Mission San Juan Capistrano

On the afternoon of November 22, 1800, tremors from the 6.5-magnitude San Diego earthquake cracked the walls of the rising edifice, necessitating that repair work be performed.^[50] Unfortunately, Señor Aguilár died six years into the project; his work was carried on by the priests and their charges, who made their best attempts to emulate the existing construction. Lacking the skills of a master mason, however, led to irregular walls and necessitated the addition of a seventh roof dome. The church was finally completed in 1806, and blessed by Fray Estévan Tapís on the evening of September 7; a two-day-long fiesta followed.^[51] The sanctuary floors were paved with diamond-shaped tiles, and brick-lined niches displayed the statues of various saints. It was by all accounts the most magnificent in all of California and a three-day feast was held in celebration of this monumental achievement.

On the morning of December 8, 1812, the "Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin", a series of large earthquakes shook Southern California during the first Sunday service.^[46] The 7.5-magnitude San Juan Capistrano earthquake^[52] racked the doors to the church, pinning them shut. When the ground finally stopped shaking, the bulk of the nave had come crashing down, and the bell tower was obliterated. Forty native worshipers who were attending Mass and two boys who had been ringing the bells in the tower were buried under the rubble and lost their lives, and were subsequently interred in the Mission cemetery.^[53] This was the second major setback the outpost had suffered, and followed severe storms and flooding that had damaged Mission buildings and ruined crops earlier in the year. ^{[citation needed]}

The priests immediately resumed holding services in Serra's Church. Within a year a brick campanario ("bell wall") had been erected between the ruins of the stone church and the Mission's first chapel to support the four bells salvaged from the rubble of the campanile. As the

The Day That Pirates Sacked The Mission

On December 14, 1818, the French

Though the mission was spared, all ammunition, supplies and valuables in the area were taken.[59] Regarded today as one of the more colorful events in the Mission's history, an annual celebration is held to memorialize "The Day that Pirates Sacked the Mission."^[60]

• buildings ($7,298);
• chapel ($1,250);
• furnishings, tools, and implements ($14,768);
• contents of chapel and sacristy ($15,568);
• ranchos of
  Mission Viejo
  ($12,019); and
• library holdings ($490)

for a total valuation of $54,456.^[75] Mission credits totaled $13,123 while debts equaled a mere $1,410. The Mission library included three volumes of Juan de Torquemada and twelve volumes of the Año Cristiano. The names of 2,000 neophytes were carried on the Mission rolls. Mission agricultural holdings for that year consisted of:

• 8,000 head of cattle;
• 4,000 sheep;
• 80 pigs;
• 50 horses;
• 9 mules;
• 150 fanegas^[76] of maize;
• 20 fanegas of beans; and
• 50 barrels of wine and brandy.^[77]

Thereafter, the Franciscans all but abandoned the Mission, taking with them most everything of value, after which the locals plundered many of the Mission buildings for construction materials.

Because virtually all of the artwork at the missions served either a devotional or didactic purpose, there was no underlying reason for the mission residents to record their surroundings graphically; visitors, however, found them to be objects of curiosity.

A

The 1880s also saw the appearance of a number of articles on the missions in national publications and the first books on the subject; as a result, a large number of artists did one or more mission paintings, though few attempted series.

After Mut's departure in 1886 the parish found itself without a permanent pastor, and the Mission languished during this period. St. John O'Sullivan arrived in San Juan Capistrano in 1910 to recuperate from a recent stroke, and to seek relief from chronic

