Joe Hill (activist)

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Joe Hill
Labor activist, songwriter, and member of the Industrial Workers of the World
Signature
Yours for the O.B.U.; Joe Hill

Joe Hill (October 7, 1879 – November 19, 1915), born Joel Emmanuel Hägglund and also known as Joseph Hillström,

labor activist, songwriter, and member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, familiarly called the "Wobblies").[2] A native Swedish speaker, he learned English during the early 1900s, while working various jobs from New York to San Francisco.[3] Hill, an immigrant worker frequently facing unemployment and underemployment, became a popular songwriter and cartoonist for the union. His songs include "The Preacher and the Slave"[4] (in which he coined the phrase "pie in the sky"),[5] "The Tramp", "There Is Power in a Union", "The Rebel Girl", and "Casey Jones—the Union Scab", which express the harsh and combative life of itinerant workers, and call for workers to organize their efforts to improve working conditions.[6]

In 1914, John G. Morrison, a Salt Lake City area grocer and former policeman, and his son were shot and killed by two men.[7] The same evening, Hill arrived at a doctor's office with a gunshot wound, and briefly mentioned a fight over a woman. He refused to explain further, even after he was accused of the grocery store murders on the basis of his injury. Hill was convicted of the murders in a controversial trial. Following an unsuccessful appeal, political debates, and international calls for clemency from high-profile figures and workers' organizations, Hill was executed in November 1915. After his death, he was memorialized by several folk songs. His life and death have inspired books and poetry.

The identity of the woman and the rival who supposedly caused Hill's injury, though frequently speculated upon, remained mostly conjecture for nearly a century. William M. Adler's 2011 biography of Hill presents information about a possible alibi, which was never introduced at the trial.[8] According to Adler, Hill and his friend and countryman Otto Appelquist were rivals for the attention of 20-year-old Hilda Erickson, a member of the family with whom the two men were lodging. In a recently discovered letter, Erickson confirmed her relationship with the two men and the rivalry between them. The letter indicates that when she first discovered Hill was injured, he explained to her that Appelquist had shot him, apparently out of jealousy.[9]

Early life

Joel Emmanuel Hägglund was born 1879 in Gävle (then spelled Gefle), a city in the province of Gästrikland, Sweden. He was the third child in a family of nine, where three children died young. His father, Olof, worked as a conductor on the Gefle-Dala railway line.[10] Olof (1846–1887) died at the age of 41, and his death meant economic disaster for the family. Joe's mother Margareta Catharina (1844–1902) did, however, succeed in keeping the family together until she died when Joel was in his early twenties.

The Hägglund family home still stands in Gävle at the address Nedre Bergsgatan 28, in Gamla Stan, the Old Town. As of 2011 it houses a museum and the Joe Hill-gården, which hosts cultural events.

In his late teens-early twenties, Joel fell seriously ill with skin and glandular tuberculosis, and underwent extensive treatment in Stockholm. In October 1902, when nearly 23, Joel and his brother Paul Elias Hägglund (1877–1955) emigrated to the United States. Hill became an itinerant laborer, moving from New York City to Cleveland, and eventually to the west coast. He was in San Francisco at the time of the 1906 earthquake.[11]

IWW

Hill was the author of numerous labor songs, including "The Rebel Girl", inspired by IWW activist Elizabeth Gurley Flynn.

By this time using the name Joe or Joseph Hillstrom (possibly because of anti-union blacklisting), he joined the

San Pedro, California. In late 1910 he wrote a letter to the IWW newspaper Industrial Worker, identifying himself as a member of the IWW local chapter in Portland, Oregon
.

Hill rose in the IWW organization and traveled widely, organizing workers under the IWW banner, writing political songs and satirical poems, and making speeches. He and Harry McClintock were Spellbinders for the IWW and would show up as they did at the Tucker Utah strike on June 14, 1913 (Salt Lake Tribune). He shortened his pseudonym to "Joe Hill" as the pen-name under which his songs, cartoons and other writings appeared. His songs frequently appropriated familiar melodies from popular songs and hymns of the time. He coined the phrase "pie in the sky", which appeared in his song "The Preacher and the Slave" (a parody of the hymn "In the Sweet By-and-By"). Other songs written by Hill include "The Tramp", "There Is Power in a Union", "The Rebel Girl", and "Casey Jones—the Union Scab".

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Trial

As an itinerant worker, Hill moved around the west, hopping freight trains, going from job to job. By the end of 1913, he was working as a laborer at the Silver King Mine in Park City, Utah, not far from Salt Lake City.

