John F. Kennedy document hoax
In 1993, Lawrence X. Cusack III forged 350 documents from, or relating to, John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States. Some of the forged documents supposedly showed that Kennedy had dealings with organized crime (through Sam Giancana of the Chicago Outfit), tax evasion, bribery of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, payment of hush money to actress Marilyn Monroe for being Kennedy's lover, and a secret first marriage.
Cusack was the son of Lawrence X. Cusack Jr., the New York–based founder of the law firm Cusack & Stiles. Cusack Jr. was appointed as a guardian of the estate of Gladys Pearl Baker, Monroe's mother, in the 1970s. Cusack was employed in his father's firm from the late 1980s. He claimed that his father advised Kennedy on numerous sensitive and personal matters and that he found the papers in the archives of Cusack & Stiles.
Cusack sold the papers through memorabilia dealers for between six and seven million dollars.
The forgeries were uncovered in mid-1997, while Hersh was still writing The Dark Side of Camelot, and he removed a chapter and some additional material that had been based on the Cusack documents. In September 1997, ABC confronted Cusack with the discovery of the fraud, but Cusack denied the accusations. Cusack was arrested and tried on thirteen charges of mail and wire fraud; he was found guilty on all charges and was sentenced in 1999 to nine years and seven months imprisonment; he was also ordered to return the money to the people who had purchased the documents from him.
Background
John F. Kennedy and Marilyn Monroe
John F. Kennedy was likely romantically involved with actress Marilyn Monroe at some point during his presidency, which lasted from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.[1] While biographers differ in their opinions of the length or depth of any relationship,[2][3] Monroe's biographer Donald Spoto observes that an affair between the two "has been assumed for so long that it has achieved as solid a place in public awareness as almost any other event in the man's presidency".[4] Spoto judges that, on balance:
if the phrase "love affair" describes a protracted intimacy sustained by some degree of frequency, then such a connection between these two is impossible to establish with any of the rudimentary tools of historico-critical studies. In the absence of such evidence, no serious biographer can identify Monroe and Kennedy as partners in a love affair.[4]
Journalist Lawrence J. Quirk describes Kennedy and Monroe's association as an "on-again, off-again affair",[5] although actor Peter Lawford, who was Kennedy's brother-in-law, described the speculation as "garbage".[3] Spoto describes four occasions between October 1961 and August 1962 when Kennedy and Monroe are known to have met; on one of those occasions the couple were in a bedroom when Monroe phoned one of her friends. She later told a confidant that she and Kennedy had only had sex on that one occasion.[4] The telephone logs of the White House show numerous calls from Monroe to Kennedy,[3] and, according to Kennedy's biographer Richard Reeves, she had previously told people both of the affair and that she wanted to marry Kennedy.[6]
Seymour Hersh and The Dark Side of Camelot
In August 1993, Hersh and publishers Little, Brown and Company signed a $1 million deal for the publication of a book described by Hersh as "about John F. Kennedy and the CIA—a hidden history".[8][9][b] The publisher thought the book would sell well, and by August 1996 it had decided on a first print run of either 250,000 copies – an amount described by journalist Frederick M. Winship as "unusually large" – or 350,000.[11][12]
Lawrence X. Cusack Jr. and Lawrence X. Cusack III
Lawrence X. Cusack Jr. was a founding partner of the law firm of Cusack & Stiles, which was based at
One of Cusack Jr.'s sons was his namesake, Lawrence X. Cusack III. Cusack attended Loyola School and Columbia University, both in New York, before enrolling in New York Law School in 1984. He also had formal training as an artist and draftsman. After his father's death, Cusack & Stiles lent Cusack $5,000 for his studies.[18][14] When he completed his courses, he went to work at the firm, where he was employed either as a clerk or paralegal. His salary was $40,000,[19][20] and he had considerable debts.[21]
Many of the claims Cusack made about his past were subsequently proved to be untrue.
