Morgan Library & Museum

The Morgan Library & Museum (originally known as the Pierpont Morgan Library; colloquially the Morgan) is a museum and research library at 225 Madison Avenue in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, U.S. Completed in 1906 as the private library of the banker J. P. Morgan, the institution has more than 350,000 objects. As of 2024^[update], the museum is directed by Colin B. Bailey and governed by a board of trustees.

The site was formerly occupied by several residences of the Phelps family. J. P. Morgan purchased one of the Phelps residences in 1880 and, after collecting thousands of objects in the late 19th century, erected the main library building between 1902 and 1906. The library was made a public institution in 1924 by J. P. Morgan's son

The Morgan Library & Museum is composed of several structures. The main building was designed by

The Morgan Library & Museum contains illuminated manuscripts, authors' original manuscripts, books, and sheets of music. The Morgan also houses collections of drawings, photographs, paintings, maps, and other objects. In addition to its permanent collection, the museum has hosted temporary exhibitions, as well as events such as concerts and lectures. Both the collection and the buildings have received commentary over the years.

History

Background

Phelps Stokes/Dodge houses

In the second half of the 19th century, the Morgan Library & Museum's site was occupied by four brownstone houses on the east side of Madison Avenue, between 36th Street to the south and 37th Street to the north. The houses were all built in 1852 or 1853 by members of the Phelps Stokes/Dodge family.^[11][12] Three houses were built along Madison Avenue on lots measuring 65 feet (20 m) wide by 157 feet (48 m) deep, while a fourth house to the east measured 18 feet (5.5 m) wide and stretched 197.5 feet (60.2 m) between 37th and 36th Streets. All the houses were designed in an Italianate style with pink brownstone.^[12] A driveway and stables were located behind the homes.^[13] The Madison Avenue houses, from north to south, were owned by Isaac Newton Phelps, William E. Dodge, and John Jay Phelps, while the 37th Street house was owned by George D. Phelps.^[11][12] The houses were separated from each other by gardens.^[14] The surrounding neighborhood of Murray Hill was not yet developed at the time, but began to grow after the American Civil War.^[15]

Isaac Newton Phelps's daughter Helen married Anson Phelps Stokes in 1865. Their son, architect Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes, was born in the Isaac Newton Phelps house at 231 Madison Avenue two years later. Helen Phelps inherited the house following her father's death. In 1888, she doubled the size of her house and added an attic to plans by architect R. H. Robertson.^[12]

The banker John Pierpont Morgan, who lived at 6 East 40th Street in the 1870s,^[16] was looking to buy his own house by 1880. He wished to live in Murray Hill, where many of his and his wife's friends and business contacts lived.^[17] Morgan sought to buy John Jay Phelps's house at 219 Madison Avenue, at the corner with 36th Street, which was offered for $225,000.^[17][18] He acquired the house in 1880 and renovated it over the following two years, moving there in 1882.^[16][17] The exterior design was largely retained, but the interior was extensively renovated by the Herter Brothers.^[17][19]

Morgan collection

Morgan had collected handwriting samples as early as the 1850s,^[20] and he also acquired pictures and stained glass pieces throughout the years.^[21][22] In the late 19th century, Morgan became one of the most influential financiers in the United States.^[23][24] As his wealth grew, Morgan amassed a collection of fine art, inspired by the collection of his father Junius Spencer Morgan, and he also began collecting rare books and other bindings at his nephew Junius's suggestion. The fine art was subject to import taxes and was stored in England; since books were not subject to import taxes, they were stored in the basement of his New York residence.^[24][25] J. P. Morgan's collection included 160 titles by 1883.^[20]

The collection grew quickly after his father died in 1890.^[26] Morgan began acquiring historically important manuscripts after his father obtained Walter Scott's original manuscript of the book Guy Mannering.^[27] From 1899 to 1902 alone, he took over three collectors' libraries, which included hundreds of illuminated manuscripts, prints, and other manuscripts.^[28] Morgan also acquired smaller collections, such as French literature, medieval chivalry, and American manuscript collections.^[29] Morgan may have collected these objects exclusively for pleasure.^[30] A law in 1897 permitted Morgan to bring his art to the U.S. without import taxes, and he also wanted to preserve the objects for the American people.^[31]

Development of library

By 1900, Morgan's collection took up more space than was available in his residence,^[16][32] and his son-in-law described the basement as being packed with piles of objects.^[33] Some of his collection had to be stored at the Lenox Library.^[34] Morgan was unable to expand the house due to the presence of an 18-foot-wide (5.5 m) driveway east of it.^[35][36] While part of Morgan's collection was stored in the basement of his house,^[37] other items were loaned to institutions or placed in storage.^[37][38]

Site acquisition

In 1900, the plots north and east of J. P. Morgan's house were placed for sale after the death of Melissa Stokes Dodge, who lived in the Dodge mansion just north of Morgan's house.

