Nebraska

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Nebraska
MDT)
USPS abbreviation
NE
ISO 3166 codeUS-NE
Traditional abbreviationNeb., Nebr.
Latitude40° N to 43° N
Longitude95° 19′ W to 104° 03′ W
Websitenebraska.gov
State symbols of Nebraska
List of state symbols
SloganWelcome to NEBRASKAland where the West begins[7]
Kool-aid
DanceSquare dance
FossilMammoth[14]
GemstoneBlue agate[15]
RockPrairie agate[16]
RiverPlatte River
SoilHoldrege series
State route marker
Route marker
Lists of United States state symbols

Nebraska (

unicameral, and its members are elected without any official reference to political party affiliation
.

Nebraska is composed of two major land regions: the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains. The Dissected Till Plains region consists of gently rolling hills and contains the state's largest cities, Omaha and Lincoln. The Great Plains region, occupying most of western Nebraska, is characterized by treeless prairie. Eastern Nebraska has a humid continental climate while western Nebraska is primarily semi-arid. The state has wide variations between winter and summer temperatures; the variations decrease in southern Nebraska. Violent thunderstorms and tornadoes occur primarily during spring and summer, and sometimes in autumn. Chinook wind tends to warm the state significantly in the winter and early spring.

Indigenous peoples, including

Otoe, and various branches of the Lakota (Sioux) tribes, lived in the region for thousands of years before European discovery and exploration. The state is crossed by many historic trails, including that of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad through Nebraska and passage of the Homestead Acts led to rapid growth in the population of American settlers
in the 1870s and 1880s and the development of a large agriculture sector for which the state is known to this day.

Etymology

Nebraska's name is the result of anglicization of the archaic Otoe Ñí Brásge (contemporary Otoe: Ñíbrahge; pronounced [ɲĩbɾasꜜkɛ]), or the Omaha Ní Btháska, (pronounced [nĩbɫᶞasꜜka]), meaning "flat water", after the Platte River which flows through the state.[19]

History

Guillaume de L'Isle
map, with the approximate area of the future state highlighted

Early history

Apache, whose territory then included western Nebraska. By 1703, France had developed a regular trade with native peoples along the Missouri River in Nebraska, and by 1719 had signed treaties with several of these peoples. After war broke out between the two countries, Spain dispatched an armed expedition to Nebraska under Lieutenant General Pedro de Villasur in 1720. The party was attacked and destroyed near present-day Columbus by a large force of Pawnee and Otoe, both allied with the French. The massacre ended Spanish exploration of the area for the remainder of the 18th century.[20][21][22]

In 1762, during the Seven Years' War, France ceded the Louisiana territory to Spain. This left Britain and Spain competing for dominance along the Mississippi River; by 1773, the British were trading with the native peoples of Nebraska. Spain dispatched two trading expeditions up the Missouri River in 1794 and 1795; the second, under James Mackay, established the first European settlement in Nebraska near the mouth of the Platte River. Later that year, Mackay's party built a trading post, dubbed Fort Carlos IV (Fort Charles), near present-day Homer.[20][23][24]

American settlement and statehood

In 1819, the United States established

California Gold Rush. On May 30, 1854, the U.S. Congress created the Kansas and the Nebraska territories, divided by the Parallel 40° North, under the Kansas–Nebraska Act.[25] The Nebraska Territory included parts of the current states of Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana.[26] The territorial capital of Nebraska was Omaha.[27]

Homesteaders in central Nebraska in 1888

Late 19th century

In the 1860s, after the U.S. government forced many of the

prairies, many of the first farming settlers built their homes of sod, as had Native Americans such as the Omaha. The first wave of settlement gave the territory a sufficient population to apply for statehood.[28] Nebraska became the 37th state on March 1, 1867, and the capital was moved from Omaha to the center at Lancaster, later renamed Lincoln after the recently assassinated President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. The battle of Massacre Canyon, on August 5, 1873, was the last major battle between the Pawnee and the Sioux.[29][30]

During the 1870s to the 1880s, Nebraska experienced a large growth in population. Several factors contributed to attracting new residents. The first was that the vast prairie land was perfect for cattle grazing. This helped settlers to learn the unfamiliar geography of the area. The second factor was the invention of several farming technologies. New agricultural innovations such as barbed wire, windmills, and the steel plow, combined with fair weather, enabled settlers to transform Nebraska into prime farming land. By the 1880s, Nebraska's population had soared to more than 450,000 people.

, with some offices in Lincoln.