Production and sale of the documents
In the early 1990s, Cusack met John Reznikoff, a dealer in historical memorabilia, to sell a small collection of stamps left by Cusack's father.[24][c] The two men became friends, and, during the course of their conversation, Reznikoff told Cusack that documents relating to Kennedy were highly sought-after and valuable. Soon after, Cusack claimed to have discovered 350 documents purportedly held by his father and written by Kennedy.[21][24][26] To give credibility to his story, Cusack claimed that between 1959 and 1963 his father had counseled Kennedy on numerous sensitive and personal matters. The documents Cusack forged supposedly showed that Kennedy had dealings with organized crime, by paying Sam Giancana of the Chicago Outfit to fix the 1960 presidential election for him. They also purportedly showed that Kennedy bribed J. Edgar Hoover, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), to keep quiet about Kennedy's sexual activities.[27] Other fabrications in the papers included tax evasion by Kennedy; the payment of hush money to Monroe as his lover; and a secret first marriage in 1939, prior to that between Kennedy and Jackie Bouvier in 1953. Cusack stole genuine deeds from archives at Cusack & Stiles concerning a transfer of land from the Kennedy family to the New York Archdiocese to give verisimilitude to the documents he forged.[24][27] Within the collection were six handwritten copies of the same document, all with the same date and all supposedly written by Kennedy; two other identical handwritten copies were also later found in the offices of Cusack & Stiles. Cusack later explained that he practiced copying Kennedy's writing, which he claimed was so he could properly read Kennedy's untidy script.[28]
Cusack showed some of the documents to Reznikoff to compare with known samples of Kennedy's handwriting. The pair then showed the samples to Charles Hamilton, a handwriting expert; Hamilton saw half a dozen samples and stated that he thought these were in Kennedy's handwriting.[29] Cusack and Reznikoff chose Tom Cloud, a precious-metals dealer who also traded in memorabilia, to offer the documents for sale. Cloud was told that further verifications of the handwriting were being conducted by two document specialists, Robert White and Herman Darvick.[19][30] In November 1993, Cusack, Reznikoff and Cloud finalized their agreement: Cloud would act as the seller for a commission of between ten and twenty percent; Reznikoff would receive about the same, and the remainder would go to Cusack. Investors in the papers had to sign an agreement not to "release, publicize, or in any other way make public" the existence of the documents until May 31, 1998. The plan was to build interest after the 1998 launch and then stage a high-profile auction to enable the original investors to resell for a high profit. Several investors formed a group to purchase the forged papers being offered and paid between six and seven million dollars to own a share of the papers prior to the auction.[19][31][a]
One of those to whom Reznikoff showed the documents was Hal Kass, a businessman and collector. The two discussed finding a writer to publish a book on the papers and initially considered contacting novelist Tom Clancy. Kass suggested Seymour Hersh as a better choice and knew he was writing a book on the Kennedys at the time. Hersh was contacted in December 1994 and shown some of the papers; he was interested in the story immediately.[19][32][33] According to journalists Evan Thomas and Mark Hosenball, Hersh then decided to change the focus of the book away from the assassination and towards the information in Cusack's Kennedy documents.[34]
After six months of negotiations, on July 3, 1995, Hersh signed an agreement that gave him complete and exclusive access to all of Cusack's documents prior to the planned auction.[23][35] Hersh undertook background checks on Cusack and established that he had never been in the intelligence services; he was not concerned that Cusack's claims were false – instead, he later said, he was relieved that Cusack was not a spy. He also commented, "In my business, you don't really go around psychoanalyzing people who give you stuff. You grab it. I deal with all sorts of wackos."[36] With the new information from the Cusack documents, Hersh negotiated an additional advance from Little, Brown of $250,000.[37][d]
Hersh decided that the best way to boost the story's standing was through television. Based on the documents and the agreement of former Secret Service members to appear on film – the agents he had been interviewing for his book – NBC paid Cusack and producer Mark Obenhaus $1 million for a television documentary that was to last either one[38][39] or two hours.[40][e] In August 1996, Hersh and Obenhaus began filming the documentary, but NBC informed them that the network had decided to cancel the project. NBC executive Warren Littlefield subsequently stated that he had told Hersh: "in our investigation of the documents, serious questions have been raised that we cannot answer", although Hersh denies ever having been informed of this.[19][41] In November 1996, ABC News stepped in with an offer of $2.5 million for the documentary, which Hersh and Obenhaus accepted.[19][f]
Uncovering the forgeries
While NBC was still involved in the documentary, Obenhaus had been employing text specialists to verify the documents; no errors had been located. After ABC became involved, he continued to use experts in different fields, including those versed in fingerprint and handwriting analysis, and in the microscopic examination of the typewritten material.[40][42] There was no trace of Kennedy's fingerprints on any of the documents tested, although "after so many years, fingerprints might have worn off", according to Robert Sam Anson, of Vanity Fair.[40] In May 1997, a member of Obenhaus's research team noticed that two of the letters, purportedly written in Kennedy's hand, but on Cusack Jr.'s office notepaper, showed the address with a ZIP Code. The documents were dated 1961 and 1962; the researcher knew that ZIP Codes were not introduced until April 1963, and so the code could not have been available on that date.[39][40][43] When asked, Cusack suggested the documents had been backdated, which seemed to satisfy Hersh and Obenhaus, although the verification process continued.[44]
Hersh began to ask several Kennedy associates about the connection between the president and Cusack Jr. These included Janet Des Rosiers, one of Kennedy's former secretaries, whose name appears in the papers; she denied that she had ever seen Monroe and also stated that what was supposed to be her own signature in the documents was not, in fact, hers. No associates had any knowledge of a connection between the two men or had previously heard of Cusack Jr.