Severe flooding destroyed a portion of the Mission's front arcade in 1915, and heavy storms a year later washed away one end of the barracks building (which O'Sullivan rebuilt in 1917), incorporating minor modifications such as an ornamental archway in order to make the edifice more closely resemble a church. The Mission grounds were enclosed with a wood picket fence, and beginning on May 9, 1916, a ten-cent admission fee was charged to help defray preservation costs.^[106] In 1918, the Mission was given parochial status, with O'Sullivan serving as its first modern pastor. It was on April 21 of that year that the San Jacinto Earthquake caused moderate structural damage to some of the buildings. In 1919, author Johnston McCulley created the character "Zorro" and chose Mission San Juan Capistrano as the setting for the first novella, The Curse of Capistrano.^[107] In 1920, the "Sacred Garden" was created in the courtyard adjacent to the stone church, and in 1925 the full restoration of the Serra Chapel was completed. O'Sullivan died in 1933 and was interred in the Mission cemetery (campo santo) amongst more than 2,000 former inhabitants (mostly Juaneño Indians), who are buried in unmarked graves.^[108] O'Sullivan's tomb lies at the foot of a Celtic cross that O'Sullivan himself erected as a memorial to the Mission's builders.

After O'Sullivan's death, Arthur J. Hutchinson (another pastor with a love of California history) assumed leadership of the Mission, and played a central role in raising needed funds to continue the Mission's preservation work.

The prestigious

A number of events are held at the mission today. The main fundraising event, Battle of the Mariachis, has been held since 2004 and started as a way to honor its heritage.[112]

• 
  The "Golden Altar", an early Baroque-style retablo (altarpiece) situated at the north-end sanctuary of "Father Serra's Church".
• 
  St. John O'Sullivan spends time in Mission San Juan Capistrano's "Sacred Garden".
• 
  Mary Pickford's Wedding by American artist Charles Percy Austin. Oil on canvas.
• 
  Statue of Junípero Serra in the Mission.

Other historic designations

• California Historical Landmark #227 – Diego Sepúlveda Adobe Estancia^[113]
• ASM International Historical Landmark (1988) – "Metalworking Furnaces"^[114]
• World Monuments Fund List of 100 Most Endangered Sites (2002); "The Great Stone Church"
• Orange County Historic Civil Engineering Landmark (1992)^[115][116]

Mission industries

The goal of the missions was, above all, to become self-sufficient in relatively short order.^[

. Large bodegas (warehouses) provided long-term storage for preserved foodstuffs and other treated materials.

Three long zanjas (

kilns

) to strengthen them and make them more resistant to the elements; when tejas (roof tiles) eventually replaced the conventional jacal roofing (densely packed reeds) they were placed in the kilns to harden them as well. Glazed ceramic pots, dishes, and canisters were also made in the Mission's kilns.

Prior to the establishment of the missions, the native peoples' way of life involved the use of bone, seashells, stone, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and so forth. The missionaries decided that the Indians, who regarded labor as degrading to the masculine sex, had to be taught industry in order to learn how to support their social and economic goals. The result was the establishment of a great manual training school that comprised agriculture, the mechanical arts, and the raising and care of livestock.^[

iron into everything from basic tools and hardware (such as nails) to crosses, gates, hinges, even cannon for Mission defense. Iron was one commodity in particular that the Mission relied solely on trade to acquire, as the missionaries had neither the know-how nor the technology to mine and process metal ores

.

Mission bells

Bells were vitally important to daily life at any mission. The bells were rung at mealtimes, to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services, during births and funerals, to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary, and at other times; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with the ringing the mission bells. The original bells were hung from a large nearby tree for some fifteen years, until the chapel bell tower was completed in 1791. What ultimately became of the original bells is not known. New bells were cast in Chile for inclusion in the belfry of "The Great Stone Church." All four of Mission San Juan Capistrano's bells are named and all bear inscriptions as follows (from the largest to the smallest; inscriptions are translated from Latin):^[121]

• "Praised by Jesus, San Vicente. In honor of the Reverend Fathers, Ministers (of the Mission) Fray Vicente Fustér, and Fray Juan Santiago, 1796."
• "Hail Mary most pure. Ruelas made me, and I am called San Juan, 1796."
• "Hail Mary most pure, San Antonio, 1804."
• "Hail Mary most pure, San Rafael, 1804."

