Martha Gellhorn
Martha Gellhorn | |
---|---|
St. Louis, Missouri, US | |
Died | 15 February 1998 London, England | (aged 89)
Education | John Burroughs School |
Occupation(s) | Author, war correspondent |
Years active | 1934–1998 |
Spouses | |
Parent |
|
Family | Walter Gellhorn (brother) |
Martha Ellis Gellhorn (8 November 1908 – 15 February 1998)
Gellhorn reported on virtually every major world conflict that took place during her 60-year career. She was also the third wife of American novelist Ernest Hemingway, from 1940 to 1945. She died in 1998 by apparent suicide at the age of 89, ill and almost completely blind.[4] The Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism is named after her.
Early life
Gellhorn was born on 8 November 1908, in
At age 7, Gellhorn participated in "The Golden Lane," a rally for women's suffrage at the Democratic Party's 1916 national convention in St. Louis. Women carrying yellow parasols and wearing yellow sashes lined both sides of a main street leading to the St. Louis Coliseum. A tableau of the states was in front of the Art Museum; states that had not enfranchised women were draped in black. Gellhorn and another girl, Mary Taussig, stood in front of the line, representing future voters.[9]
In 1926, Gellhorn graduated from
Returning to the United States in 1932,[11] Gellhorn was hired by Harry Hopkins, whom she had met through her friendship with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.[12] The Roosevelts invited Gellhorn to live at the White House, and she spent evenings there helping Eleanor Roosevelt write correspondence and the first lady’s “My Day” column in Women's Home Companion.[13] She was hired as a field investigator for the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), created by Franklin D. Roosevelt to help end the Great Depression. Gellhorn traveled around the United States for FERA to report on how the Depression was affecting the country. She first went to Gastonia, North Carolina. Later, she worked with Dorothea Lange, a photographer, to document the everyday lives of the hungry and homeless. Their reports became part of the official government files for the Great Depression. They were able to investigate topics that were not usually open to women of the 1930s.[14] She drew on her research to write a collection of short stories, The Trouble I've Seen (1936).[12] In Idaho doing FERA work, Gellhorn convinced a group of workers to break the windows of the FERA office to draw attention to their crooked boss. Although this worked, she was fired from FERA.[10]
War in Europe and marriage to Hemingway
Gellhorn met
In June 1944, Gellhorn applied to the British government for press accreditation to report on the
She was among the first journalists to report from Dachau concentration camp after it was liberated by U.S. troops on 29 April 1945.[17][18]
Gellhorn and Hemingway lived together off and on for four years, before marrying in November 1940.
The 2012 film Hemingway & Gellhorn is based on these years. The 2011 documentary film No Job for a Woman: The Women Who Fought to Report WWII features Gellhorn and how she changed war reporting.[19]
Later career
After the war, Gellhorn worked for the
Gellhorn's books include a collection of articles on war, The Face of War (1959); The Lowest Trees Have Tops (1967), a novel about McCarthyism; an account of her travels (including one trip with Hemingway), Travels with Myself and Another (1978); and a collection of her peacetime journalism, The View from the Ground (1988).[4]
Peripatetic by nature, Gellhorn reckoned that in a 40-year span of her life, she had created homes in 19 locales.[4]
Personal life
Gellhorn's first major affair was with the French economist Bertrand de Jouvenel. It began in 1930, when she was 22 years old, and lasted until 1934. She would have married de Jouvenel if his wife had consented to a divorce.[4]
She met Ernest Hemingway in Key West, Florida, in 1936. They married in 1940. Gellhorn resented her reflected fame as Hemingway's third wife, remarking that she had no intention of "being a footnote in someone else's life." As a condition for granting interviews, she was known to insist that Hemingway's name not be mentioned.[22] As she put it once, "I've been a writer for over 40 years. I was a writer before I met him and I was a writer after I left him. Why should I be merely a footnote in his life?"