Every page has the same inconsistencies, and that doesn't happen. For example, when Kennedy would finish off a final letter "t" he would sometimes make it big, sometimes small, and sometimes it ends with an outrageous flourish. But all the "t"s here had the same flourish, page after page.[30]
As soon as it became clear in July 1997 that the documents were fakes, Hersh wanted the news spread widely to ensure no-one else was fooled by them, and to make certain he was not legally liable for their promotion.
Arrest and trial
On March 17, 1998, Cusack was arrested on thirteen charges of mail and wire fraud.[57] An investigation showed that he had spent the money he received from the sale of the forgeries on two large houses (a $1.3 million home in Southport, Connecticut, and a $540,000 weekend house in Southampton, New York), clothing, and eleven cars.[20][58][59][g] The indictment stated that investigators had found a notebook containing a handwritten draft of one of the forged documents, written in Cusack's handwriting.[20][57][h]
Cusack's trial began on April 14, 1999 and ended on April 30; he was convicted on all thirteen charges by a jury.[60][61][62] That September he was sentenced to nine years and seven months in federal prison and ordered to repay $7 million in restitution to those who had purchased the documents.[63][64]
Aftermath
Cusack and Cloud's action against ABC and others had been paused while the criminal case proceeded. When that ended, their federal claim was withdrawn, although a different defamation action continued in a state court.[65] In June 2001, this claim was denied by the court.[66] Cusack appealed his criminal conviction; the conviction was affirmed on November 9, 2000. In 2001, he filed for a writ of habeas corpus but this was denied; the opinion stated: "The petitioner has not made a substantial showing of a denial of a federal right and appellate review is, therefore, not warranted."[67]
Despite the evidence that the papers were forgeries, several of those who had bought the papers wanted to keep their copies. Mike Stern – one of the collectors, who had paid $300,000[i] – said: "We paid for them, we're entitled to them. Stamp them with the word 'forgery' if you have to, but we want to hang them on our walls even if they are fake."[68]
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ a b $6 million in 1993 equates to approximately $12,655,000 and $7 million equates to approximately $14,764,000 in 2023, according to calculations based on the United States Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.[10]
- ^ $1 million in 1993 equates to approximately $2,109,000 in 2023, according to calculations based on the United States Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.[10]
- ^ In addition to documents, Reznikoff also deals in coins, stamps and celebrity hair, including samples from Abraham Lincoln, Napoleon, and Geronimo.[25]
- ^ $250,000 in 1995 equates to approximately $500,000 in 2023, according to calculations based on the United States Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.[10]
- ^ $1 million in 1995 equates to approximately $2,000,000 in 2023, according to calculations based on the United States Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.[10]
- ^ $2.5 million in 1996 equates to approximately $4,857,000 in 2023, according to calculations based on the United States Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.[10]
- ^ $1.3 million in 1998 equates to approximately $2,430,000 and $540,000 equates to approximately $1,009,000 in 2023, according to calculations based on the United States Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.[10]
- ^ The notebook also contained practice signatures of other historical figures, including George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Andrew Jackson.[57]
- ^ $300,000 in 1999 equates to approximately $549,000 in 2023, according to calculations based on the United States Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.[10]
References
- ^ Churchwell 2004, pp. 291–292.
- ^ Churchwell 2004, p. 292.