In the aftermath of the 1812 earthquake, the two largest bells cracked and split open. Due to this damage neither produced clear tones. Regardless, they were hung in the campanario that went up the following year. During the Mission's heyday, a lone bell also hung at the west end of the front corridor, next to an entrance gate which has long since eroded away.^[122] One of O' Sullivan's companions during his tenure at San Juan Capistrano was José de Gracia Cruz, better known as Acú, who related many stories and legends of the Mission. A descendant of the Juaneño Indians, he served as the Mission's bell ringer until his death in 1924.

On March 22, 1969,

First Lady Pat Nixon visited the Mission and rang the Bell of San Rafael. A bronze plaque commemorating the event is set in the bell wall. In celebration of the new Mission church being elevated to minor basilica status in 2000, exact duplicates of the damaged bells were cast by Royal Bellfoundry Petit & Fritsen b.v. of Aarle-Rixtel, the Netherlands using molds made from the originals. The replacement bells were placed in the bell wall and the old ones put on display within the footprint of the destroyed Mission campanile ("bell tower").^[123]

Folklore

Legends

The tragedy of "The Great Stone Church" gave rise to its well loved legend, that of a young native girl named Magdalena who was killed in the collapse. Magdalena lived on the Mission grounds and had fallen in love with an artist named Teófilo. However, the pair was deemed too young to marry by their elders and were forced to carry on their relationship in secret. On that terrible December morning, the repentant Magdalena walked ahead of the procession of worshipers carrying a penitent's candle just as the earthquake struck. Teófilo rushed into the church as the walls and roof tumbled to the ground in a vain attempt to save his lover. When the rubble was cleared the pair was found among the dead, locked in a final embrace. It is said that on moonlit nights one can sometimes make out the face of a young girl, seemingly illuminated by candlelight, high up in the ruins.[124] Other, less-pervasive legends include that of a faceless monk who haunted the corridors of the original quadrangle, and of a headless soldier who was often seen standing guard near the front entrance.^[125]

Return of the swallows

The

American Southwest in springtime. According to legend, the birds, who have visited the San Juan Capistrano area every summer for centuries, first took refuge at the Mission when an irate innkeeper began destroying their mud nests (the birds also frequent the Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo).^[126]

The Mission's location near two rivers made it an ideal location for the swallows to nest, as there was a constant supply of the insects on which they feed, and the young birds are well-protected inside the ruins of the old stone church.

A 1915 article in Overland Monthly magazine made note of the birds' annual habit of nesting beneath the Mission's eaves and archways from spring through fall, and made the swallows the "signature icon" of the Mission; O'Sullivan used interest in the phenomenon to generate public interest in restoration efforts during his two decades in residence.^[127] One of bell ringer Acú's most colorful tales was that the swallows (or las golondrinas, as he called them) flew over the Atlantic Ocean to Jerusalem each winter, carrying small twigs on which they could rest atop the water along the way. On March 13, 1939, a popular radio program was broadcast live from the Mission grounds, announcing the swallows' arrival. Composer Leon René was so inspired by the event that he penned the song "When the Swallows Come Back to Capistrano" in tribute.^[100] During its initial release the song spent several weeks atop the Your Hit Parade charts. The song has been recorded by such musicians as The Ink Spots, Fred Waring, Guy Lombardo, Glenn Miller, The Five Satins and Pat Boone. A glassed-off room in the Mission has been designated in René's honor and displays the upright piano on which he composed the tune, the reception desk from his office and several copies of the song's sheet music and other pieces of furniture, all donated by René's family.

Each year the Fiesta de las Golondrinas is held in the City of

Saint John's Day

, October 23.