Morgan acquired William E. Dodge's home in April 1903.[46] While the Satterlee house was under construction, the couple moved into the Dodge mansion.^[39] By late 1904, Morgan had also purchased the old Isaac Newton Stokes house at 229 Madison Avenue for his son J. P. Morgan Jr., who was known as "Jack".^[47] Jack initially lived nearby at 22 Park Avenue.^[48] When Jack and his wife Jane Norton Grew moved into 229 Madison Avenue in 1905, he commissioned a major renovation of the interior and renumbered it as 231 Madison Avenue. Jack Morgan also performed $1,900 in changes to the house's exterior.^[39][49] J. P. Morgan came to own two-thirds of the city block;^[50] his holdings by 1907 included the whole 197.5-foot (60.2 m) frontage on Madison Avenue, stretching 300 feet (91 m) on 36th Street and 167 feet (51 m) on 37th Street.^[35]

Construction

Morgan first hired Warren and Wetmore to design a Baroque-style library,^[24][51][52] which would have had a heavily decorated upper section.^[53] Whitney Warren of Warren and Wetmore had then just completed the elaborately decorated New York Yacht Club Building,^[45][54] and Warren had wanted to design a domed structure.^[33][54] Morgan's preference for an austere structure may have led him to reject Warren and Wetmore.^[45] He instead hired Charles McKim of McKim, Mead & White to design the library in 1902.^[39][55][52] C. T. Wills was hired as the builder.^[56] The library was to be a classical marble structure with a simple design; Morgan had told McKim that "I want a gem".^[44] McKim's designs were traditional for their time, while those who wanted more fashionable designs typically hired McKim's partner Stanford White.^[33][57]

At the time of the library's planning,

By early 1903, workers were laying the foundation for the library.[59]^[60] Construction began that April,^[61] and the library was being dubbed as "Mr. Morgan's jewel case" by the next year.^[56] Few details of the library were given out during construction, as Morgan prohibited the workers from talking to the press.^[62] The Wall Street Journal reported in June 1906 that Morgan had "wanted the most perfect structure that human hands could erect and was willing to pay whatever it cost".^[63] For example, the usage of dry masonry marble blocks, an uncommon construction method that eliminated the need for joints made of mortar, added $50,000 to the cost of construction.^[51][52][64] McKim had suggested the dry masonry blocks to Morgan, who readily agreed to pay the extra cost.^[65][66] To fit New York City's climate,^[29] tinfoil sheeting was placed between the blocks.^[61][63] In addition, the stonework contractor nearly went out of business because the builders would not use any stones with cracks.^[67]

Morgan was impressed with the quality of the work^[68][69] and often upheld the library as an accomplishment of McKim's.^[60][68][70] This was because McKim was not only responsible for selecting the marble from Rome but also for hiring the library's decorators and craftsmen.^[60] The final design was more representative of the work of William M. Kendall from McKim, Mead & White.^[71] Morgan acquired two hundred cases of books, which were temporarily stored in the Lenox Library and moved to Morgan's personal library starting in December 1905.^[72] Around the same time, Morgan hired Belle da Costa Greene as his personal librarian.^[73][74] Toward the library's completion, Morgan reportedly requested that the entire library be lowered by one foot.^[66]

Private library

Opening and early years

Morgan first used his office in November 1906 with a reception for the Metropolitan Museum of Art's purchasing committee. The decorative details were not completed until January 1907, and the collection was relocated into the library later that year.^[61] Morgan's library had cost $1.2 million (equivalent to $30.504 million in 2023^[a]).^{[39][71][75][76]} During the Panic of 1907, the city's bank presidents and trust company presidents were locked in the library overnight until they agreed on a plan to stop the financial crisis.^[77] To allow people to see his new library from Madison Avenue, Morgan demolished the Dodge house in 1907–1908^[14][78] and replaced it with a garden designed by Beatrix Farrand.^[79]

As the librarian, Greene was tasked with expanding the collection,

Morgan frequently met with foreign bankers in the library's study,[85] and he often opted to work in the library rather than in his downtown office.^[86] Among Morgan's larger acquisitions in the late 1900s and early 1910s was a collection of rare American authors' manuscripts from merchant S. H. Wakeman in 1909.^[87] The Wall Street Journal wrote in 1911 that "Mr. Morgan buys books as some financiers buy a thousand shares of stock";^[88] in some years, he spent half his income on the collection.^[89] Acquisitions continued until his death in March 1913.^[73][90] At the time, Morgan had bought thousands of objects, including 600 manuscripts and 3,000 medieval items, since 1899.^[91]

After J. P. Morgan's death

Morgan's estate was valued at $128 million (about $2.904 billion in 2023^[a]), over half of which lay in the worth of his collection.^[92] J. P. Morgan bequeathed all except one piece in the collection to the library,^[93] with the request that Jack make the collection "permanently available for the instruction and pleasure of the American people".^[73][94] The month after J. P. Morgan's death, the New York state legislature granted a two-year exemption enabling Jack to import his father's overseas collection without having to pay import duties.^[95] Jack did not publicly show interest in his father's art collection and reportedly did not expand it in the year after his father died.^[96] Jack sold off much of the overseas collection rather than importing it, but he decided to keep the items that were already in his father's library.^[97] During 1914, the collection was displayed in full at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the only time the whole collection was displayed.^[73][98]

The import duty exemption expired in April 1915,^[99] and Jack sold various items in the collection to pay the inheritance taxes and to raise money for the cash bequests in his father's will.^[73][89] The next year, the collection was valued at $7.5 million for taxation purposes.^[100] Jack and Jane Morgan continued to employ Greene as the librarian, adding items that personally interested them.^{[73][101][102]} Frances Morgan, Jack's mother and John Pierpont's widow, lived at J. P. Morgan's old residence until her death in November 1924.^[73] By then, despite Jack's opposition, the surrounding stretch of Madison Avenue was being redeveloped as a business street.^[103][104] Although Jane Morgan died in 1925, Jack continued to live at 231 Madison Avenue until his death in 1943,^[105] and the Satterlee home remained in the Morgan family until 1944.^[106] The United Lutheran Church in America bought 231 Madison Avenue for its headquarters in 1943^[107] and built a five-story annex there in 1957.^[73][108] It was the only remaining brownstone house along the Murray Hill section of Madison Avenue by the 1960s.^[109]

