
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Duval County, Florida
- New World Publications (1972)
Notes
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020
- ^ Official records for Jacksonville were kept at downtown from September 1871 to December 1955, Imeson Field from January 1, 1956, to January 18, 1971, and at Jacksonville Int'l since January 19, 1971. For more information, see ThreadEx.
- ^ From 15% sample
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Further reading
- Bartley, Abel A. Keeping the Faith: Race, Politics, and Social Development in Jacksonville, Florida, 1940–1970, Greenwood Publishing, 2000.
- Bean, Shawn. The First Hollywood: Florida and the Golden Age of Silent Filmmaking, University Press of Florida, 2008.
- Cassanello, Robert. To Render Invisible: Jim Crow and Public Life in New South Jacksonville. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2013.
- Cowart, John Wilson. Crackers and Carpetbaggers: Moments in the History of Jacksonville, Florida.
- Cowart, John Wilson. Heroes all: a history of firefighting in Jacksonville.
- Crooks, James B. Jacksonville After the Fire, 1901-1909, University Press of Florida, 1991.
- Crooks, James B. Jacksonville: The Consolidation Story, from Civil Rights to the Jaguars, University Press of Florida, 2004.
- Foley, Bill; Wood, Wayne (2001). The great fire of 1901 (1st ed.). Jacksonville, Florida: The Jacksonville Historical Society.
- Jackson, David H. Jr., "'Industrious, Thrifty, and Ambitious': Jacksonville's African American Businesspeople during the Jim Crow Era," Florida Historical Quarterly, 90 (Spring 2012), 453–87.
- Mason Jr., Herman. African-American Life in Jacksonville, Arcadia Publishing, 1997.
- Merritt, Webster. A Century of Medicine in Jacksonville and Duval County, University of Florida Press, 1949.
- Oehser, John. Jags to Riches: The Cinderella Season of the Jacksonville Jaguars, St. Martins Press, 1997.
- Schafer, Daniel. From scratch pads and dreams: A ten year history of the University of North Florida, University of North Florida, 1982.
- Wagman, Jules. Jacksonville and Florida's First Coast, Windsor Publishing, 1989.
- Williams, Caroyln. Historic Photos of Jacksonville, Turner Publishing Company, 2006.
External links
- Official website
- Visit Jacksonville, official tourism website of Jacksonville
- Jacksonville at Curlie
- Geographic data related to Jacksonville, Florida at OpenStreetMap