When the swallows come back to Capistrano
That's the day you promised to come back to me
When you whispered, "Farewell," in Capistrano
'twas the day the swallows flew out to sea

— excerpt from "When the Swallows Come Back to Capistrano" by Leon René

In recent years, the swallows have failed to return in large flocks to the Mission.^[129] Few birds were counted in the 1990s and 2000s. The reduction has been connected to increased development of the area, including many more choices of nesting place and fewer insects to eat.^[130][131]

California pepper tree

The largest California pepper tree (

National Register of Big Trees. The oldest pepper tree in California resides in the courtyard of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia.^[132]

Gallery

• 
  1854 survey of Mission San Juan Capistrano (via Bancroft Library)
• 
  The "Alemany Plat" prepared by the United States General Land Office to define the property restored to the Catholic Church by the Public Land Commission, later confirmed by presidential proclamation on March 18, 1865.^[133]
• 
  Father Serra Church at the mission (2019)
• 
  Entrance - Father Serra's Church
• 
  Left wall detail - Father Serra's Church
• 
  A postcard image of San Juan Capistrano's once-prized California pepper tree, formerly a focal point of the Mission gardens.
• 
  An 1894 painting by

  Watercolor and gouache

  .
• 
  An overall view of the "Mission of the Swallow" around the time of St. John O'Sullivan's arrival in 1910. The Mission's once-renowned California pepper tree can be seen just to the left of the adobe church's espadaña.
• 
  Clerical historian Zephyrin Engelhardt, O.F.M. visited Mission San Juan Capistrano numerous times, beginning in 1915.
• 
  This 1921 view of the Mission San Juan Capistrano complex documents the restoration work that was already well underway by that time. The perimeter garden wall (including the ornate entranceway) and adjacent outbuilding are 1917 additions.
• 
  A Moorish-style fountain inside Mission San Juan Capistrano's central courtyard, built in the 1920s through the efforts of St. John O'Sullivan.
• 
  Mary Astor and Gilbert Roland starred in George Fitzmaurice's 1927 motion picture Rose of the Golden West, shot on location on the Mission grounds.^[135] The film's penultimate scene (shown here) is set amidst the ruins of "The Great Stone Church."
• 
  A plot plan and perspective view of Mission San Juan Capistrano as prepared by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1937.

See also

• Spanish missions in California
• List of Spanish missions in California
• Diego Sepúlveda Adobe (the Costa Mesa Estancia or the Santa Ana Estancia)
• Las Flores Estancia
• San Juan Hot Springs
• Putiidhem
• fleet oiler built during World War II
• Oldest churches in the United States
• List of the oldest buildings in the United States