- ^ a b c Dallek 2015, p. 581.
- ^ a b c Spoto 2001, p. 486.
- ^ Quirk 2004, p. 262.
- ^ Reeves 1993, p. 315.
- ^ Miraldi 2013, pp. xi, 258, 338, 362.
- ^ Hersh 2018, p. 279.
- ^ Thomas & Hosenball 1997, p. 36.
- ^ a b c d e f g McCusker 1996a; McCusker 1996b; "Consumer Price Index, 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
- ^ Winship 1996.
- ^ a b Miraldi 2013, p. 297.
- ^ a b c "Lawrence X. Cusack". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c d e f Schwartzman 1997, p. 13.
- ^ "Another Point of View – Lawyer Advertising and the Future of the Legal Profession". The Journal.
- ^ "Presbyterians on Church and State". Church & State.
- ^ Billington 1987, p. 105.
- ^ Samuels 1997, p. 73.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Grove 1997b.
- ^ a b c Hughes 1999, p. 15.
- ^ a b Samuels 1997, p. 64.
- ^ "Miss Rush Wed to L. X. Cusack". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Samuels 1997, p. 68.
- ^ a b c United States of America v. Lawrence X. Cusack, 229 F.3d 344 (2d Cir. 2000).
- ^ a b Samuels 1997, p. 63.
- ^ Miraldi 2013, p. 292.
- ^ a b Weinberg 1997, p. 7.
- ^ Samuels 1997, p. 65.
- ^ Samuels 1997, pp. 64–66.
- ^ a b c Samuels 1997, p. 66.
- ^ Samuels 1997, p. 67.
- ^ Cockburn 1997, p. 8.
- ^ Hersh 2018, p. 286.
- ^ Thomas & Hosenball 1997, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Miraldi 2013, p. 295.
- ^ Miraldi 2013, p. 294.
- ^ a b Thomas & Hosenball 1997, p. 26.
- ^ Miraldi 2013, pp. 295–296.
- ^ a b Samuels 1997, p. 71.
- ^ a b c d Anson 1997, p. 120.
- ^ a b c Miraldi 2013, p. 296.
- ^ Hersh 2018, pp. 287–288.
- ^ Hersh 2018, p. 288.
- ^ Anson 1997, pp. 120–121.
- ^ Katsoulis 2009, p. 106.
- ^ Anson 1997, p. 111.
- ^ a b Anson 1997, p. 121.
- ^ Samuels 1997, p. 72.
- ^ Frank 1997, p. 20.
- ^ a b Zoglin 1997.
- ^ Anson 1997, p. 122.
- ^ Losure 1998, pp. 104–105.
- ^ Samuels 1997, p. 75.
- ^ Grove 1997a.
- ^ Carter 1997, p. 26.
- ^ Grove 1997c.
- ^ a b c Harden 1998, p. 2.
- ^ Kohn 2001, p. 99.
- ^ "Man Accused of Forging Letters by JFK, Monroe". Chicago Tribune.
- ^ "Trial Begins Over Forged JFK Papers". The Chicago Tribune.
- ^ "Man Convicted of Sale of Kennedy Forgeries". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Seller Guilty in Kennedy Forgery Case". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Weiser 1999.
- ^ Hurtado 1999.
- ^ Cloud v. ABC, Inc., 97 Civ. 8702 (JSM).
- ^ "CBS Defamation Claim Dismissed". The Journal News.
- ^ Cusack v. US, 98 CR 691 (DLC) 00 CIV. 8480 (DLC).
- ^ Katsoulis 2009, p. 107.
Sources
Books
- ISBN 978-0-3124-2565-4.
- ISBN 978-0-9457-0743-1.
- ISBN 978-0-3072-6395-7.
- Katsoulis, Melissa (2009). Literary Hoaxes: An Eye-opening History of Famous Frauds. New York: Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-6023-9794-1.
- Kohn, George Childs (2001). The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4225-8.
- ISBN 978-1-5773-6107-7.
- Miraldi, Robert (2013). Seymour Hersh: Scoop Artist. Lincoln, Nebraska: Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-6123-4475-1.
- ISBN 978-0-8154-1296-0.
- ISBN 978-0-6716-4879-4.
- ISBN 978-0-8154-1183-3.
Judicial opinions
- Cloud v. ABC, Inc., 97 Civ. 8702 (JSM) (United States District Court, S.D. New York December 17, 2001).