While married to Hemingway, Gellhorn had an affair with U.S. paratrooper Major General James M. Gavin, commanding general of the 82nd Airborne Division. Gavin was the youngest divisional commander in the U.S. Army in World War II.[23]
Between marriages after divorcing Hemingway in 1945, Gellhorn had romantic liaisons with "L," Laurance Rockefeller, an American businessman (1945); journalist William Walton (1947) (no relation to the British composer); and medical doctor David Gurewitsch (1950). In 1954, she married the former managing editor of Time Magazine, T. S. Matthews. She and Matthews divorced in 1963.[24] She stayed in London for some time before moving to Kenya and then to Kilgwrrwg near Devauden in Gwent, South Wales,[25] She was very taken by the niceness of the Welsh people and lived there from 1980 to 1994 before finally returning to London because of her ill health.[26]
In 1949, Gellhorn adopted a boy, Sandro, from an Italian orphanage. He was formally renamed George Alexander Gellhorn, and widely called Sandy. Gellhorn was reportedly a devoted mother for a time but was not by nature maternal. She left Sandy in the care of relatives in Englewood, New Jersey, for long periods as she travelled, and he eventually attended boarding school. Their relationship was said to have become embittered.[4]
Gellhorn and the writer Sybille Bedford met in Rome in 1949 and developed a strong platonic friendship. It long survived volatility on both sides and entailed much moral, creative and financial support for her friend on Gellhorn's part until she ended the friendship in the early 1980s.[27]
Regarding sex, in 1972 Gellhorn wrote:
If I practised sex out of moral conviction, that was one thing; but to enjoy it ... seemed a defeat. I accompanied men and was accompanied in action, in the extrovert part of life; I plunged into that ... but not sex; that seemed to be their delight, and all I got was a pleasure of being wanted, I suppose, and the tenderness (not nearly enough) that a man gives when he is satisfied. I daresay I was the worst bed partner in five continents.[4]
On her relationship with Hemingway, she said "My whole memory of sex with Ernest is the invention of excuses, and failing that, the hope that it would soon be over."[28][29]
However, the legacy of Gellhorn's personal life remains shrouded in controversy. Supporters of Gellhorn say her unauthorized biographer, Carl Rollyson, is guilty of "sexual scandal-mongering and cod psychology." Several of her prominent close friends (among them the actress Betsy Drake, journalist John Pilger, writer James Fox, and Martha's younger brother Alfred) have dismissed the characterizations of her as sexually manipulative and maternally deficient. Her supporters include her stepson, Sandy Matthews, who describes Gellhorn as "very conscientious" in her role as stepmother;[30] and Jack Hemingway once said that Gellhorn, his father's third wife, was his "favorite other mother."[31]
Death and legacy
In her last years, Gellhorn was in frail health, nearly blind and suffering from ovarian cancer that had spread to her liver. On 15 February 1998, she died by suicide in London apparently by swallowing a cyanide capsule.[32]
The Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism was established in 1999 in her honor.[33]
In 2019, a blue English Heritage plaque was unveiled at Gellhorn's former London home, the first to feature the dedication of "war correspondent".[34]
In 2021 a
In popular culture
On 5 October 2007, the United States Postal Service announced that it would honor five 20th-century journalists with first-class rate postage stamps, to be issued on 22 April 2008: Martha Gellhorn; John Hersey; George Polk; Ruben Salazar; and Eric Sevareid. Postmaster General Jack Potter announced the stamp series at the Associated Press Managing Editors Meeting in Washington, D.C.[36]
In 2011, Gellhorn was the subject of an hour-long episode of the World Media Rights series Extraordinary Women, which airs on the BBC, and periodically in the United States on PBS.[37]
In 2012, Gellhorn was played by Nicole Kidman in Philip Kaufman's film, Hemingway & Gellhorn.
Martha Gellhorn's relationship with Ernest Hemingway is the subject of
Bibliography
- Gellhorn, Martha (1934). What mad pursuit : a novel. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company.