References

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Leffingwell, p. 37
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Krell, p. 153
3. ^ Young, p. 26
4. ^ ^{a b} "The Mission Play"
5. ^ Ryan, p. 11
6. ^ ^{a b} Engelhardt 1901, p. 6
7. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p.
8. ^ Forbes, p. 202
9. ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. v, 228: "The military district of San Diego embraced the Missions of San Diego, San Luis Rey, San Juan Capistrano, and San Gabriel ..."
10. ^ Ruscin, p. 195
11. ^ ^{a b c d} Krell, p. 315: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's Missions and Missionaries of California.
12. ^ Engelhardt 1922, pp. 175–176
13. ^ Engelhardt 1922, pp. 175–176. 1812 saw the greatest number of neophytes attached to the Mission (1,361), whereas the smallest recorded neophyte population (383) was seen in 1783.
14. ^ ^{a b} O'Neil, Stephen; Evans, Nancy H. (1980). "Notes on Historical Juaneno Villages and Geographical Features". UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. 2 (2): 226–232.
15. ^ ^{a b} Woodward, Lisa Louise (2007). The Acjachemen of San Juan Capistrano: The History, Language and Politics of an Indigenous California Community. University of California, Davis. pp. 3, 8.
16. ^ Kroeber 1925, p. 636: Kroeber estimated that the native population in the immediate vicinity of San Juan Capistrano was approximately 1,000 in 1770.
17. ^ As with other Spanish names given to the indigenous tribes they encountered, the appellation Juaneño does not necessarily identify a specific ethnic or tribal group.
18. ^ Sparkman, p. 189: Linguistically, the Acjachemen tongue is a dialect of the larger Luiseño language, which itself is derived from the Takices language family (Luiseño, Juaneño, Cupeño, and Cahuilla Indians all belong to the Cupan subgroup), a part of the
    Luiseños
    , and by some the people of these places are not included among the Luiseños."
19. ^ O'Neil, pp. 68–78
20. ^ Bean and Blackburn, pp. 109–111
21. ^ Boscana, p. 37
22. ^ Yenne, p. 8
23. ^ Rawls, p. 26: Boscana deduced that the "Indians of California may be compared to a species of monkey" and described the native beliefs and customs as "horrible," "ludicrous," and "ridiculous."
24. ^ Kelsey, p. 3
25. ^ Hittell, p. 746
26. ^ Hittell, p. 749
27. ^ Hittell, pp. 746–747
28. Diegueño
    peoples.
29. ^ Kroeber 1908, p. 11. The "outcry" at the appearance of a new moon is more fully described by Boscana.
30. ^ Bolton, Herbert E. (1927). Fray Juan Crespi: Missionary Explorer on the Pacific Coast, 1769–1774. HathiTrust Digital Library. p. 136. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
31. ^ Kelsey, p. 9
32. ^ Wright, p. 37; Yenne, p. 72
33. ^ Newcomb, p. 15
34. ^ After Kroeber, 1925
35. Viceroy Bucareli
    at last put an end to the chicanery."
36. ^ Saunders and Chase, p. 22
37. ^ "Historic San Juan Mission": The founding document on display within the Mission is also the only known surviving founding paper signed by Serra.
38. ^ Kelsey, p. 10: According to a report filed in 1782 by Mugártegui, "...the site was transferred to that which it occupies today, where we have the advantage of secure water ... this transfer was made on October 4, 1776."
39. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 213
40. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 183
41. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 195
42. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 22
43. ^ Newcomb, p. 16
44. ^ Krell, p. 155
45. ^ Camphouse, p. 30
46. ^ ^{a b} Ruscin, p. 72
47. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 28
48. ^ Krell, pp. 154, 275: The cruciform design is shared only with the extant chapel at Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, which makes the two structures unique among the Alta California missions in this regard.
49. ^ O'Sullivan, p. 14
50. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 39
51. ^ ^{a b} Yenne, p. 75
52. ^ "Wrightwood Earthquake". Southern California Earthquake Center. Archived from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
53. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 251
54. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 57
55. ^ Bancroft, vol. ii, p. 240
56. ^ Stern and Miller, p. 50; Yenne, p. 77
57. ^ Jones p. 170
58. ^ Bancroft, vol. ii, p. 241; Miller and Stern, p. 50: Sir Peter Corney, commander of the Santa Rosa, later reported that, "We found the town well-stocked with everything but money, and destroyed much wine and spirits and all the public property, set fire to the King's stores, barracks, and governor's house, and about two o'clock we marched back though not in the order that we went, many of the men being intoxicated."
59. ^ "California's Only Pirate - Hippolyte de Bouchard".
60. Hippolyte de Bouchard
    .
61. ^ Young, p. 23
62. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 89
63. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 80
64. ^ Bancroft, vol. i, pp. 100–101: Bancroft postulated that the motives behind the issuance of Echeandía's premature decree had more to do with his desire to appease "...some prominent Californians who had already had their eyes on the mission lands ..." than they did with concerns regarding the welfare of the natives.
65. ^ Stern and Miller, pp. 51–52
66. ^ Bancroft, vol. iii, pp. 322; 626
67. ^ Engelhard 1922, p. 223: Antonio Peyri and Francisco Suñer did not pledge their allegiance to the new Republic.
68. ^ Engelhard 1922, p. 223: On June 7, 1829, Echeandía wrote, "Fr. José Barona; age, sixty-six years; broken in health; decided to take the oath in 1826 as far as compatible with his religious profession and as long as he remained in the Mexican Republic."