In the late 19th century,

civil rights activism. Blacks encountered discrimination from other Americans in Omaha and especially from recent European immigrants who were also competing for the same jobs as well.[32]

20th century

During the early 20th century, In 1912, African Americans founded the Omaha chapter of the

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to work for improved conditions in the city and state. During the Omaha Race Riots in 1919, many white rioters protested throughout Omaha due to there being an incident in which a black man was accused of sexually assaulting a white women. The Great Depression also had greatly affected the residents of Nebraska at the time. From 1930 to 1936 the dust bowl was common in the state due to there being a drought, wind, and dirt being dug up throughout all of the Midwestern United States. Residents in Nebraska had passed an initiative in 1934, then the first session in the unicameral was held in 1937. Kay Orr was Nebraska's first female governor on Nov 4, 1986.[33]

Geography

A map of Nebraska

The state is bordered by

Panhandle and surrounding counties observing Mountain Time. Three rivers cross the state from west to east. The Platte River, formed by the confluence of the North Platte and the South Platte, runs through the state's central portion, the Niobrara River flows through the northern part, and the Republican River
runs across the southern part.

The first Constitution of Nebraska in 1866 described Nebraska's boundaries as follows (The description of the Northern border is no longer accurate, since the Keya Paha River and the Niobrara River no longer form the boundary of the state of Nebraska. Instead, Nebraska's Northern border now extends east along the forty-third degree of north latitude until it meets the Missouri River directly.):

The State of Nebraska shall consist of all the territory included within the following boundaries, to-wit: Commencing at a point formed by the intersection of the western boundary of the State of Missouri, with the fortieth degree of north latitude; extending thence due west along said fortieth degree of north latitude, to a point formed by its intersection with the twenty-fifth degree of longitude west from Washington [the Southern border]; thence north along said twenty-fifth degree of longitude, to a point formed by its intersection with the forty-first degree of north latitude; thence west along said forty-first degree of north latitude to a point formed by its intersection with the twenty-seventh degree of longitude west from Washington; thence north along said twenty-seventh degree of west longitude, to a point formed by its intersection with the forty-third degree of north latitude [the Western border, which is the Panhandle]; thence east along said forty-third degree of north latitude to the Keya Paha river; thence down the middle of the channel of said river, with its meanderings, to its junction with the Niobrara River; thence down the middle of the channel of said Niobrara River, and following the meanderings thereof to its junction with the Missouri River [the Northern border]; thence down the middle of the channel of said Missouri River, and following the meanderings thereof to the place of beginning [the Eastern border, which is the Missouri River].[34]

Nebraska is composed of two major land regions: the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains. The easternmost portion of the state was scoured by Ice Age glaciers; the Dissected Till Plains were left after the glaciers retreated. The Dissected Till Plains is a region of gently rolling hills; Omaha and Lincoln are in this region. The Great Plains occupy most of western Nebraska, with the region consisting of several smaller, diverse land regions, including the Sandhills, the Pine Ridge, the Rainwater Basin, the High Plains and the Wildcat Hills. Panorama Point, at 5,424 feet (1,653 m), is Nebraska's highest point; though despite its name and elevation, it is a relatively low rise near the Colorado and Wyoming borders. A past tourism slogan for the state of Nebraska was "Where the West Begins" (it has since been changed to "Honestly, it's not for everyone").[35] Locations given for the beginning of the "West" in Nebraska include the Missouri River, the intersection of 13th and O Streets in Lincoln (where it is marked by a red brick star), the 100th meridian, and Chimney Rock.

Federal land management

Nebraska National Forest

Areas under the management of the National Park Service include:

Areas under the management of the

National Forest Service
include:

Climate

Köppen climate types of Nebraska, using 1991-2020 climate normals
Winter at Scotts Bluff National Monument

Two major climatic zones are represented in Nebraska. The eastern two-thirds of the state has a

The Panhandle and adjacent areas bordering Colorado have a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk). The entire state experiences wide seasonal variations in both temperature and precipitation. Average temperatures are fairly uniform across Nebraska, with hot summers and generally cold winters. However, chinook winds from the Rocky Mountains provide a temporary moderating effect on temperatures in the state's western portion during the winter.[36][37] Thus, average January maximum temperatures are highest at around 43 °F or 6.1 °C in southwestern Dundy County, and lowest at about 30 °F or −1.1 °C around South Sioux City
in the northeast.

Average annual precipitation decreases east to west from about 31.5 inches (800 mm) in the southeast corner of the state to about 13.8 inches (350 mm) in the Panhandle. Humidity also decreases significantly from east to west. Snowfall across the state is fairly even, with most of Nebraska receiving between 25 and 35 inches (0.64 and 0.89 m) of snow each year.[38] Nebraska's highest-recorded temperature was 118 °F (48 °C) in Minden on July 24, 1936. The state's lowest-recorded temperature was −47 °F (−44 °C) in Camp Clarke on February 12, 1899.

