Mistral-class amphibious assault ship
BPC Dixmude in Jounieh Bay, Lebanon 2012.
| |
Class overview | |
---|---|
Name | Mistral class |
Builders |
|
Operators | |
Preceded by | Foudre class |
Cost | €451.6 million (2012)[1] |
In commission | December 2005 – present |
Planned | 5 |
Completed | 5 |
Active | 5 |
General characteristics | |
Type | Amphibious assault ship |
Displacement |
|
Length | 199 m (652 ft 11 in) |
Beam | 32 m (105 ft 0 in) |
Draught | 6.3 m (20 ft 8 in) |
Installed power | 3 Wärtsilä Vaasa auxiliary diesel-alternator 18V200 (3 MW) |
Propulsion | 2 Rolls-Royce Mermaid azimuth thrusters (2 × 7 MW), 2 five-bladed propellers |
Speed | 18.8 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) |
Range |
|
Boats & landing craft carried |
|
Capacity | 70 vehicles (including 13 Leclerc tank) or a 40-strong Leclerc tank battalion |
Troops | 450 troops (or 250 troops plus a military staff of 200 men) |
Complement | 20 officers, 80 petty officers, 60 quarter-masters |
Sensors and processing systems |
|
Armament |
|
Aircraft carried | 16 heavy or 35 light helicopters |
Aviation facilities | 6 helicopter landing spots |
The Mistral class is a
Three ships of the class are in service in the French Navy:
History
French doctrine of amphibious operations in 1997
In 1997, the
The CNOA was to assert the French Navy's capability to perform amphibious assaults, withdrawals, demonstrations, and raids. This would allow the French Navy to further integrate into the doctrinal frameworks described by
Evolution of the concept
The studies for a multi-purpose intervention ship (French: bâtiment d'intervention polyvalent, BIP) began during a time where the defence industries were preparing to undergo restructuring and integration. The BIP was intended to be a modular, scalable design that could be made available to the various European Union nations and constructed cooperatively, but political issues relating to employment and repartition of contracts caused the integration of the European nations with naval engineering expertise to fail, and saw the BIP project revert to a solely French concern.[citation needed]
In 1997, several common ship designs referred to as nouveau transport de chalands de débarquement (NTCD), loosely based on the aborted PH 75 nuclear helicopter carrier, were revealed. The largest design, BIP-19, was the future basis of the Mistral class. The BIP-19 included a 190-metre (620 ft) long flush deck, with a 26.5-metre (87 ft) beam, a draught of 6.5 metres (21 ft), and a displacement of 19,000 tonnes; dimensions which exceeded the requirements of the NTCD concept. Three smaller ship designs were also revealed, basically scaled-down BIP-19 versions, with a common beam of 23 metres (75 ft): BIP-13 (13,000 tonnes, 151 metres (495 ft)), BIP-10 (10,000 tonnes, 125 metres (410 ft)), and BIP-8 (8,000 tonnes, 102 metres (335 ft)). BIP-8 incorporated features of the Italian San Giorgio-class amphibious transports, but with a helicopter hangar.
At the design stage, the NTCD concept featured an aircraft lift on the port side (like the U.S.
The NTCD was renamed Porte-hélicoptères d'intervention (PHI, for "intervention helicopter carrier") in December 2001, before being eventually named Bâtiment de projection et de commandement (BPC) to emphasize the amphibious and command aspects of the concept.[14]
Design and construction
At Euronaval 1998, France confirmed plans to build vessels based on the BIP-19 concept. Approval for construction of two ships, Mistral and Tonnerre, was received on 8 December 2000. A construction contract was published on 22 December and, after getting the public purchase authority's approval (Union des groupements d'achats publics, UGAP) on 13 July 2001, was awarded to DCN and
The ships were constructed at various locations in two major and several minor components and united on completion. DCN, the head of construction and responsible for 60% of the value of construction and 55% of the work time, assembled the engines in
Starting from Dixmude, the rest of the French Mistrals and the two Russian Mistrals were built in Saint-Nazaire by STX France, which is jointly owned by STX Europe, Alstom and the French government, with STX Europe having a majority stake. DCNS will provide the combat system.[2] The Russian ships' sterns were built in Saint Petersburg, Russia, by Baltic Shipyard.