Public institution

1920s to 1940s

The Pierpont Morgan Library was incorporated as a public institution in March 1924,^[110][111] a month after Jack Morgan announced that he would transfer the collection to a board of trustees and provide a $1.5 million endowment for the library.^[112][113] The library's name reflected the fact that the elder J. P. Morgan had disliked being called by his first name and even his first initial.^[114] The Morgans transferred the library building, and the land under 219 Madison Avenue, to the Morgan Library.^[73] Greene was retained as the librarian.^[113] The Morgan Library was not a public library and initially only allowed researchers into the space;^[115][116] as Jack Morgan said, "one soiled thumb could undo the work of 900 years".^[116] Only ten scholars could initially enter the building at once.^[117] The library's collection continued to grow, with emphasis placed on rare items; for example, though only four items were acquired in 1926, all of these were unique manuscripts.^[89]

To accommodate additional scholars, the Morgan Library announced plans for an annex in January 1927.

Through the early 1940s, the Morgan Library continued to limit access only to researchers,[127] prompting city officials to request that the library's tax-exempt status be removed because it was not a public library.^[128] In December 1942, Morgan Library officials agreed to open the library to the general public, and city officials agreed not to fight the library's tax-exempt status.^[127][129] Many of the library's most valuable artifacts were transported to other locations in the U.S. in 1942 to protect them from possible World War II airstrikes; the objects were returned to the library in December 1944.^[130] The Fellows of the Pierpont Morgan Library was formed in 1949 to raise funds for the collections and distribute funds to scholars and publications.^{[93][131][132]} After Belle da Costa Greene retired from the library in 1948,^[133] Frederick Baldwin Adams Jr. was appointed as the Morgan's second director.^[134]

1950s to mid-1980s

The Morgan Library started to host concerts and tours during the 1950s,^[102] and it also acquired items such as a collection of 1,375 letters from a British dealer.^[135] Officials began raising $3 million for an expansion of the library in 1959; the money was to fund modifications to the annex and a new lecture hall, as well as artifact purchases and new programs.^[132][136] By that November, the library had raised $550,000.^[132] In 1960, the main library and its annex were connected by a cloister structure.^[77] During the renovation, the operating hours of the east room and west room were expanded from three to six days a week.^[137] The renovation, designed by J. P. Morgan's nephew Alexander P. Morgan,^[77] was completed in 1962 and included office space, a gallery, and meeting space.^{[138][131][139]} In total, the renovation cost $1.4 million.^[139] By the early 1960s, the library was open six days a week (five days during the summer), and it charged no admission fee.^[140] Access to parts of the collection was limited to authorized researchers.^[93][140]

Adams retired as the Morgan's director in 1969 and was succeeded by Charles Ryskamp.^[141] During Ryskamp's 17-year tenure, the $11 million endowment was expanded to $38 million.^[142][143] By the early 1970s, the Morgan Library had several hundred "fellows",^[21] and Ryskamp wanted to attract more visitors to the library.^[144] The Morgan Library constructed a five-story addition with storage vaults and offices in 1975.^[145]

The library continued to acquire other collections in the 1970s and 1980s, including the musical manuscript collection of

Ryskamp resigned as director in 1986^[142][143] and was replaced the next year by Charles Eliot Pierce Jr.^[155] Pierce was the first director of the Morgan who was not associated with Princeton University. After he was appointed, Pierce sought to attract visitors; he would later recall that he was "disconcerted" by reports that previous visitors had been turned away from the library.^[114] In 1988, the Morgan Library bought 231 Madison Avenue from the Lutheran Church for $15 million.^[22][108] The library planned to spend $5 million restoring the house,^[108] and it also announced that it would raise $40 million for a capital campaign.^[22][156] The original buildings could display only one percent of the total collection at once,^[22][156] and the entire exhibition space consisted of two rooms and a corridor.^[157]

In 1989, the firm of Voorsanger and Mills designed a glass conservatory connecting 231 Madison Avenue and the main building's annex.^[156][158] The conservatory would expand the library's space to 45,000 square feet (4,200 m²), add a walled terrace on Madison Avenue, and make the structures wheelchair-accessible. Because the original building was a city landmark, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) had to approve the plans.^[156] An early plan called for converting 231 Madison Avenue to exhibition galleries, but the house's internal structure made this impossible,^[159] so 231 Madison Avenue became offices and a bookstore.^[11][157] The library's artworks were also extensively cleaned,^[160][161] display cases were added to the original East Library, and the West Study was opened to the public.^[162] The expansion was finished in October 1991.^[157][163] The project was originally planned to cost $9–10 million^[158] but ultimately cost $15 million.^[157] The Morgan finished raising $40 million in November 1992.^[164]

Visitor numbers had increased by the mid-1990s,^[114] and the library had pay-what-you-wish admission fees.^[165] At the time, the library still had a reputation for being a rich enclave, and many board members were part of rich families.^[114] The library's acquisitions in the 1990s included part of Alice Tully's art collection,^[166] Carter Burden's collection of over 30,000 American literary volumes,^[167] and Pierre Matisse's collection of 2,000 letters from artists.^[168] The Morgan opened a drawing center on the second floor of the annex, designed by Beyer Blinder Belle, in 1999.^[124][169] The same year, the Morgan received $10 million from Eugene V. Thaw and Clare E. Thaw;^[170] these funds were used to establish the Thaw Conservation Center, completed in 2002.^[1][171] By the beginning of the 21st century, the library's facilities had become dated. Pierce said later: "We had a lecture hall, not a concert hall; a reading room that owed more to 1928 instead of 2006."^[172]