Nebraska is located in Tornado Alley. Thunderstorms are common during both the spring and the summer. Violent thunderstorms and tornadoes happen primarily during those two seasons, although they also can occur occasionally during the autumn.

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Nebraska[39]
Location July (°F) July (°C) January (°F) January (°C)
Omaha 87/66 30/19 33/13 1/−10
Lincoln 89/66 31/19 35/14 2/−10
Grand Island 87/64 31/17 36/14 2/−10
Kearney 90/63 32/17 36/12 2/−11
North Platte 88/60 31/16 39/11 4/−11
Papillion 87/66 31/19 32/12 0/−11

Settlements

Map of state: mostly one to twenty-five people per square mile, with density increasing as one moves eastward
Population density in Nebraska

Eighty-nine percent of the cities in Nebraska have fewer than 3,000 people. Nebraska shares this characteristic with five other Midwestern states: Kansas, Oklahoma, North Dakota and South Dakota, and Iowa. Hundreds of towns have a population of fewer than 1,000. Regional population declines have forced many rural schools to consolidate.

Fifty-three of Nebraska's 93 counties reported declining populations between 1990 and 2000, ranging from a 0.06% loss (Frontier County) to a 17.04% loss (Hitchcock County).

Omaha, Nebraska's largest city

More urbanized areas of the state have experienced substantial growth. In 2000, the city of

Elkhorn), a 6.3% increase over five years. The 2010 census showed that Omaha has a population of 408,958. The city of Lincoln
had a 2000 population of 225,581 and a 2010 population of 258,379, a 14.5% increase.

As of the 2010 census, there were 530 cities and villages in the state of Nebraska. There are five classifications of cities and villages in Nebraska, which are based upon population. All population figures are 2017 Census Bureau estimates unless flagged by a reference number.

Metropolitan Class City (300,000 or more)

Primary Class City (100,000–299,999)

First Class City (5,000–99,999)

Second Class Cities (800–4,999) and Villages (100–800) make up the rest of the communities in Nebraska. There are 116 second-class cities and 382 villages in the state.

Other areas

  • Grand Island, Hastings and Kearney comprise the "Tri-Cities" area, with a combined population of 168,748
  • The northeast corner of Nebraska is part of the Siouxland region.

Demographics

Population

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
186028,841
1870122,993326.5%
1880452,402267.8%
18901,062,656134.9%
19001,066,3000.3%
19101,192,21411.8%
19201,296,3728.7%
19301,377,9636.3%
19401,315,834−4.5%
19501,325,5100.7%
19601,411,3306.5%
19701,483,4935.1%
19801,569,8255.8%
19901,578,3850.5%
20001,711,2638.4%
20101,826,3416.7%
20201,961,5047.4%
2023 (est.)1,978,3790.9%
Source: 1910–2020[41]
Ethnic origins in Nebraska

The

2010 United States census.[41] The center of population of Nebraska is in Polk County, in the city of Shelby.[42]

According to

The table below shows the racial composition of Nebraska's population as of 2022.

Nebraska racial composition of population[45]
Race Population (2022 est.) Percentage
Total population 1,967,923 100%
White
1,543,454 78.4%
Black or African American
92,208 4.7%
American Indian and Alaska Native 19,656 1.0%
Asian
49,557 2.5%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 1,239 0.1%
Some other race
87,534 4.4%
Two or more races
174,275 8.9%
Nebraska historical racial composition
Racial composition 1990[46] 2000[47] 2010[48] 2020[49]
White
93.8% 89.6% 86.1% 78.4%
Black
3.6% 4.0% 4.5% 4.9%
Asian
0.8% 1.3% 1.8% 2.7%
Native 0.8% 0.9% 1.0% 1.2%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander
0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Other race
1.0% 2.8% 4.3% 5.4%
Two or more races
1.4% 2.2% 7.3%

According to the 2016

Polish (3.5%).[51]

Nebraska has the largest

is one of only two counties in the nation with a Czech-American plurality.

In recent years, Nebraska has become home to many refugee communities. In 2016, it welcomed more refugees per capita than any other state.