- Cusack v. US, 00 CIV 8480 (DLC) (United States District Court, S.D. New York December 7, 2001).
- United States of America v. Lawrence X. Cusack, 229 F.3d 344 (United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit October 13, 2000).
Inflation calculations
- 1634–1699: McCusker, John J. (January 1996a). "How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. 106 (2): 327–334.
- 1700–1799: McCusker, John J. (October 1996b). "How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States" (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 106 (2): 327–334.
- 1800–present: "Consumer Price Index, 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
Journals
- Billington, Monroe (January 1, 1987). "President Lyndon B. Johnson and the Separation of Church and State". Journal of Church and State. 29 (1): 101–111. .
- Cusack, Lawrence X. (November 26, 1977). "Another Point of View – Lawyer Advertising and the Future of the Legal Profession". The Journal. 48 (44). Oklahoma Bar Association: 2609–2610.
- Hughes, Rod (July 1999). "Cashing in on Camelot". Legal Assistant Today. 16 (6): 15.
- "Presbyterians on Church and State". Church & State. 16 (7): 3. July–August 1963.
Magazines
- Anson, Robert Sam (November 1997). "Secrets and Lies". Vanity Fair. No. 447. pp. 96–122.
- Cockburn, Alexander (October 20, 1997). "The Myth of Fingerprints". The Nation. No. 265. p. 8.
- Frank, Reuven (November 3, 1997). "Documenting the Documentary". The New Leader. Vol. 80, no. 17. pp. 20–21.
- Samuels, David (November 3, 1997). "Fakes: Who forged the JFK–Marilyn Monroe Papers?". The New Yorker. Vol. 73, no. 33. pp. 62–75.
- Weinberg, Steve (November 1997). "Attacks on Style and Substance". The IRE Journal. 20 (6): 6–15.
News
- Carter, Bill (September 25, 1997). "ABC Says Documents on Kennedy Were Faked". The New York Times. p. 26.
- "CBS Defamation Claim Dismissed". The Journal News. June 28, 2001. p. 38.
- Grove, Lloyd (September 25, 1997a). "Incendiary JFK Story Goes up in Smoke". The Washington Post.
- Grove, Lloyd (October 26, 1997b). "Was the Writing on the Wall?". The Washington Post.
- Grove, Lloyd (November 22, 1997c). "ABC, Hersh Sued Over 'JFK' Papers; Document Sellers Charge Fraud, Libel". The Washington Post. p. 1.
- Harden, Blaine (March 17, 1998). "'JFK Papers' Figure Charged With Mail Fraud; Ex- Paralegal Accused of Forging, Selling Documents on Marilyn Monroe Hush Fund". The Washington Post. p. 2.
- Hurtado, Patricia (September 18, 1999). "Man Convicted of Selling Forged Papers". Newsday. p. 8.
- "Lawrence X. Cusack". The New York Times. October 29, 1985. Section D, Page 27. Archived from the original on April 16, 2024.
- "Man Accused of Forging Letters by JFK, Monroe". Chicago Tribune. March 17, 1998. p. 8.
- "Man Convicted of Sale of Kennedy Forgeries". The Washington Post. May 1, 1999. p. 2.
- "Miss Rush Wed to L. X. Cusack". The New York Times. December 8, 1991. Section 1, Page 80.
- Schwartzman, Paul (October 26, 1997). "Sex, Lies and Trail of Debt Document Pusher Savors High Life, but has Problem Paying his Way". New York Daily News. p. 13.
- "Seller Guilty in Kennedy Forgery Case". Los Angeles Times. May 1, 1999. p. 9A.
- Thomas, Evan; Hosenball, Mark (October 6, 1997). "The JFK-Marilyn hoax". Newsweek. Vol. 130, no. 14. pp. 24–26.
- "Trial Begins Over Forged JFK Papers". The Chicago Tribune. April 15, 1999. p. 22.
- Weiser, Benjamin (September 18, 1999). "Kennedy Papers' Forger Sentenced to 9 Years". The New York Times. p. 3.
- Winship, Frederick M. (August 7, 1996). "Kennedy Book War Heats Up". United Press International.
- Zoglin, Richard (October 6, 1997). "The Marilyn Papers". Time. Retrieved April 11, 2024.