2000s expansion

The Morgan's board began planning another expansion in the late 1990s. The board hosted an architectural design competition and selected three finalists, all of whose plans involved demolishing the 1991 conservatory.^[173][174] Ultimately, the board hired the Italian architect Renzo Piano (who had not participated in the original competition^[174]), along with Beyer Blinder Belle.^[173][175] Although Piano had not previously designed a building in New York City,^[176][91] he had been selected because of his experience designing buildings in various styles and geographical contexts.^[176][177] The plans called for new exhibit areas, a reading room, an auditorium, and more storage space.^[178][179] The Morgan planned to raise $25 million for maintenance and $100 million for the renovation itself.^[173][174] Despite the September 11 attacks, the Morgan decided to proceed with the expansion.^[174][180] The library presented preliminary plans to the LPC in January 2002.^[181] The LPC approved the proposal shortly afterward,^[182] despite concerns about the design from Manhattan Community Board 6 and the architect Robert A. M. Stern.^[183]

In May 2003, the Morgan Library's buildings were closed for construction and expansion,^[184][185] and the collection was placed into storage or moved to other institutions.^[185][174] At the time, the museum recorded about 200,000 annual visitors^[186] but wanted to accommodate twice that number.^[173][174] The library sponsored numerous traveling exhibitions around the country.^[187] All of the post-1928 annexes were demolished.^[57][188] Workers built most of the new spaces underground,^[38] excavating nearly 50,000 short tons (45,000 long tons; 45,000 t) of bedrock.^[57] The entrance was also relocated to Madison Avenue.^[186][187] In conjunction with the renovation, Pierce planned to rebrand the institution as a museum.^[189] The Morgan also continued to acquire objects during the renovation, such as the collection of the lyricist Fred Ebb.^[190] The project cost $106 million in total;^{[191][192][193][b]} the renovation did not include the main building.^[195][196]

The library reopened on April 29, 2006,

The Morgan Library & Museum announced in February 2019 that it would renovate the main building's facade .[212]^[213] Integrated Conservation Resources restored the main building.^[214][215] After the facade's restoration was completed later that year,^[67][213] the landscape designer Todd Longstaffe-Gowan designed a garden surrounding the original building.^[214][216] The LPC had initially opposed the garden, as the original building had never had a garden, but approved the project after learning that J. P. Morgan had wanted a garden around the library.^[215] The museum was temporarily closed from March to September 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic,^[217] and the renovation was delayed as a result.^[214] The garden opened to the public in June 2022.^[216][215] The renovation had cost $13 million in total.^[214][218]

The Morgan Library & Museum celebrated its 100th anniversary as a public institution in 2024.^[219][220] To celebrate its centennial, the museum began raising $50 million in 2023,^[220][221] including $35 million for its endowment and $15 million for capital improvements.^[210] The heiress Katharine Rayner donated $10 million to endow the director's position, which was renamed in her honor in early 2024,^[222][223] and the Jerome L. Greene Foundation donated another $5 million.^[220][224]

Collection

John Pierpont Morgan's original collection included porcelains, triptychs, books, and manuscripts.^[17] The collection of the Morgan Library & Museum contained more than 350,000 objects by the early 21st century.^[1][2][172] One late-20th-century reporter described the collection as including a variety of "almost random treasures".^[21] The library's online catalog, Corsair, contains records for many of the collection's objects.^[225]

Manuscripts and letters

The Morgan Library & Museum has long contained a collection of

The manuscript collection also contains authors' original manuscripts, many of them autographed.^[144] The library's early acquisitions included a Charles Dickens manuscript of A Christmas Carol;^{[93][102][231]} a J. M. Barrie manuscript;^[232] and original drawings for The Pickwick Papers and the Book of Job.^[233] The collection also includes manuscripts of poems by Robert Burns;^[110] nine of Walter Scott's novels;^[110] Alexander Pope's poem An Essay on Man;^[144] John Keats's poem Endymion;^[93] Francis Bacon's book Novum Organum,^[234] Edgar Allan Poe's short story "A Tale of the Ragged Mountains";^[172] and Ernest Hemingway's short story "Three Stories and Ten Poems".^[235] There are also writings from Émile Zola, Victor Hugo, Marie Antoinette, George Sand, Alexandre Dumas, Thomas Moore,^[228] Jane Austen, John Milton,^[196] John Ruskin,^[236] and Honoré de Balzac.^[110] Other documents in the Morgan's collection are a collection of 64 Central European manuscripts^[237] and one of about two dozen original prints of the United States Declaration of Independence.^[238]

There are many letters in the collection, some dating as far back as ancient

The collection includes notebooks and journals as well. These include the notebooks of Percy Bysshe Shelley,^[50][233] Nathaniel Hawthorne,^[245] Tennessee Williams,^[167] and Henry David Thoreau.^[246] Diaries are also displayed, including those of Queen Victoria, pirate Bartholomew Sharp, writer E. B. White, and J. P. Morgan Sr. himself.^[247]

Musical collection

The Morgan Library & Museum also houses a sizable musical manuscript collection.^[146][102] A 1998 magazine article about the collection described it as containing 1,250 music manuscripts; 1,900 pieces of music-related literature; and 7,000 letters written by musicians.^[147] The music collection includes autographed and annotated libretti and scores from Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, Luigi Cherubini, Frédéric Chopin, Charles Gounod, George Frideric Handel, Joseph Haydn, Gustav Mahler, Gioachino Rossini, and Giuseppe Verdi.^[146][110] It also contains letters by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Felix Mendelssohn, and Richard Wagner, among other musicians.^[248]