69. ^ Stern and Miller, p. 51: Alfred Robinson, who visited the settlement in 1829, wrote, "This establishment was founded in the year 1776 and though in its early years was the largest in the country, yet it is now in a dilapidated state and the Indians are much neglected."
70. ^ Yenne, p. 19
71. ^ ^{a b} Engelhardt 1922, p. 114
72. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 116
73. ^ Stern and Miller, p. 87
74. ^ ^{a b} Krell, p. 157
75. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 115
76. ^ A fanega is equal to 100 pounds
77. ^ Engelhardt 1922, pp. 182, 185
78. ^ Robinson, p. 42: In spite of this neglect, the Indian town at San Juan Capistrano (along with those at San Dieguito and Las Flores) continued on for some time under a provision in Gobernador Echeandía's 1826 Proclamation that allowed for the partial conversion of missions to pueblos.
79. ^ Young, p. 24: In May 1935, Dana wrote that San Juan was "the only romantic place on the coast."
80. ^ Hallan-Gibson, p. 28
81. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 144
82. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 155: "¿Porqué no se echa una mirada a las desfortunados misiones de San Gabriel y San Juan Capistrano? Estas se han convertido en lupanares de los señores mayordomos." From the De la Guerra Papers, vol. vii, pp. 82–83.
83. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 157
84. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 182
85. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 188
86. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 227
87. ^ Stern and Miller, p. 85
88. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 220
89. ^ Saunders and Chase, p. 65; Fradkin, p. 51
90. ^ Fradkin, p. 51: O'Sullivan (who in time became an authority on the old stone church) wrote in 1912, "The venerable crumbling walls have been studied and painted sympathetically by artists from near and far, measured with enthusiasm by architects, builders have stood in open-mouth admiration of the massive concrete work done by the priests a hundred years before it dawned on the modern builder that the same, with steel reinforcement, was the proper mode for California."
91. ^ Cathers, p. 45
92. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 169
93. Public Land Commission
    on February 19, 1853. The present-day Mission complex covers just 10 acres.
94. ^ Ames, p. 5
95. ^ Ames, p. 6: As late as the 1930s, some 300 Mission-descended Indians were known to be living in the Orange County area.
96. ^ Hallan-Gibson, p. 42
97. ^ The loft space was used for storage of the Mission baptismal, confirmation, marriage, and death records after Mut's departure.
98. ^ ^{a b} Stern and Miller, p. 92
99. ^ Duke 1995, p. 241
100. ^ ^{a b} Leffingwell, p. 39
101. ^ Stern and Miller, p. 60
102. ^ Wright, p. 39
103. ^ Hallan-Gibson, p. 75
104. ^ ^{a b} Stern and Miller, p. 63
105. ^ ^{a b} Stern and Miller, p. 78
106. ^ Hallan-Gibson, p. 71: In 1917, the fence was replaced by an adobe wall, which was completed on September 1.
107. ^ Yenne, P. 79
108. ^ "Historic San Juan Mission"
109. ^ Hallan-Gibson, p. 84
110. ^ Krell, p. 156
111. ^ Stern and Miller, p. 70
112. ^ Cuniff, Meghann M. (May 10, 2014). "Mariachi bands on a mission at Capistrano". The Orange County Register. p. Local 10.
113. ^ "Orange". California Office of Historic Preservation. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
114. ^ "Historical Landmarks - ASM International".
115. ^ Messina, Frank (November 6, 1993). "San Juan Capistrano: Mission Receives Engineering Honor". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
116. ^ "Mission Buildings of San Juan Capistrano". ASCE Orange County, California Branch. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
117. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 86
118. ^ Hallan-Gibson, p. 13: Around 1811, at the height of its prosperity, Mission San Juan Capistrano owned some 14,000 head of cattle, 16,000 sheep, and 740 horses.
119. ^ Engelhardt 1922, pp. 10–11: Francisco Palóu at one point reported, "As it had been observed from the beginning of the Mission that the whole county around there was well covered with wild grapevines, so that in places they resemble vineyards, the priests began to plant some domesticated shoots from Lower California, and have already succeeded in obtaining wine, not only for Holy Mass, but also for the table. They have also raised various Spanish fruits, such as pomegranates, peaches, and apricots, etc. Garden products also thrive very well."
120. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 211
121. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 242
122. ^ O'Sullivan, p. 20
123. ^ "History". Mission San Juan Capistrano Historic Landmark, Chapel, Museum, and Gardens. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
124. ^ Stern and Miller, pp. 49–50
125. ^ Stern and Miller, p. 68
126. ^ Krell, p. 162
127. ^ Yenne, p. 78
128. ^ The 2007 film The Simpsons Movie pays an homage of sorts to this tradition by referring to the annual "Swallows' return to Springfield."
129. Boston Globe
     . Retrieved August 10, 2009.
130. ISBN 1-57607-151-0
     .
131. ISBN 978-1-84694-389-8
     .
132. ^ Young, p. 18
133. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 167: The document was recorded on December 15, 1875, by the County Recorder of Los Angeles at the request of the Right Reverend Bishop T. Amat.
134. ^ Stern and Miller, p. 95
135. ^ Hallan-Gibson, p. 73