Yazidi Americans in the United States.[53][54][55]

Notably, Nebraska was the last of all 50 states to maintain a ban on the issuance of driver's licenses to adults who had entered the United States illegally as children (also known as Dreamers). The state legislature lifted the ban in December 2016.[56]

Mexico, India, China, Guatemala, and El Salvador are top countries of origin for Nebraska's immigrants.[57]

Birth data

Map of counties in Nebraska by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census
Legend

As of 2011, 31.0% of Nebraska's population younger than age one were minorities.[58]

Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
Race
2013[59] 2014[60] 2015[61] 2016[62] 2017[63] 2018[64] 2019[65] 2020[66] 2021[67] 2022[68]
White: 22,670 (86.9%) 23,178 (86.5%) 23,126 (86.7%) ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Non-Hispanic White
19,237 (73.7%) 19,471 (72.6%) 19,201 (72.0%) 18,729 (70.4%) 17,827 (69.0%) 17,645 (69.2%) 16,930 (68.4%) 16,433 (67.7%) 16,767 (68.1%) 16,120 (66.2%)
Black 1,979 (7.6%) 2,015 (7.5%) 2,009 (7.5%) 1,685 (6.3%) 1,688 (6.5%) 1,739 (6.8%) 1,654 (6.7%) 1,631 (6.7%) 1,533 (6.2%) 1,597 (6.6%)
Asian 854 (3.3%) 1,048 (3.9%) 987 (3.7%) 894 (3.4%) 861 (3.3%) 925 (3.6%) 857 (3.5%) 870 (3.6%) 861 (3.5%) 816 (3.4%)
American Indian 592 (2.3%) 553 (2.1%) 557 (2.1%) 353 (1.3%) 399 (1.5%) 342 (1.3%) 341 (1.4%) 284 (1.2%) 248 (1.0%) 298 (1.2%)
Hispanic (of any race) 3,895 (14.9%) 4,143 (15.6%) 4,249 (15.9%) 4,282 (16.1%) 4,382 (17.0%) 4,155 (16.3%) 4,345 (17.6%) 4,393 (18.1%) 4,440 (18.0%) 4,815 (19.8%)
Total Nebraska 26,095 (100%) 26,794 (100%) 26,679 (100%) 26,589 (100%) 25,821 (100%) 25,488 (100%) 24,755 (100%) 24,291 (100%) 24,609 (100%) 24,345 (100%)

Note: For 2013–2015, births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number. Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Religion

Religion in Nebraska (2014)[69]
religion percent
Protestant
51%
Catholic
23%
Unaffiliated
20%
Mormon
1%
Hindu
1%
Buddhist
1%
Other faith
2%
Don't know
1%

The religious affiliations of the people of Nebraska are predominantly Christian, according to a 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center. At the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute survey, 73% of the population identified as Christian.[70] At the 2014 Pew Research Center's survey, 20% of the population were religiously unaffiliated; in 2020, the Public Religion Research Institute determined 22% of the population became religiously unaffiliated.

The largest single denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the

Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (112,585), the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (110,110) and the United Methodist Church (109,283).[71]

Taxation

Nebraska has a progressive income tax. The portion of income from $0 to $2,400 is taxed at 2.56%; from $2,400 to $17,500, at 3.57%; from $17,500 to $27,000, at 5.12%; and income over $27,000, at 6.84%. The standard deduction for a single taxpayer is $5,700; the personal exemption is $118.[72]

Nebraska has a state sales and use tax of 5.5%. In addition to the state tax, some Nebraska cities assess a city sales and use tax, in 0.5% increments, up to a maximum of 1.5%. Dakota County levies an additional 0.5% county sales tax.[73] Food and ingredients that are generally for home preparation and consumption are not taxable.[74] All real property within the state of Nebraska is taxable unless specifically exempted by statute. Since 1992, only depreciable personal property is subject to tax and all other personal property is exempt from tax. Inheritance tax is collected at the county level.

Economy

Nebraska grain bins and elevator
cropduster
in agrarian Nebraska, far west of Omaha
  • Total employment (2016): 884,450[75]
  • Total employer establishments: 54,265

The

freight transport (by rail and truck), manufacturing, telecommunications, information technology, and insurance
.

In October 2021, Nebraska recorded an unemployment rate of 1.9%, the lowest ever recorded for any state.[78]

Industry

Kool-Aid was created in 1927 by Edwin Perkins in the city of Hastings, which celebrates the event the second weekend of every August with Kool-Aid Days,[79][80] and Kool-Aid is the official soft drink of Nebraska.[81][82] CliffsNotes were developed by Clifton Hillegass of Rising City. He adapted his pamphlets from the Canadian publications, Coles Notes.

The Buckle is based in Kearney. Sidney is the national headquarters for Cabela's, a specialty retailer of outdoor goods now owned by Bass Pro Shops. Grand Island is the headquarters of Hornady, a manufacturer of ammunition
.

The world's largest train yard, Union Pacific's Bailey Yard, is in North Platte. The Vise-Grip was invented by William Petersen in 1924, and was manufactured in De Witt until the plant was closed and moved to China in late 2008.[83]

Lincoln's Kawasaki Motors Manufacturing is the only Kawasaki plant in the world to produce the Jet Ski, all-terrain vehicle (ATV), and MULE product lines. The facility employs more than 1,200 people.

The Spade Ranch, in the Sandhills, is one of Nebraska's oldest and largest beef cattle operations.

Energy

Nebraska has been the nation's second-largest producer of ethanol biofuels. It has few fossil-fuel resources except for crude oil from the Niobrara Formation which underlays a portion of the state's western region. It hosts one uranium leach mining operation near its northwest border with Wyoming. It has an abundance of renewable generation resources, including untapped biomass generation potential from its productive agriculture industry. It has been a top-ten state for per-capita energy consumption due in large part to its energy-intensive agriculture, meat packing, and food processing industries.[84]

Nebraska is the only state in the US where all electric utilities are publicly owned.[85] Half of its electricity is generated from coal and the fastest-growing source in recent years has been wind. Nebraska has no renewable portfolio standard while supporting net metering.[84]

Transportation

Railroads

The

Pacific Railway Act of 1862.[86][87] Bailey Yard, in North Platte, is the largest railroad classification yard in the world. The route of the original transcontinental railroad
runs through the state.

Other major railroads with operations in the state are:

.

Roads and highways

Public transit

Intercity bus service

Law and government

United States presidential election results for Nebraska[88]
Year Republican Democratic Third party
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 556,846 58.22% 374,583 39.17% 24,954 2.61%
2016 495,961 58.75% 284,494 33.70% 63,777 7.55%
2012 475,064 59.80% 302,081 38.03% 17,234 2.17%
2008 452,979 56.53% 333,319 41.60% 14,983 1.87%
2004 512,814 65.90% 254,328 32.68% 11,044 1.42%
2000 433,862 62.25% 231,780 33.25% 31,377 4.50%
1996 363,467 53.65% 236,761 34.95% 77,187 11.39%
1992 344,346 46.58% 217,344 29.40% 177,593 24.02%
1988 398,447 60.15% 259,646 39.20% 4,279 0.65%
1984 460,054 70.55% 187,866 28.81% 4,170 0.64%
1980 419,937 65.53% 166,851 26.04% 54,066 8.44%
1976 359,705 59.19% 233,692 38.46% 14,271 2.35%
1972 406,298 70.50% 169,991 29.50% 0 0.00%
1968 321,163 59.82% 170,784 31.81% 44,904 8.36%
1964 276,847 47.39% 307,307 52.61% 0 0.00%
1960 380,553 62.07% 232,542 37.93% 0 0.00%
1956 378,108 65.51% 199,029 34.49% 0 0.00%
1952 421,603 69.15% 188,057 30.85% 0 0.00%
1948 264,774 54.15% 224,165 45.85% 1 0.00%
1944 329,880 58.58% 233,246 41.42% 0 0.00%
1940 352,201 57.19% 263,677 42.81% 0 0.00%
1936 247,731 40.74% 347,445 57.14% 12,847 2.11%
1932 201,177 35.29% 359,082 62.98% 9,878 1.73%
1928 345,745 63.19% 197,959 36.18% 3,440 0.63%
1924 218,585 47.09% 137,289 29.58% 108,299 23.33%
1920 247,498 64.66% 119,608 31.25% 15,637 4.09%
1916 117,771 40.99% 158,827 55.28% 10,717 3.73%
1912 54,226 21.74% 109,008 43.69% 86,249 34.57%
1908 126,997 47.60% 131,099 49.14% 8,703 3.26%
1904 138,558 61.38% 52,921 23.44% 34,253 15.17%
1900 121,835 50.46% 114,013 47.22% 5,582 2.31%
1896 103,064 46.18% 115,007 51.53% 5,111 2.29%
1892 87,213 43.56% 24,943 12.46% 88,036 43.98%
1888 108,425 53.51% 80,552 39.75% 13,655 6.74%
1884 76,912 57.31% 54,391 40.53% 2,899 2.16%
1880 54,979 62.87% 28,523 32.62% 3,950 4.52%
1876 31,915 64.70% 17,413 35.30% 0 0.00%
1872 18,329 70.68% 7,603 29.32% 0 0.00%
1868 9,772 63.91% 5,519 36.09% 0 0.00%
Treemap
of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election

The Government of Nebraska operates under the framework of the Nebraska Constitution, adopted in 1875,[89] and is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.

Executive branch