The only significant music manuscript that Morgan bought in his lifetime was Beethoven's Violin Sonata in G major, Opus 96, which he acquired in 1907.^[249] Notable specific pieces include two sets of Franz Schubert's Impromptus manuscripts;^[150] Andrea Antico's Motetti e Canzone,^[248][146] and Mozart's Haffner Symphony in D Major.^[110][250] The collection also contains the scraps of paper on which Bob Dylan jotted down "Blowin' in the Wind" and "It Ain't Me Babe".^[251] There are several pieces of Victorian-era musical artifacts, such as Gilbert and Sullivan manuscripts and related artifacts.^[252]

Books

The collection includes early printed

The Morgan contains various examples of Latin and Greek literary classics, along with more modern American and European printed books.[22] The collection includes numerous examples of fine bookbinding.^[259] These include various bindings of Coptic manuscripts from the 9th and 10th centuries,^[260] the metalwork covers of the Lindau Gospels,^[93][261] copies of books by early British printer William Caxton,^[126] and a binding made for Christina, Queen of Sweden.^[243]

There are also children's books, such as a book with the first known printing of the rhyme "This Is the House That Jack Built",^[262] as well as first editions or proofread versions of Struwwelpeter, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and Max and Moritz.^[263]

Visual art

The Morgan contains a large collection of

The Morgan's collection includes around 12,000 drawings and watercolors dating as far back as the 14th century.[274] Notable specific objects include twelve William Blake watercolors,^[275] the drawing Bathers by Renoir,^[276] eight Rembrandt etchings, and 54 drawings by Eugène Delacroix.^[128] The Morgan also has a photography department.^[209] The collection includes work from such photographers as Dennis Oppenheim and Henri Cartier-Bresson, and the photographs themselves are collected from various genres and time periods.^[277]

Other objects

Before J. P. Morgan died, he had acquired a variety of decorations such as a Persian carpet, Genoese and Chinese vases, and an Egyptian carved-stone group.^[278] The Washington Post reported in 1914 that the collections included "tapestries, bronzes and silver, Greek antiques, jeweled miniatures, porcelains, ancient jewelry, and wonderful books and manuscripts".^[96] Among these were royal jewels, 70 pieces of old German silver, 64 miniatures, a set of 15th-century marble and bronze objects, Chinese porcelain, and watches.^[96][279] Morgan also kept various "knickknacks" such as a four-thousand-year-old Babylonian figure found near Pompeii.^[234] The institution once had a reliquary that supposedly included Mary Magdalene's tooth,^[84] as well as Renaissance-era bronze medals, which have been sold off.^[280]

The modern-day museum has a silver-gilt figure of Le Roi de Bourges,^[281] and the 12th-century Stavelot Triptych.^[93][282] Other notable objects include stage and costume designs from the collection of Donald Oenslager^[263] and a map of the Palestine region from around 1300.^[240] The museum's Gilder Lehrman Collection also contains various maps.^[283]

Restitution claims

Over the years, there have been several

Various events and programs are also hosted at the Morgan, such as concerts, films, and lectures.[287] Since the 1950s, the museum has hosted concerts and tours.^[102] In 2006, it began hosting regular concerts and recitals in Gilder Lehrman Hall.^[198] In addition, guided tours of the permanent collection are hosted each afternoon except Monday.^[288] The Morgan also operates several classes for school groups.^[289] Parties are hosted at the Morgan annually, such as the Young Fellows Summer Cocktail Party^[290] and Mr. Morgan's Winter Gala.^[291]

The Morgan hosts exhibits on a variety of topics throughout the year.^[292] In the mid-20th century, the Morgan's annual exhibits included showcases of recent acquisitions^[c] and rare books.^[294] Temporary exhibitions were staged in the annex buildings, while the main building was reserved for Morgan's main collection.^[33] Until the Morgan Library's expansion was completed in 1991, the institution had so little space that parts of the permanent collection had to be hidden from view whenever there was a temporary exhibition.^[295] Although the 1991 expansion allowed for more temporary exhibitions,^[296] the museum could host only one exhibition at once, and it often could not display its permanent collection.^[154][179] After the 2006 expansion, it could host multiple exhibitions at once.^[154][179]

Buildings

Main building

The main building (also known as the McKim Building) was constructed between 1902 and 1906 as the original structure in the complex. It was designed in the

The building has a facade of Tennessee marble,^[58][214] behind which is an air gap and an interior brick wall.^[62] McKim took his inspiration from the Villa Giulia, particularly the attic of its Nymphaeum.^[44][51][52] Further inspiration came from the 16th-century Villa Medici in Rome.^{[43][52][298]} The exterior walls are made of dry masonry, which allowed the marble blocks to be set evenly, thus requiring a minimal amount of mortar.^[63][297][7] Tinfoil sheeting was placed between the blocks to prevent moisture buildup;^[61][63] the tinfoil sheeting measures 1⁄64 inch (0.40 mm) thick and is laid between the horizontal joints.^[61] Charles T. Wills was responsible for the dry masonry construction.^[77] The Wall Street Journal reported upon the library's completion, "No other building in Europe or America was ever erected with this care."^[63]

The main entrance is a Palladian arch at the center of the 36th Street facade. It is composed of an arched opening 14 feet (4.3 m) wide, flanked by two openings under flat lintels, each of which is 9 feet (2.7 m) wide.^[299] There are two recessed niches on that facade, one on each side of the entrance.^[51] Surrounding the library is a garden, which covers 5,000 square feet (460 m²) and contains artifacts from J. P. Morgan's collection.^[214][215] The garden also contains pathways embedded with pebbles, which Sicilian craftsman Orazio Porto laid manually.^[216]