- The Trouble I've Seen (1936, new edition by Eland, 2012) Depression-era set of short stories;
- A Stricken Field (1940) novel set in Czechoslovakia at the outbreak of war;
- The Heart of Another (1941);
- Liana (1944);
- The Undefeated (1945);
- Love Goes to Press: A Comedy in Three Acts (1947) (with Virginia Cowles);
- The Wine of Astonishment (1948) World War II novel, republished in 1989 as Point of No Return;
- Gellhorn, Martha (1953). "About Shorty". In Birmingham, Frederic A. (ed.). The girls from Esquire. London: Arthur Barker. pp. 47–56.
- The Honeyed Peace: Stories (1953);
- Two by Two (1958);
- The Face of War (1959) collection of war journalism, updated in 1993;
- His Own Man (1961);
- Pretty Tales for Tired People (1965);
- Vietnam: A New Kind of War (1966);
- The Lowest Trees Have Tops (1967) a novel;
- Travels with Myself and Another: A Memoir (1978, new edition by Eland, 2002);
- The Weather in Africa (1978, new edition by Eland, 2006);
- The View From the Ground (1989; new edition by Eland, 2016), a collection of peacetime journalism;
- The Short Novels of Martha Gellhorn (1991); US edition being The Novellas of Martha Gellhorn (1993)
- Selected Letters of Martha Gellhorn (2006), edited by Caroline Moorehead;
- Yours, for Probably Always: Martha Gellhorn's Letters of Love and War 1930–1949 (2019), edited by Janet Somerville.[40]
- Books about Gellhorn
- Somerville, Janet (2019) Yours, for Probably Always: Martha Gellhorn's Letters of Love and WarAmazon link
- Clayton, Meg Waite (2018) Beautiful Exiles: A Novel
- Hardy Dorman, Angelia (2012). Martha Gellhorn: Myth, Motif and Remembrance.[41]
- Mackrell, Judith (2021). Going with the Boys: Six Extraordinary Women Writing from the Front Line (also: The Correspondents: Six Women Writers on the Front Lines of World War II - in USA & Canada).
- McLain, Paula (2018). Love and Ruin: A novel. Ballantyne. p. 374. ASIN B076Z127Y2.
- McLoughlin, Kate (2007). Martha Gellhorn: The War Writer in the Field and in the Text.
- Moorehead, Caroline (2003). Martha Gellhorn: A Life. (a.k.a. Gellhorn: A Twentieth-Century Life)
- Moreira, Peter (2007). Hemingway on the China Front: His WWII Spy Mission with Martha Gellhorn.
- Rollyson, Carl (2000). Nothing Ever Happens to the Brave: The Story of Martha Gellhorn.
- Rollyson, Carl E. (2007). Beautiful Exile: The Life of Martha Gellhorn.
- Vaill, Amanda (2014). Hotel Florida: Truth, Love, and Death in the Spanish Civil War. Picador. ASIN B00FCR3JHW.
References
Notes
- ^ "Martha Ellis Gellhorn", Encyclopædia Britannica, Retrieved 1 November 2019
- ^ "Martha Gellhorn: War Reporter, D-Day Stowaway", American Forces Press Service. Retrieved 2 June 2011
- ^ "Iraqi journalist wins Martha Gellhorn prize", The Guardian, 11 April 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2011
- ^ ISBN 0-7011-6951-6.
- ^ ISBN 0-674-01488-X.
- ^ Review by Kirkus (UK) of Caroline Muirhead: Martha Gellhorn (2003)
- ^ Thomas Jr., Robert McG. (11 December 1995). "Walter Gellhorn, Law Scholar And Professor, Dies at 89". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
- ^ Kee, Cynthia (22 April 2008). "Alfred Gellhorn". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ "The Golden Lane, suffragettes at the 1916 convention". Archived from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
- ^ a b "The Female War Correspondent Who Sneaked into D-Day | The Saturday Evening Post". www.saturdayeveningpost.com. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
- ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kert, Bernice – The Hemingway Women: Those Who Loved Him – the Wives and Others, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1983.
- ISBN 978-1-61234-942-8
- ^ Gourley 2007, p. [page needed].
- ^ "After Lovers Hemingway and Gellhorn Faced off on D-Day, They Filed for Divorce". 12 August 2016.
- ^ "D-Day: 150,000 Men – and One Woman". The Huffington Post. 5 June 2014.