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• Kroeber, Alfred L. (1908). "A Mission Record of the California Indians". University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 8 (1): 1–27.
• Kroeber, Alfred L. (1925). Handbook of the Indians of California. New York, NY: Dover Publications, Inc.
• Jones, Roger W. (1997). California from the Conquistadores to the Legends of Laguna. Laguna Hills, CA: Rockledge Enterprises.
• Leffingwell, Randy (2005). California Missions and Presidios: The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions. Stillwater, Minnesota: Voyageur Press, Inc.
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• Magalousis, Nicholas M. (2005). "Mission San Juan Capistrano: A Quarter-Century of Research". In Brian D. Dillon, Matthew A. Boxt (ed.). Archaeology Without Limits: Papers in Honor of Clement W. Meighan. Labyrinthos Press.
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• "Mission San Juan Capistrano". San Juan Capistrano Historical Society. Archived from the original on July 18, 2007. Retrieved March 29, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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• Paddison, Joshua, ed. (1999). A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush. Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books.
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• O'Neil, Stephen (2002). "The Acjachemen in the Franciscan Mission System: Demographic Collapse and Social Change". Master's thesis. Department of Anthropology, California State University, Fullerton. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• O'Sullivan, St. John (1912). Little Chapters about San Juan Capistrano. Unknown binding.
• "Peppertree Schinus molle". National Register of Big Trees. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2007.
• Robinson, W.W. (1948). Land in California. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
• Ruscin, Terry (1999). Mission Memoirs. San Diego, CA: Sunbelt Publications.
  ISBN 0-932653-30-8
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• Ryan, Marah Ellis (1906). For the Soul of San Rafael. Chicago, IL: A.C. McClurg & Co.
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• Sparkman, Philip Stedman (1908). "The Culture of the Luiseño Indians". University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 8 (4): 187–234.
• Stern, Jean & Gerald J. Miller (1995). Romance of the Bells: The California Missions in Art. Irvine, CA: The Irvine Museum.
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• Wright, Ralph B. (1950). California's Missions. Arroyo Grande, California: Hubert A. and Martha H. Lowman.
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission San Juan Capistrano.

• Official Mission San Juan Capistrano website
• Official parish website
• Ortega's Capistrano Trading Post
• Elevation & Site Layout sketches of the Mission proper
• Listing, drawings, and historic photographs — at the
  Historic American Buildings Survey
  —HABS.
• Daily Life at Mission San Juan Capistrano
• Indians of the Mission
• "Little Chapters about San Juan Capistrano" by St. John O'Sullivan (1912)
• "Chinigchinich; a Historical Account of the Origin, Customs, and Traditions of the Indians at the Missionary Establishment of St. Juan Capistrano, Alta California Called The Acjachemen Nation" by Friar Gerónimo Boscana (1846)
• Swallows Parade, San Juan Capistrano Fiesta Association
• Howser, Huell (December 8, 2000). "California Missions (101)". California Missions. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive.