Mathnawi
Mathnawi (
Mathnawī poems have been written in Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Kurdish and Urdu cultures. Certain Persian mat̲h̲nawī poems, such as Rumi's Masnavi-e Ma’navi, have had a special religious significance in Sufism. Other influential writings include the poems of Ghazali[clarification needed] and ibn Arabi.[2] Mathnawi's are closely tied to Islamic theology, philosophy, and legends, and cannot be understood properly without knowledge about it.[3]
Arabic maṯnawī
Arabic mathnawi poetry, also known as muzdawidj (
Persian masnawī
In Persian masnawī (مثنوى), the poems strictly adhere to a
Masnawī are usually associated with the didactic and romantic genres, but are not limited to them.[7] There is a great variety among Persian masnawī, but there are several conventions that can help a reader recognize a masnawī poem. Most masnawī have a distinction between the introductory and body paragraphs (although it is not always easy to determine where that is), praise of the one God and prayers, a eulogy of the Prophet, reflections on the value of poetry, and occasionally a description of an object as a significant symbol.[8]
Certain Persian masnawī have had a special religious significance in
In the 21st century, Ahmad Niktalab has been one of the expert poets of Persian masnawi.[11]
Turkish maṯnawī
Turkish mathnawi began developing in the 8th/14th century. Persian mathnawi influenced Turkish authors as many Turkish mathnawī were, at first, creative
Turkish mathnawī are strongly driven by their plot, and are usually categorized into three genres—mutaḳārib (heroic), ramal (religio-didactic), and hazadj (romantic). Some mat̲h̲nawī were written with an understanding that the audience would appreciate the importance of the subject of the poem, but some were also written purely for entertainment purposes.[12]
Mat̲h̲nawī remained prominent in Turkish literature until the end of the Ottoman Empire, when it began to transform into more conversational and rhetorical literature. Few Turkish mat̲h̲nawī have been translated into another modern language.[13]
Urdu masnawī
Urdu masnawī are usually divided into three categories- early, middle, and late.
Early Urdu masnawī began in the 11th/17th century. In the beginning of this period, many masnawī were religious in nature, but then grew to include romantic, heroic, and even
Middle Urdu masnawī became prominent in the 12th/18th century, when Urdu literature broke away from the Dakkanī tradition. In the 12th/18th century, romantic masnawī became very popular. Another new convention that appeared in middle Urdu masnawī was authors using their own personal experiences as a subject for their poem.[15]
Modern Urdu masnawī began in the 13th/19th century, during a time of literary reform. Masnawī as a whole became much shorter, and the traditional meters stopped being observed. These masnawī deal more with everyday subjects, as well as providing a medium for children's poetry.[16] A well-known masnavi-writer in Urdu in recent times was Allama Dr. Syed Ali Imam Zaidi "Gauhar Lucknavi" (great-grandson of Mir Baber Ali Anees).
See also
References
- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South Asian Islam. (1984). Vereinigtes Königreich: University of California Press.
- ^ Swahili Islamic Poetry: Introduction : The celebration of Mohammed's birthday ; Swahili Islamic cosmology. (1971). Niederlande: Brill.
- ^ Bencheneb, M. "Muzdawid̲j̲." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010. Brill Online. Augustana. 8 April 2010 http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-5695
- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. 2.
- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. pp.1.
- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. 3.
- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. pp.5.
- ^ Friedlander, Ira. The Whirling Dervishes. New York: Macmillan, 1975. Print.
- ^ Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. "Concerning Music and Dancing As Aids to the Religious Life." Trans. Claud Field. The Alchemy of Happiness. Dodo, 1909. 27–32. Print.
- ^ "مجموعه اشعار زندهیاد احمد نیکطلب رونمایی میشود". خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency (in Persian). 27 February 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
- ^ a b Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. 8.
- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. 9.
- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. 9-11-12.
Literature
- Bruijn, J.T.P. de; Flemming, B.; Rahman, Munibur (8 April 2010). "Mathnawī". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; Donzel, E. van; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill Online.