DCN laid the keels for the aft part of both ships in 2002; Mistral on 9 July, and Tonnerre on 13 December.[17] Chantiers de l'Atlantique laid the keel of the forward part of Mistral on 28 January 2003, and of Tonnerre later.[when?] The first block of the rear of Tonnerre was put in a dry dock on 26 August 2003, and that of Mistral on 23 October 2003. The two aft sections were assembled side by side in the same dry dock. The forward section of Mistral left Saint-Nazaire under tow on 16 July 2004 and arrived in Brest on 19 July 2004. On 30 July, the combination of the two halves through a process similar to jumboisation began in dock no. 9. Tonnerre's forward section arrived in Brest on 2 May 2005 and underwent the same procedure.
Mistral was launched on schedule on 6 October 2004, while Tonnerre was launched on 26 July 2005.[18] Delivery was scheduled for late 2005 and early 2006 respectively, but was postponed for over a year due to issues with the SENIT 9 sensor system and deterioration to the linoleum deck covering of the forward sections. They were commissioned into the French Navy on 15 December 2006 and 1 August 2007, respectively.[18]
The
Features and capabilities
Based on displacement tonnage, Mistral and Tonnerre are the largest ships in the French Navy after the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle, for roughly the same height above water.
Aviation
The flight deck of each ship is approximately 6,400 square metres (69,000 sq ft). The deck has six helicopter landing spots, one of which is capable of supporting a 33-tonne helicopter. The 1,800-square-metre (19,000 sq ft) hangar deck can hold 16 helicopters, and includes a maintenance area with an overhead crane. To aid launch and recovery, a DRBN-38A Decca Bridgemaster E250 landing radar and an optical landing system are used.
The flight and hangar decks are connected by two aircraft lifts, each capable of lifting 13 tonnes. The 225-square-metre (2,420 sq ft) main lift is located near the stern of the ship, on the centreline, and is large enough for helicopters to be moved with their rotors in flight configuration. The 120 square metres (1,300 sq ft) auxiliary lift is located aft of the island superstructure.
Every helicopter operated by the French military is capable of flying from these ships. On 8 February 2005, a
According to Mistral's first commanding officer, Capitaine de vaisseau Gilles Humeau, the size of the flight and hangar decks would allow the operation of up to thirty helicopters.[25] Mistral aviation capabilities approach those of the Wasp-class amphibious assault ships, for roughly 40% the cost and crew requirements of the American ship.[26]
Amphibious transport
Mistral-class ships can accommodate up to 450 soldiers, although this can be doubled for short-term deployments. The 2,650-square-metre (28,500 sq ft) vehicle hangar can carry a 40-strong Leclerc tank battalion, or a 13-strong Leclerc tank company and 46 other vehicles. By comparison, Foudre-class ships can carry up to 100 vehicles, including 22 AMX-30 tanks, in the significantly smaller 1,000-square-metre (11,000 sq ft) deck.
The 885-square-metre (9,530 sq ft)
-
Two landing craft in the well deck of Mistral
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Aft of Tonnerre, with the well deck door and elevator
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EDA-R catamaran
Command and communications
Mistral-class ships can be used as command and control ships, with a 850-square-metre (9,100 sq ft) command centre which can host up to 150 personnel. Information from the ship's sensors is centralised in the SENIT system (Système d'Exploitation Navale des Informations Tactiques, "System for Naval Usage of Tactical Information"),.
For communications, the Mistral-class ships use the SYRACUSE satellite system, based on French satellites SYRACUSE 3-A and SYRACUSE 3-B which provide 45% of the Super High Frequency secured communications of NATO. From 18 to 24 June 2007, a secure video conference was held twice a day between Tonnerre, then sailing from Brazil to South Africa, and VIP visitors at the Paris Air Show.[33]
Armament
As built, the two Mistral-class ships were armed with two Simbad launchers for
Incidents such as the near-loss of the Israeli corvette INS Hanit to a Hezbollah-fired anti-ship missile during the 2006 Lebanon War have shown the vulnerability of modern warships to asymmetric threats, with the Mistral-class ships considered under-equipped for self-defence in such a situation.[25] Consequently, Mistral and Tonnerre cannot be deployed into hostile waters without sufficient escorting ships. This problem is compounded by the small number of escort ships in the French Navy; there is a five-year gap between the decommissioning of the Suffren-class frigates and the commissioning of their replacements, the Horizon-class and FREMM frigates.