The central archway contains a

The interior of the main library building is richly decorated, with a polychrome rotunda. It leads to three public rooms: Morgan's private study to the west, the librarian's office to the north, and the original library to the east.^[43][60][76] Each of the three rooms had dozens of bookcase doors. As a fireproofing measure, almost nothing in the library was made of wood, except for the bookcases' frames and some doors. The bookcases had glass shelves and were covered with steel grilles.^[304] Morgan also had a steel vault where he kept his most valuable manuscripts,^[60][62][88] such as about 600 Renaissance and medieval manuscripts.^[192] There were asbestos shutters that could seal off the building's windows if necessary.^[60][62] The main building contains 14,700 square feet (1,370 m²) of space^[205] and has displayed over 300 objects since 2010.^[206][205]

The rotunda has a ceiling with murals and plasterwork inspired by

To the north or rear of the rotunda is the original librarian's office.[304]^[84] During the mid-20th century, the room was also used as a directors' office.^[84] Since 2010, the office has been open to the public as a gallery known as the North Room.^[194][206] The space hosts ancient Roman, Greek, and Near Eastern objects, as well as items such as Egyptian figures and ancient seals.^[207][208] Bookcases are placed on a mezzanine, while the main level includes display cases.^[84]

The East Room (also the library room) is the largest room in the main building

The corner of Madison Avenue and 36th Street contains a two-story Italianate style structure designed by Benjamin Wistar Morris, with space for offices, exhibitions, and a research library.[104]^[121] The annex, made of the same Tennessee marble as the original, was completed in 1928.^{[77][122][123]} It measures 90.67 by 60.5 feet (28 by 18 m),^[121] with a later 26-by-30-foot (7.9 by 9.1 m) addition.^[145] The Morris annex is accessed by a 22-foot-wide (6.7 m) stair facing 36th Street.^[161] Compared with the main building, the Morris annex is simpler in design.^{[75][104][297]}

The Morris annex included a bookstore until 1991,^[161] when it became a gallery space.^[154][161] After 2006, the gallery space was split up, and the partitions there were removed.^[91][154] At the center of the Morris annex is the Marble Hall, flanked by the Morgan Stanley Galleries West and East.^[321]

231 Madison Avenue

Also part of the library grounds is 231 Madison Avenue, an Italianate brownstone house on the southeast corner of Madison Avenue and East 37th Street, which was the home of Isaac Newton Phelps and later J. P. "Jack" Morgan Jr.^[11] The house contains the Morgan Shop on its northern side, facing 37th Street, and the Morgan Dining Room on its southern side.^[321] The house is set behind a barricade composed of a wrought-iron fence atop a brownstone ledge. The house was originally three stories tall and faced with pink stone, but after R. H. Robertson's renovation of 1888, became four stories tall with a raised basement. An office annex to the east, built in 1957, was originally faced with brick.^[322] Before the Morgan acquired it in 1988, it was a headquarters of the Lutheran Church.^[158][323]

Facade

The Madison Avenue facade is divided vertically into three bays. An entrance stoop with a balustrade leads up to a central portico with two Corinthian columns flanked by rectangular sash windows. The second and third stories each have three rectangular windows, and a cornice runs above the third story. The attic contains small Ionic colonettes and pediments.^[322]

Along 37th Street, the water table containing the raised basement is topped by a molding. The original 1853 house to the west and the 1888 extension to the east are divided by a pier. The original section of the house is three bays wide, with a balcony and pediment on the first floor, and oval windows and an oriel window on the second. Within the 1888 extension, the first floor contains a projecting three-sided bay and a windowless arch, and the other two stories contain various windows. The cornice above the third floor, as well as the attic, in both the original house and its extension are similar to on Madison Avenue.^[322]

The southern facade of the house faces the rest of the library and is mostly obscured behind the 2006 addition. The westernmost portion of that facade, near Madison Avenue, contains rounded first- and second-story windows. There are also three-sided angled windows at the center of that facade.^[324]

Interior

Inside the house were 45 rooms.^[158] After the museum's 1991 expansion, the house contained offices, conference rooms, meeting areas, and a gift shop.^[159][295] In addition, the ground-floor spaces were converted to lecture spaces.^[161] Following a 2006 renovation, one of the house's first-floor rooms was converted to a dining room, while the shop was relocated to another space.^[325] Inside the residence's attic is the 5,600-square-foot (520 m²) Thaw Conservation Center,^[326] which is composed of spaces such as a library, reception area, and conservation rooms.^[1]

Entrance building and other annexes

In 2006, three structures were completed to designs by Renzo Piano,^[57][327] who worked alongside preservation architect Beyer Blinder Belle.^[57][75] There are four galleries in this section of the museum: the Clare Eddy Thaw Gallery, the Morgan Stanley Galleries West and East, and the Engelhard Gallery.^[321] The facades of the new above-ground buildings contain pinkish steel-and-glass curtain walls^[57][328] and are set back slightly from the museum's other structures.^[193] The buildings expanded the Morgan Library's area by 75,000 square feet (7,000 m²),^{[38][187][328]} much of which is below ground.^[57]

Entrance building

The primary structure in that grouping is a four-story, steel-and-glass entrance building on Madison Avenue.^[75] The structure links McKim's library building, the annex, and the Phelps Stokes/Morgan house.^[187][329] The steel structural members are covered in rose-tinted paint as an allusion to the designs of main library and Phelps Stokes/Morgan house.^[329] Although externally inconspicuous, the building helps links the interior spaces of the complex.^[57][297] Inside the structure, a glass elevator links the different levels.^[57][330]

The entrance building contains the JPMorgan Chase Lobby,

Gilbert Court, a covered courtyard at the center of the complex,[335] surrounds the entrance building on the north, east, and south.^[321] The courtyard is topped by a 50-foot-tall (15 m) glass roof.^[57][188] On the south wall of the court is the Clare Eddy Thaw Gallery,^[321] a 20-by-20-by-20-foot (6.1 m × 6.1 m × 6.1 m) space inspired by Renaissance chambers that Piano observed in Italy.^{[172][329][328]} At the court's southeast corner, stairs lead up to the original Morgan Library building, connecting to a vestibule between Morgan's study (the West Library) and the rotunda.^[321] There is also a structure next to 231 Madison Avenue, with ancillary areas and offices,^[327] in addition to a loading dock.^[188]

Former structures

The 2006 annexes replaced all of the additions built after 1928.^[57][188] These included a glass conservatory called the Garden Court, which was designed by Bartholomew Voorsanger and completed in 1991. The Garden Court had a curved roof measuring 42 feet (13 m) tall.^[157][159] Under the roof was a vaulted space with plants selected by landscape architect Dan Kiley.^[159][336] The roof was supported by a 55-foot-long (17 m) truss and was covered by clear laminated glass to allow the plants to grow.^[336] The space also had metal-and-translucent-glass wall panels and a limestone wall on Madison Avenue.^[336][295] There was a vestibule connecting with the Morris annex to the south.^[161]

The post-1928 annexes also included a cloister structure between the main building and the Morris annex, built in 1960.^[77] A five-story, 26-by-30-foot (7.9 by 9.1 m) expansion was built in 1975 and designed by Platt, Wyckoff & Coles, with storage vaults and offices.^[145]

Operation

Management

The Morgan Library & Museum is operated by a

Until 1981, the president of the museum was a Morgan family member.[340] Previous museum presidents have included Jack Morgan's sons Junius Spencer Morgan III^[341] and Henry Sturgis Morgan.^[340] Other notable people in the museum's history have included Felice Stampfle, who was appointed the first Curator of Drawings and Prints at the Morgan Library in 1945.^[342] Some of the museum's past staff have donated objects to the collection, such as longtime librarian Curt F. Bühler, who donated illuminated manuscripts upon his death in 1985.^[263]

Admission and attendance

As of 2024^[update], the museum accommodates 250,000 in-person visitors annually, while its online programming serves seven million additional people each year.^[210] Starting in January 2024, college students have been able to visit for free on the first Sunday of each month.^[221] The museum also allows visitors to reserve tickets for free admission on Friday evenings.^[343] According to the Condé Nast Traveler, most visitors are tourists, though local residents also visit the museum whenever there was an event or new exhibition.^[288]

Funding

Jack Morgan established a $1.5 million endowment fund for the Pierpont Morgan Library when it was opened to researchers in 1924.^[112][113] The endowment had grown to $53.5 million by the mid-1990s^[114] and $105 million by the early 2000s.^[174] In 2023^[update], the museum recorded revenue of $23.7 million, expenses of $31.4 million, total assets of $386 million, and liabilities of $19.5 million.^[344]

Reception and commentary

Collection commentary

A correspondent for the London Times, in 1908, characterized John Pierpont Morgan as "probably the greatest collector of things splendid and beautiful and rare who has ever lived".^[345][60] In 1927, after the library became a research institution, one writer for the New York Herald Tribune called it "a temple of white marble, most fair and proportionate yet with an air of secret exclusiveness".^[89] A writer for The Christian Science Monitor said in 1961 that the library housed "one of the most important private art collections in the world",^[226] and the Los Angeles Times wrote in 1966 that the Morgan Library was "a source of aesthetic refreshment and intellectual stimulation in any season".^[93] Another writer in 1969 described the Morgan as shunning publicity and that the collection of illuminated manuscripts, book bindings, and drawings was "unsurpassed in the Western Hemisphere".^[346]

A Newsweek article from 1970 described the library as having a "regal atmosphere",^[144] and a 1974 article from the same magazine called the library a symbol of the "patronage and connoisseurship" of the early 20th century.^[30] The Globe and Mail described the library in 1980 as a "treasure trove of early art".^[281] A writer for The New York Times Magazine said in 1994 that she felt the library was inviting, despite its formidable appearance.^[347]

In 1998, a reporter for The Journal News described the library as "a hushed and shady refuge from the city's sweltering asphalt".^[296] During the 2000s, a writer for the Chicago Tribune said that, although the Morgan was "a bibliophile's vision of paradise on Earth", it had a lower profile than other New York City museums because of its location.^[38] A 21st-century review from the Condé Nast Traveler said: "The Morgan is like a multi-hyphenate millennial—only instead of actress/model/influencer/whatever leads to early retirement, it's museum/library/landmark/historic site/music venue."^[288] A Fodor's review described the museum as having an "exceptional" collection of artifacts.^[348]

Architectural reception

Architectural commentary

Several publications praised the library after its completion.^[302] In 1906, the Real Estate Record and Guide wrote of McKim, Mead & White: "the new Morgan Library, in Thirty-sixth street, is among their most carefully studied designs."^[349] The library building was described in another publication as "one of the Seven Wonders of the Edwardian World",^[138][350] while Architectural Review called it "icy and exquisite".^[50] In a 1932 survey of 50 American architects, eleven ranked the Morgan Library as the United States' best building.^[351] A 1969 news article described the interiors' opulence as "almost indescribable",^[346] and Newsweek called Morgan's study as emblematic of "his taste, his power and his vanity".^[30] Morgan's private study was described by historian Wayne Andrews as "one of the greatest achievements of American interior decoration".^[68][317] Paul Goldberger wrote in 1981 that the main building's facade represented "rigorous, not fanciful, classicism" and the interiors were "very rich and very cold".^[33]

