Kyrios

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the town of ancient Macedonia, see
Kyrios (Macedonia). For the Australian psychologist, see Michael Kyrios. For the Australian tennis player, see Nick Kyrgios
.
"Kurios" redirects here. For the Cirque du Soleil show, see Kurios (Cirque du Soleil). For the fictional character, see Marduk Kurios.
Not to be confused with Kairos.
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    Kyrios or kurios (Greek: κύριος, romanized: kū́rios (ancient), kyrios (modern)) is a Greek word that is usually translated as "lord" or "master".[1] It is used in the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew scriptures about 7000 times,[2] in particular translating the name YHWH (the Tetragrammaton),[3] and it appears in the Koine Greek New Testament about 740 times, usually referring to Jesus.[4][5][6][7]

    Classical Greece

    In Classical Athens, the word kyrios referred to the head of the household,[8] who was responsible for his wife, children, and any unmarried female relatives. It was the responsibility of the kyrios to arrange the marriages of his female relatives,[9] provide their dowries, represent them in court, if necessary,[10] and deal with any economic transactions they were involved in worth more than a medimnos of barley.[11] When an Athenian woman married, her husband became her new kyrios.[12]

    The existence of the system of kyrioi (plural of kyrios) elsewhere in ancient Greece is debated, and the evidence is not clear-cut, but Cartledge has argued that in Sparta kyrioi existed, although in Gortyn they do not appear to have done.[13]

    The term "κύριος" is still in use in the

    Modern Greek language and is the equivalent to the English terms "mister" (title conferred on an adult male), "master" (someone who has control over something or someone), and "sir" (an address to any male). For example, the English term "Mr. Smith" is translated to "κύριος Σμίθ" (kyrios Smith) in Greek. Its female form "κυρία, kiría" is the equivalent to the English term Mrs.

    New Testament

    Kyrios appears about 700 times in the New Testament, usually referring to Jesus.[14] The use of kyrios in the New Testament has been the subject of debate among modern scholars, and three schools of thought exist on that topic.

    • The first school is that based on the
      early Christians
      , the majority of whom were speakers of Greek, would have been deeply familiar with the Septuagint.
    • The second school is that as the early Church expanded,
      Hellenistic
      influences resulted in the use of the term.
    • The third is that it is a translation of the
      Aramaic title Mari applied to Jesus.[16]

    In everyday Aramaic, Mari was a very respectful form of polite address, well above "teacher" and similar to

    world.[17]

    The

    vocative kyrie (meaning sir) appears frequently.[18] The Gospel of Mark never applies the term kyrios as a direct reference to Jesus, unlike Paul who uses it 163 times.[19] When Mark uses kyrios (e.g., in 1:3, 11:9, 12:11, etc.) it is in reference to YHWH/God. Mark does, however, use the word in passages where it is unclear whether it applies to God or Jesus, e.g., in 5:19 or 11:3.[19]

    Kyrios is a key element of the

    judge their actions throughout their lives.[20]

    The kyrios title for Jesus is central to the development of New Testament Christology, for the early Christians placed it at the center of their understanding and from that center attempted to understand the other issues related to the Christian mysteries.[21]

    kyrios is also essential in the development of the Trinity as well as New Testament Pneumatology (the study of the Holy Spirit). 2 Corinthians 3:17-18 says:

    Now the Lord is the Spirit, and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom. 18 And we all, with unveiled face, beholding the glory of the Lord,[e] are being transformed into the same image from one degree of glory to another. For this comes from the Lord who is the Spirit.[22]

    The phrase "The Lord is the Spirit" in verse 17 is Ὁ δὲ Κύριος τὸ Πνεῦμά (Ho dé Kū́rios tó Pneûmá). In verse 18 it is Κυρίου Πνεύματος (Kūríou Pneúmatos).

    In some cases, when reading the

    Adonai (my Lord) for the Tetragrammaton, and they may have also substituted Kyrios when reading to a Greek audience. Origen refers to both practices in his commentary on Psalms (2.2). The practice was due to the desire not to overuse the name of God. Examples of this can be seen in Philo.[23]

    A few translations of the New Testament render kyrios in a particular way when it occurs within an Old Testament quotation. These include "Jehovah" (

    Complete Jewish Bible), and "Eternal One" (The Voice).[24]

    See also

    References

    1. Perseus Project
      .
    2. ^ "G2962 - kyrios - Strong's Greek Lexicon (LXX)".
    3. ^ "Bible Search and Study Tools - Blue Letter Bible".
    4. ISBN 0-664-24351-7 pages 234-237 [1]
    5. Bauer lexicon
      , 1979 edition
    6. ^ Philip Schaff. "LORD". New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. VII: Liutprand - Moralities. p. 21.
    7. ^ Archibald Thomas Robertson. "10". Word Pictures in the New Testament - Romans.
    8. ^ Schaps, D.M. (1998). "What Was Free about a Free Athenian Woman?". Transactions of the American Philological Society. 128: 164.
    9. ISBN 9780712660549
      .
    10. ^ Goldhill, Simon. "Representing Democracy: Women at the Great Dionysia". In Osborne, Robin; Hornblower, Simon (eds.). Ritual, Finance, Politics: Athenian Democratic Accounts Presented to David Lewis. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 357.
    11. doi:10.1017/S0009838800040465
      .
    12. ISBN 9780712660549
      .
    13. doi:10.1017/S0009838800021091
      .
    14. ISBN 9780805493528
      .
    15. ISBN 978-0385261906
    16. ^
      ISBN 0-86554-373-9 pages 520-525 [2]
    17. ISBN 0-664-24351-7 page 202 [3]
    18. ISBN 0-521-35776-4
      page 89
    19. ^
      ISBN 90-04-13108-6
      pages 168-169
    20. ISBN 0-664-22117-3
      pages 11-13
    21. ISBN 81-8324-007-0 pages 229-235 [4]
    22. ^ 2 Corinthians 3 (ESV)
    23. ISBN 0-8054-3145-4
      page 209
    24. Bible Gateway
      . Retrieved 6 September 2022.

    External links


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