In late 2011, the French Navy selected the
In late 2013, the French Navy equipped all three Mistrals with two
In December 2014, the French Navy awarded a contract to Airbus to study the integration of the
-
One of the two SIMBAD launchers of Mistral
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An uncovered SIMBAD launcher
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Machine gun on Mistral
Hospital
Each ship carries a NATO Role 3 medical facility,[39][40] i.e., equivalent to the field hospital of an Army division or army corps, or to the hospital of a 25,000-inhabitant city, complete with dentistry, diagnostics, specialist surgical and medical capabilities, food hygiene and psychological capabilities.[41] A Syracuse-based telemedicine system allows complex specialised surgery to be performed.[42]
The 900 m2 (9,700 sq ft) hospital
Propulsion
The Mistral class are the first ships of the French Navy to use azimuth thrusters. The thrusters are powered by electricity from five 16-cylinder Wärtsilä 16V32 diesel alternators, and can be oriented in any angle. This propulsion technology gives the ships significant manoeuvering capabilities, as well as freeing up space normally reserved for propeller shafts.
The long-term reliability of azimuth thrusters in military use is yet to be rigorously studied, but the technology has been employed aboard ships in several navies, including the Dutch
]Accommodation
The space gained by the use of the azimuth thrusters allowed for the construction of accommodation areas where no pipes or machinery are visible. Located in the forward section of the ship, crew cabins aboard Mistral-class ships are comparable in comfort levels to passenger cabins aboard contemporary cruise ships.[39] Each of the fifteen officers have an individual cabin. Senior non-commissioned officers share two-man cabins, while junior crew and embarked troops use four- or six-person cabins. Conditions in these accommodation areas are said to be better than in most barracks of the French Foreign Legion, and when United States Navy vice-admiral Mark Fitzgerald inspected one of the Mistral-class ships in May 2007, it was claimed that he would have used the same accommodation area to host a crew three times the size of Mistral's complement.[39]
Operational history
The BPCs are certified as members of the naval component of the NATO Response Force, which allows them to take part in a Combined Joint Task Force. France provided forces to NRF-8 in January 2007, including a Commander Amphibious Task Force and eight ships. The next contribution took place in January 2008 in NRF-10, after exercises Noble Midas which tested link 16 and the SECSAT system which operationally controls submarines. The forces can be set up on 5 to 30 days' notice.
Mistral made her maiden voyage from 21 March to 31 May 2006, cruising in the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean.
Following the start of the 2006 Lebanon War, Mistral was one of four French ships deployed to the waters off Lebanon as part of Opération Baliste. These ships were to protect, and if necessary evacuate, French citizens in Lebanon and Israel. Mistral embarked 650 soldiers and 85 vehicles, including 5
Tonnerre's maiden voyage occurred between 10 April and 24 July 2007. During this voyage, Tonnerre was involved in Opération Licorne, the French co-deploying complement to the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire following the Ivorian Civil War. Gazelle and Cougar helicopters of the French Air Force operated from the ship during 9 July.
At the start of 2008, Tonnerre was involved in the Corymbe 92 mission (see Standing French Navy Deployments), a humanitarian mission in the Gulf of Guinea. During this deployment, Tonnerre acted on tip-offs from the European Maritime Analysis Operation Centre – Narcotics, and intercepted 5.7 t (5.6 long tons; 6.3 short tons) of smuggled cocaine: 2.5 t (2.5 long tons; 2.8 short tons) from a fishing vessel 520 kilometres (280 nmi) from Monrovia on 29 January, and 3.2 t (3.1 long tons; 3.5 short tons) from a cargo ship 300 kilometres (160 nmi) off Conakry.