The annexes received mixed reviews. Architectural historian Robert A. M. Stern said the 1928 addition "did not frame McKim's jewel box so much as sidle up to it like an unattractive sibling",^[104] and Washington Post reporter Benjamin Forgey said it was "not nearly so exquisite" as the original structure.^[295] Conversely, Norval White and Elliot Willensky thought the 1928 annex "modestly defers to its master".^[297] Goldberger described the Garden Court in 1991 as having "a sleek, almost brittle quality",^[159] and Forgey described the conservatory as helping create "a definable low-rise historical place in high-rise New York".^[295]

When the Piano annex opened in 2006, Ada Louise Huxtable wrote that the museum was "cool in its understated excellence, its laid-back drama, the refinement of its details", as opposed to the old museum, which was "hot" because it was outwardly extravagant.^[57] Although Newsday and the Wall Street Journal both described the new entrance atrium as inviting,^[91][154] the Architectural Record criticized the atrium as not being distinctive.^[330] The Financial Times wrote that the 2006 annex's "luminous steel and glass spaces, was as radically different to the heavy stone and dense ornament of the library as was possible".^[218]

Landmark designations

231 Madison Avenue was designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) in 1965 as one of the first structures to be protected under New York City's landmarks law.^[73] The Lutheran Church, then the owner of 231 Madison Avenue, had hoped to erect an office structure on the site of the Phelps Stokes/Morgan house^[352] and heavily opposed the house's designation. As a result, in 1974, the landmark status was removed from that house following a New York Court of Appeals ruling.^[73][353] After the Morgan acquired 231 Madison Avenue, that house was re-designated as a city landmark in 2002; the Morgan did not oppose the designation.^[181]

In 1952, the Municipal Art Society and the Society of Architects' New York chapter published a list of 20 buildings in the city that should "be preserved at all costs".^[354] The main library building on 36th Street was the only 20th-century building on that list.^[137][346] The LPC designated the exterior of the library's main building as a city landmark in 1966,^[75][355] and that structure was declared a National Historic Landmark the same year.^{[10][356][357]} In 1982, the main library building's interior was designated a city landmark.^[358] After the 1991 renovation made the main building wheelchair-accessible, the LPC gave the library an excellence award.^[359]

Media

The Morgan has also occasionally appeared in works of popular culture.^[360] E. L. Doctorow's 1975 novel Ragtime and its 1981 film adaptation depicted the library as a symbol of the wealthy.^[196] In addition, part of the Netflix TV series Dash & Lily was filmed in the museum.^[360]

See also

• List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City
• List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City
• List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

• Adams, Frederick B. Jr. (1974). An introduction to the Pierpont Morgan Library. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library.
• Andrews, Wayne (1957). Mr. Morgan and His Architect. Pierpont Morgan Library.
• Ardizzone, Heidi (2007). An Illuminated Life: Belle Da Costa Greene's Journey from Prejudice to Privilege. W. W. Norton & Company.
  ISBN 978-0-393-05104-9
  .
• Boyce, George K. (January 1, 1952). "The Pierpont Morgan Library". The Library Quarterly. Vol. 22, no. 1.
  ProQuest 1290797719
  .
• Byard, Paul Spencer (2008). The Making of the Morgan: From Charles McKim to Renzo Piano. Morgan Library & Museum.
  ISBN 978-0-87598-149-9
  .
• J. Pierpont Morgan Library (Report). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. November 13, 1966.
• Newhouse, Victoria (October 2006). "Renzo Piano alters the character of New York's Morgan Library and Museum with a new entrance and a skylit court" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 194, no. 10. pp. 93–99.
  ProQuest 222173784
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• Pearson, Clifford A. (January 1992). "Bound Volumes" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 180, no. 1.
  ProQuest 222098805
  .
• Pearson, Marjorie (February 26, 2002). Phelps Stokes–J. P. Morgan Jr. House (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.
• Pearson, Marjorie (March 23, 1982). Pierpont Morgan Library, First Floor (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.
• Roth, Leland (1983). McKim, Mead & White, Architects. Harper & Row.
  OCLC 9325269
  .
• Strouse, Jean (1999). Morgan: American Financier. New York: Perennial.
  OCLC 43050112
  .
• Tauranac, John; Little, Christopher (1985). Elegant New York. Abbeville Press.
  ISBN 978-0-89659-458-6
  .
• Turner, J. Rigbie (December 1, 1998). "Infinite Riches in a Little Room: The Music Collections in the Pierpont Morgan Library (Part 1)". Notes. Vol. 55, no. 2.
  ProQuest 1296708413
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• Walton, William (1910). "The Recent Mural Decorations of H. Siddons Mowbray". Harper's Monthly Magazine. Vol. 122, no. 731.
• Wilson, Richard Guy (1983). McKim, Mead & White, Architects. New York: Rizzoli.
  OCLC 9413129
  .

Further reading

• The Morgan Library. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library. 2000.
  ISBN 978-0-87598-129-1
  .
• Tonkovich, Jennifer (2016). Inside the Morgan. Inside the Morgan. Morgan Library & Museum.
  ISBN 978-0-87598-196-3
  .

External links

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• Official website
• Virtual tour of the Morgan Library & Museum provided by Google Arts & Culture
• Media related to Morgan Library & Museum at Wikimedia Commons