- ^ Walker, Amy (3 September 2019). "Blue plaque for US war correspondent Martha Gellhorn". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ Gellhorn, Martha (23 June 1945). "Dachau: Experimental Murder". Collier's.
- ^ Documentary No Job for a Woman website
- ^ "A Memorial for the Remarkable Martha Gellhorn". The New Yorker. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- ^ Lyman, Rick (17 February 1998). "Martha Gellhorn, Daring Writer, Dies at 89". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
- Salon, 2000, accessed 19 October 2009
- ^ Marlowe, Lara (13 December 2003). "In times of love and war". The Irish Times. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
- ^ "I didn't like sex at all". Salon. 12 August 2006. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
- ^ "History beyond garden gate", South Wales Argus, 6 August 2004. Retrieved 19 September 2020
- ^ a b Cavill, Nancy (3 July 2021). "The war reporter and her 'retreat' in Wales; Nancy Cavill uncovers the little-known links between an American war correspondent and novelist and Wales – as a Purple Plaque is unveiled in her memory at her former home in Monmouthshire...". The Western Mail. pp. 12–14.
- ^ Selina Hastings, Sybille Bedford: An Appetite for Life, Vintage, 2020
- ^ "Martha Gellhorn: the person and the journalist". Cliomuse.com. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-8050-6553-4.
- ^ "The War for Martha's Memory", The Telegraph, 15 March 2001
- ^ Baker, Allie, "Luck, Pluck, and Serendipity: Bumby's Wartime Experience" (with Hadley audio), The Hemingway Project, 13 February 2014. Accessed 28 December 2015
- ^ Sturges, India (10 July 2016). "John Simpson on his plan to commit suicide – and why he refuses to be an old bore". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ^ "Letter: Martha Gellhorn prize of pounds 5,000". Independent. 26 September 1999. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
- ^ "Reporter Martha Gellhorn honoured with purple plaque". BBC News. 2 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
- ^ "Stamps honor distinguished journalists", USA Today
- ^ "Episode 7 : Martha Gellhorn" Archived 8 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Extraordinary Women
- ^ "Love and Ruin - Paula McLain". Paula McLain. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
- News & Observer, Brooke Cain, 5 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
- ^ Doucet, Lyse (1 December 2019). "Yours, for Probably Always: Martha Gellhorn's Letters of Love and War 1930–1949 - review". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
- ^ Dorman, Angelia Hardy (16 November 2015). Martha Gellhorn: Myth, Motif and Remembrance eBook. Kindle Store.
Sources
- ISBN 978-0-689-87752-0.
- ISBN 0-8050-6553-9)
Further reading
- Moorehead, Caroline (2006). The Letters of Martha Gellhorn. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 0-7011-6952-4.
- O'Toole, Fintan, "A Moral Witness" (review of Janet Somerville, ed., Yours, for Probably Always: Martha Gellhorn's Letters of Love and War, 1930–1949, Firefly, 528 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVII, no. 15 (8 October 2020), pp. 29–31. Fintan O'Toole writes (p. 31): "Her [war] dispatches were not first drafts of history; they were letters from eternity. [...] To see history – at least the history of war – in terms of people is to see it not as a linear process but as a series of terrible repetitions [...]. It is her ability to capture [...] the terrible futility of this sameness that makes Gellhorn's reportage so genuinely timeless. [W]e are [...] drawn [...] into the undertow of her distraught awareness that this moment, in its essence, has happened before and will happen again."
External links
- "Is There a New Germany?", Martha Gellhorn, The Atlantic Monthly, February 1964
- "The Arabs of Palestine", from Martha Gellhorn
- "The Outsiders: Martha Gellhorn" a 1983 interview by John Pilger
- Martha Gellhorn at IMDb
- Electric Sky – "Martha Gellhorn – On The Record"
- Martha Gellhorn talks about the Spanish Civil War (from a BBC Radio 4 live stream).
- Official website
- Petri Liukkonen. "Martha Gellhorn". Books and Writers.
- Review of "Martha Gellhorn: A Life" (The Age)