In May 2008,
French Foreign Minister
In September/October 2021, Tonnerre and Mistral deployed together for a major military exercise incorporating two helicopter groups (with 25 helicopters), an amphibious engagement group and two escort vessels (the frigates Forbin and Provence). The exercise was designed to permit units of the navy and army to train "in a high intensity setting" for joint operations.[51]
Export
Since 1997, and particularly since the Euronaval 2007, the Mistral type has been promoted for export. The "BPC family" comprises the BPC 140 (13,500 tonnes), the BPC 160 (16,700 tonnes) and the BPC 250 (24,542 tonnes, 214.5 metres (704 ft) long). The BPC 250 was the design from which the final Mistral-class design was derived: the reduction in length and other modifications were a price-saving exercise.[52] The BPC 250 concept was one of two designs selected for the
In 2012, the
Russian purchase
In August 2009,
On 24 December 2010, after eight months of talks, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev approved the purchase by Rosoboronexport of two Mistral-class ships (and an option for two more) from France for €1.37 billion (€720 million for the 1st ship; €650 million for the second).[62] The first ship was expected to be delivered in late 2014 or early 2015; Russia made an advance payment in early 2011 pursuant to 25 January 2011 memorandum of understanding between the two parties.[citation needed] On 25 January 2011, the final agreement between Russia and France was signed.[citation needed]
In the United States, six
Some design changes were needed, such as for compatibility with Russian
In September 2014, the Mistral sale was put on hold by French President
Egyptian purchase
On 7 August 2015, a French diplomatic source confirmed that President Hollande discussed the matter with Egyptian President
Mistral 140
DCNS unveiled a model of a smaller version of the standard Mistral BPC 210 ship called the Mistral 140 in September 2014 at the
Like the original plans for the Mistral BPC 210 that have not yet come to fruition, the Mistral 140 would have naval guns at the left stern and at the right side of the bow, with heavy machine gun posts on both sides. There would be a
DCNS is advertising the Mistral 140 as "a political tool for civilian and military action" for countries that cannot afford the standard Mistral vessels. Roles listed include humanitarian and peacekeeping operations, crisis management, force protection, joint headquarters command, medical and logistics support and transport of military forces. The company is pitching the ship to countries less likely to engage in combat operations which need something more like a multi-role support or logistics ship, particularly the South African Navy.[86]
Ships
Pennant no. | Name | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Homeport |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
French Navy | |||||
L9013 | Mistral | 10 July 2003 | 6 October 2004 | February 2006 | Toulon |
L9014 | Tonnerre | 26 August 2003 | 26 July 2005 | December 2006 | Toulon |
L9015 | Dixmude | 18 April 2009 | 17 September 2010[87] | 27 December 2012[88] | Toulon |
Egyptian Navy | |||||
L1010 [89] | Gamal Abdel Nasser (ex-Vladivostok) |
18 June 2013[90] | 20 November 2014[91][92] | 2 June 2016[93] | Safaga[94] |
L1020 | Anwar El Sadat (ex-Sevastopol) |
1 February 2012[citation needed] | 15 October 2013[95][96] | 16 September 2016[97] | Alexandria |
See also
- Project 23900 amphibious assault ship – Russia's future landing helicopter dock, a replacement for the two undelivered Mistral-class vessels
- Dokdo-class amphibious assault ship
- Canberra-class landing helicopter dock
Notes and references
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- ^ ISSN 1267-7787. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2 December 2008.
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- ISSN 0995-6999, no. 184 (May 2007)
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- ^ "France Floats Out First Russian Mistral Warship". RIA Novosti. 15 October 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
- ^ "DCNS launch Vladivostok, Russian Navy's first Mistral class LHD(Navy recognition)". 16 October 2013. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
- ^ "Egypt to receive second Mistral helicopter carrier on Friday". Archived from the original on 16 September 2016.
Further reading
- Moulin, Jean (2020). Tous les porte-aéronefs en France: de 1912 à nos jours [All the Aircraft Carriers of France: From 1912 to Today]. Collection Navires et Histoire des Marines du Mond; 35 (in French). Le Vigen, France: Lela Presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-035-4.</ref>
External links
- Mistral class (Navy recognition)
- French Marine Nationale - Le BPC, un navire nouvelle génération
- globalsecurity.org
- DCN.fr
- Meretmarine.com
- DCNS