On January 10, 1914, John G. Morrison and his son Arling were killed in their Salt Lake City grocery store by two armed intruders masked in red

bandanas. The police first thought it was a crime of revenge, for nothing had been stolen and the elder Morrison had been a police officer, possibly creating many enemies. On the same evening, Hill appeared on the doorstep of a local doctor, with a bullet wound through the left lung. Hill said that he had been shot in an argument over a woman, whom he refused to name. The doctor reported that Hill was armed with a pistol. Considering Morrison's past as a police officer, several men he had arrested were at first considered suspects; 12 people were arrested in the case before Hill was arrested and charged with the murder. A red bandana was found in Hill's room. The pistol purported to be in Hill's possession at the doctor's office was not found. Hill resolutely denied that he was involved in the robbery and killing of Morrison. He said that when he was shot, his hands were over his head, and the bullet hole in his coat—four inches below the exit wound in his back—seemed to support this claim. Hill did not testify at his trial, but his lawyers pointed out that four other people were treated for bullet wounds in Salt Lake City that same night, and that the lack of robbery and Hill's unfamiliarity with Morrison left him with no motive.[12]

The prosecution, for its part, produced a dozen eyewitnesses who said that the killer resembled Hill, including 13-year-old Merlin Morrison, the victims' son, and a brother, who upon first seeing Hill said, "That's not him at all" but later identified him as the murderer. The jury took just a few hours to find him guilty of murder.[12]

An appeal to the Utah Supreme Court was unsuccessful. Orrin N. Hilton, the lawyer representing Hill during the appeal, declared: "The main thing the state had on Hill was that he was a Wobbly and therefore sure to be guilty. Hill tried to keep the IWW out of [the trial] ... but the press fastened it upon him."[12]

In a letter to the court, Hill continued to deny that the state had a right to inquire into the origins of his wound, leaving little doubt that the judges would affirm the conviction. Chief Justice Daniel Straup wrote that his unexplained wound was "a distinguishing mark", and that "the defendant may not avoid the natural and

right to live anyway, and was therefore duly selected to be 'the goat'."[14]

The case turned into a major media event. President Woodrow Wilson, Helen Keller (the blind and deaf author and fellow-IWW member), the Swedish ambassador and the Swedish public all became involved in a bid for clemency. It generated international union attention, and critics charged that the trial and conviction were unfair. Despite the various petitions the governor at the time William Spry maintained Hill's guilt. More recently, Utah Phillips considered Hill to have been a political prisoner who was executed for his political agitation through songwriting.[15]

In a biography published in 2011, William M. Adler concludes that Hill was probably innocent of murder, but also suggests that Hill came to see himself as worth more to the labor movement as a martyr than he was alive, and that this understanding may have influenced his decisions not to testify at the trial and subsequently to spurn all chances of a pardon.[16] Adler reports that evidence pointed to early police suspect Frank Z. Wilson, and cites Hilda Erickson's letter, which states that Hill had told her he had been shot by her former fiancé.[8]

Execution

Diagram of the execution of Hill on November 19, 1915
Hill's will, written as a poem that begins "My will is easy to decide/for there is nothing to divide"
Sheriff's Office requesting the Board of County Commissioners cover the execution cost for Joe Hill

Hill was executed by firing squad on November 19, 1915, at Utah's Sugar House Prison. When Deputy Shettler, who led the firing squad, called out the sequence of commands preparatory to firing ("Ready, aim,") Hill shouted, "Fire—go on and fire!"[17]

That same day, a dynamite bomb was discovered at the

anarchists and IWW radicals as a protest against Hill's execution. The bomb was discovered by a gardener, who found four sticks of dynamite, weighing a pound each, half hidden in a rut in a driveway fifty feet from the front entrance of the residence. The dynamite sticks were bound together by a length of wire, fitted with percussion caps, and wrapped with a piece of paper matching the color of the driveway, a path used by Archbold in going to or from his home by automobile. The bomb was later defused by police.[18]

Just prior to his execution, Hill had written to Bill Haywood, an IWW leader, saying, "Goodbye Bill. I die like a true blue rebel. Don't waste any time in mourning. Organize ... Could you arrange to have my body hauled to the state line to be buried? I don't want to be found dead in Utah."[12][19] Hunter S. Thompson asserted that Joe's last words were "Don't mourn. Organize."[20]

His last will, which was eventually set to music by Ethel Raim, founder of the group The Pennywhistlers, requested a cremation and reads:[21]

My will is easy to decide
For there is nothing to divide
My kin don't need to fuss and moan
"Moss does not cling to rolling stone"

My body? Oh, if I could choose
I would to ashes it reduce
And let the merry breezes blow
My dust to where some flowers grow

Perhaps some fading flower then
Would come to life and bloom again.
This is my Last and final Will.
Good Luck to All of you
Joe Hill

Aftermath

Hill's body was sent to Chicago, where it was cremated; in accordance with his wishes, his ashes were placed into 600 small envelopes and sent around the world to be released to the winds. Delegates attending the Tenth Convention of the IWW in Chicago received envelopes November 19, 1916, one year to the day of Hill's execution (and not on May Day 1916 as Wobbly lore claims).[22][page needed] The rest of the 600 envelopes were sent to IWW locals, Wobblies and sympathizers around the world on January 3, 1917.[23][page needed]

In 1988, it was discovered that an envelope had been seized by the

capitalist class, Nov. 19, 1915", as well as its contents, was deposited at the National Archives. A story appeared in the United Auto Workers' magazine Solidarity and a small item followed it in The New Yorker
magazine. Members of the IWW in Chicago quickly laid claim to the contents of the envelope.

After some negotiations, the last of Hill's ashes (but not the envelope that contained them) was turned over to the IWW in 1988. The weekly

AFL–CIO headquarters in Washington, D.C., to Abbie Hoffman's suggestion that they be eaten by today's "Joe Hills" like Billy Bragg and Michelle Shocked. Bragg did indeed swallow a small bit of the ashes with some Union beer to wash it down, and for a time carried Shocked's share for the eventual completion of Hoffman's last prank.[24] Bragg has since given Shocked's share to Otis Gibbs.[25] The majority of the ashes were cast to the wind in the US, Canada, Sweden, Australia, and Nicaragua. The ashes sent to Sweden were only partly cast to the wind. The main part was interred in the wall of a union office in Landskrona
, a minor city in the south of the country, with a plaque commemorating Hill. That room is now the reading room of the local city library.

One small packet of ashes was scattered at a 1989 ceremony which unveiled a monument to six unarmed IWW coal miners buried in Lafayette, Colorado, who had been machine-gunned by Colorado state police in 1927 in the Columbine Mine massacre. Until 1989 the graves of five of these men were unmarked. Another Wobbly, Carlos Cortez, scattered Hill's ashes on the graves at the commemoration.[26]

On the night of November 18, 1990, the Southeast Michigan IWW General Membership Branch hosted a gathering of "wobs" in a remote wooded area at which a dinner, followed by a bonfire, featured a reading of Hill's last will, "and then his ashes were released into the flames and carried up above the trees. ... The next day ... one wob collected a bowl full of ashes from the smoldering fire pit."[27] At that event several IWW members consumed a portion of Hill's ashes before the rest was consigned to the fire.

To commemorate the 50th anniversary of Hill's execution, Philip S. Foner published a book, The Case of Joe Hill, about the trial and subsequent events, which concludes that the case was a miscarriage of justice.[28]

Archival materials and legacy

Cartoon by Joe Hill: The Food Question, One Big Union Monthly, November 1919

Hill's handwritten last will and testament was uncovered in the first decade of the 21st century by archivist

Michael Nash of the Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives of New York University.[29] Found in a box under a desk at the New York City headquarters of the Communist Party USA during a transfer of CPUSA archival materials to NYU, the document began with a couplet: "My will is easy to decide / For I have nothing to divide."[29]

Additional archival materials were donated to the

Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden in 1976.[30]

Influence and tributes

I.W.W. Songs to Fan the Flames of Discontent (1916, Joe Hill Memorial Edition)
Joe Hill's Wake, Michigan (November 1990)

See also

Works cited

  • Adler, William M. (August 31, 2011). The Man Who Never Died: The Life, Times, and Legacy of Joe Hill, American Labor Icon. Bloomsbury Publishing.
    ISBN 978-1-60819-285-4
    .
  • Davidson, Jared (2011). Remains to be Seen: Tracing Joe Hill's ashes in New Zealand. Wellington: Rebel Press.
    ISBN 978-0-473-18927-3
    .
  • ISBN 0-06-093731-9
    .

References

  1. ^ "Joehill.org". Joehill.org. November 19, 1915. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  2. ^ Adler 2011, pp. 92–94, 121.
  3. ^ Adler 2011, pp. 115–119.
  4. ^ Harry McClintock (2004). Long Haired Preacher (Preacher and the Slave) – via YouTube.
  5. ^ Adler 2011, p. 182.
  6. ^ Adler 2011, pp. 12–13, 206.
  7. ^ Adler 2011, pp. 44–52.
  8. ^
    ProQuest 885453470
    . His [William Adler's] research is just incredible -- it expands what we know in really dramatic ways," said John R. Sillito, co-author of a new book on radicalism in Utah and a retired archivist at Weber State University in Ogden. "It builds a strong case that Wilson should have been the prime suspect.
  9. ^ Adler 2011, pp. 294–297.
  10. ^ "Joe's bio". The Joe Hill Project. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
  11. OCLC 1039093111
    .
  12. ^
    H2G2. February 19, 2002. Archived from the original
    on March 29, 2005.
  13. ^ "Chief Justice Daniel N. Straup". KUED. June 25, 1914. Archived from the original on February 21, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  14. ^ Joe Hill, Appeal to Reason, August 15, 1915; cited in "Joe Hill: Murderer or Martyr?"
  15. ^ Phillips, Utah (February 2005). Utah Phillips covers Joe Hill's "Pie in the Sky" "The Preacher and the Slave" (Speech). Live at the Rose Wagner Theater. Salt Lake City. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021.
  16. ^ "Songwriter shot dead". The Economist. August 6, 2011.
  17. ^ Hickerson, Joe (December 2, 2010). "Joe's Last Will". Labor Notes. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
  18. ^ "Dynamite Bomb For J.D. Archbold". The New York Times. November 22, 1915.
  19. ^ Zinn 2001, p. 335.
  20. ISBN 9780345301130
    .
  21. ^ Hill, Joe (November 18, 1915). My Last Will  – via Wikisource. [scan Wikisource link]
  22. ^ "Joe Hill's Ashes Divided". The New York Times. November 20, 1916. p. 22. Retrieved June 10, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ Davidson 2011.
  24. ^ Jeff Ditz, "Drinking Joe Hill’s Ashes, "Fifth Estate", 2005.
  25. ^ "Episode 29: Billy Bragg (Part 1)". Thanks for Giving a Damn with Otis Gibbs. Episode 29. April 23, 2013.
  26. ^ Denver Post. June 11, 1989. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  27. ^ Landry, Carol (December 1990). "Joe Hill's Wake". Industrial Worker. p. 6.
  28. ISBN 978-0-7178-0022-3
    ..
  29. ^ a b Shapiro, Gary (August 23, 2012). "Michael Nash, Record-Keeper of the Left, Dead at 66". The Villager. Archived from the original on December 8, 2012.
  30. ^ "Joe Hill Papers". Walter P. Reuther Library. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  31. ISBN 978-0870494895
    .
  32. ^ "Joe Hill (Alfred Hayes/Earl Robinson)(1936)". Archived from the original on January 30, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
  33. ISBN 1879407051
    .
  34. ISBN 9781604864830
    .
  35. ^ Ochs, Phil (January 19, 2002). "Joe Hill". Trent A. Fisher. Portland State University. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  36. Yahoo. Archived from the original
    on July 28, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
  37. IMDb Edit this at Wikidata
  38. ISBN 978-0-8222-0982-9. Archived from the original
    on November 24, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  39. ^ "Raise Your Banners". Archived from the original on June 14, 2013. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  40. ^ "joe hill030.jpg". Gefle Dagblad (in Swedish). November 4, 2011. Archived from the original on May 17, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  41. ^ "Dick Gaughan's Song Archive". Retrieved August 1, 2015.
  42. ^ Down The Road. Mickey Hart. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
  43. ^ "Musical Theatre". SiKahn. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
  44. ^ Rudd, Roswell. Trombone For Lovers. Sunnyside Records. Archived from the original on December 8, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2014.

Recordings of songs

Cover albums of his songs:

Further reading

  • Buhle, Paul; Schulman, Nicole, eds. (2005). Wobblies! A Graphic History of the Industrial Workers of the World. New York: Verso.
  • Chaplin, Ralph (November 1923). "Joe Hill, a Biography". The Industrial Pioneer. Chicago: Industrial Workers of the World: 23–26.
  • We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World
    . Quadrangle.
  • Gibbs, Smith. Joe Hill: The Man and the Myth. Salt Lake: University of Utah Press.
  • Leier, Mark (1989). Where the Fraser River Flows: The Industrial Workers of the World in British Columbia. New Star Books.
  • Nolan, Dean; Thompson, Fred. Joe Hill: IWW Songwriter. Montreal: Kersplebedeb.
  • Difranco, Ani
    (1999). Fellow Workers. NY: Righteous Babe Records.
  • ISBN 0-88286-264-2
    .
  • Stavis, Barrie (1954). The Man Who Never Died: A Play about Joe Hill, with Notes on Joe Hill and His Times. New York: Haven Press. — The "notes" are actually a carefully researched, 116-page history of the period, with detailed analysis of the trial of Joe Hill, including photographs of people, events, and documents. The play was produced in New York City off-broadway at the Jan Hus Play House in 1958.
    • Stavis, Barrie (1972). The Man Who Never Died: A Play about Joe Hill, with Notes on Joe Hill and His Times. Cranbury NJ: A. S. Barnes. — revised play and compressed notes
  • The Nightwatchman (2007). "Union Song". One Man Revolution.

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Joe Hill (activist).
Wikisource has original works by or about:
Joe Hill
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joe Hill (activist).

Video

Articles

YouTube Music

Smithsonian Folkways Recordings

Songs

University of Utah Special Collections

County Museum of Gävleborg, Sweden

Internet Archive

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