New Albion
New Albion | |
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Sir Francis Drake |
New Albion, also known as Nova Albion (in reference to an archaic name for Britain), was the name of the continental area north of Mexico claimed by Sir Francis Drake for England when he landed on the North American west coast in 1579. This claim became the justification for English charters across America to the Atlantic coast and soon influenced further national expansion projects on the continent. Drake's landing site has been identified as Drake's Cove, which is part of Point Reyes National Seashore.
Drake, after successfully sacking Spanish towns and plundering Spanish ships along their eastern Pacific coast colonies, sought safe harbour to prepare his ship, Golden Hind, for circumnavigation back to England. He found it on 17 June 1579, when he and his crew landed on the Pacific coast at Drakes Bay in Northern California. While encamped there, he had friendly relations with the Coast Miwok people who inhabited the area near his landing. Naming the area Nova Albion, or New Albion, he claimed sovereignty of the area for Queen Elizabeth I, an act which would have significant long-term historical consequences. Sailing away on 23 July and leaving behind no colony, Drake eventually circumnavigated the globe and returned to England in September 1580.
Over the years, numerous speculative sites along the North American Pacific coast were investigated as the area of Drake's New Albion claim. Through the following centuries, various cartographers and mariners identified the area near Point Reyes as Drake's likely landing place. In the 20th and 21st centuries, definitive evidence was gathered, particularly regarding Drake's contact with the Coast Miwok people and porcelain shards which were established to be remnants of Drake's cargo. The various avenues of research led to a National Historic Landmark designation by the United States Department of the Interior in October 2012 and a California Historical Landmark designation by California State Parks in October 2021.
Drake's voyage
Background
In the late 1500s, a
After successfully taking considerable amounts of treasure from Spanish towns and ships along King Philip's eastern Pacific coast colonies, Drake sailed north to seek a shortcut back to England via the hypothetical Strait of Anián, a supposedly navigable shortcut connecting the Pacific and Atlantic. The strait, a fanciful idea similar to the Fountain of Youth, was speculated to exist at about 40 degrees north.[7][8] Although Drake may have possibly reached a latitude as high as 48 degrees, his northward progress was ultimately stopped by foul weather in the northeast trade winds belt.[9][10] Upon failing to locate the strait, Drake sought safe harbour to ready his ship, Golden Hind, before attempting a circumnavigation of the globe to return home.
Drake's coastal exploration and claim
Prior to Drake's voyage, the western coast of North America had only been partially explored in 1542 by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, who sailed for Spain.[12] So, intending to avoid further conflict with Spain, Drake navigated northwest of the Spanish presence. By navigating well beyond where Cabrillo had asserted a Spanish claim, Drake sought to locate a discreet site at which the crew could prepare for the journey back to England.[13][14]
On 5 June 1579, the ship briefly made first landfall at South Cove, Cape Arago, just south of Coos Bay, Oregon.[15][16][17][18][19] From there, Drake sailed south while searching for a suitable harbour to repair his ailing ship.[17] On 17 June, Drake and his crew found a protected cove when they landed on the Pacific coast of what is now Northern California.[20][14] While ashore, he claimed the area for Queen Elizabeth I as Nova Albion or New Albion, choosing this name for two reasons: first, the white banks and cliffs which he saw were similar to those found on the English coast and, second, because Albion was an archaic name by which the island of Great Britain was known.[21] To document and assert his claim, Drake had an engraved plate of brass, one which contained a sixpence bearing Elizabeth's image, attached to a large post. Giving details of Drake's visit, it claimed sovereignty for Elizabeth and every successive English monarch.[22]
After erecting a fort and tents ashore, the crew laboured for several weeks as they prepared for the circumnavigating voyage ahead by
English response
Drake's circumnavigation began a period of British maritime dominance that lasted until the 20th century, and as a result of his successful deeds against Spain, Drake was admired and celebrated by many in England.[30] According to John Stow, Drake's "name and fame became admirable in all places, the people swarming daily in the streets to behold him, vowing hatred of all that durst mislike him."[31] Not only were his investors and the queen richly rewarded, Drake was also allowed to keep £24,000 of the purloined treasure for himself and his crew.[32] Drake quickly became a favorite at the queen's court and was knighted by the French ambassador on her behalf.[33]
To allow for disinformation and create an illusory threat that Drake had discovered a short route from the Pacific to Europe, details of the voyage were initially suppressed; Drake's sailors were pledged not to disclose their route under threat of death.
Because the extent of Drake's New Albion was vague—essentially a classification of the territory north and west of Spanish territory—the designated location differs among maps.[10] After Elizabeth's death in 1603, maps began to depict the area of North America above Mexico as Nova Albion. Drake's claim of land on the Pacific coast for England became a basis which influenced subsequent colonial charters issued by English monarchs that purported to grant lands from sea to sea, the area from the Atlantic where English colonies were first established all the way to the Pacific.[40] Along with Martin Frobisher's claims in Greenland and Baffin Island and Humphrey Gilbert's 1583 claim of Newfoundland, New Albion was one of the earliest English territorial claims in the New World.[41] These claims were eventually followed by settlement of the Roanoke Colony in 1584, and Jamestown in 1607.[41]
The people and the land
By using detailed descriptions of the people encountered by Drake—particularly their houses, feathered baskets, ceremonies, and language—anthropologists have clearly identified the people as Coast Miwok, a people whose traditional homeland included the Point Reyes area in what is now present day
When Drake landed his crew, the Coast Miwok people initially approached his encampment while armed with bows and arrows, uncertainly cautious regarding the newcomers. But Drake quickly allayed their suspicions, and multitudes of unarmed Miwok soon visited his encampment on a daily basis.[25][43] In their early encounters with the Coast Miwok, Drake's crew observed as the Miwok wailed and engaged in self-laceration. Drake misinterpreted this response as an act of worship and concluded that the people believed him and his crew to be gods; however, this response was actually one of Miwok mourning customs.[44] Most likely the Miwok regarded the English visitors as relatives who had returned from the dead.[44]
In a particularly significant gesture, one day a large assembly of Coast Miwok descended on the encampment and honored Drake by placing chains around his neck, a sceptre in his hand, and a crown of feathers on his head as if he were being proclaimed king.[44][45] Upon this uncertain, seemingly voluntary surrender of sovereignty by its owners, England based its presumed legal authority to the territory.[44][45]
After gaining the Coast Miwok's trust, Drake journeyed to explore the inland area and visit their villages. Accompanied with crew members, Drake trekked on a Coast Miwok trail to traverse the Inverness Ridge and descend into what is now the Olema Valley.[24] Fletcher described the village structures there as round subterranean buildings which came together at the top like spires on a steeple.[46] Fletcher made further note of their culture by recording detailed characteristics of the Coast Miwok baskets stating they were water-tight, shaped like a deep bowl, and covered with a matted layer of colored feathers.[47] Such baskets were made only by the Coast Miwok, Pomo, Lake Miwok, Patwin, and Wappo peoples who were all concentrated near Drake's landing site.[47]
Additionally, Fletcher was the first person to make a written record of any of the 64 distinct language groups in prehistoric California, namely five specific Coast Miwok words: Hioh, Gnaah, Huchee kecharo, Nacharo mu, and Cheepe.[48][49] These words noted by Fletcher are from a distinct language group, and Heizer wrote that they were unquestionably of Coast Miwok derivation, linguistic proof of Drake's contact with the Coast Miwok.[48][49] Overall, the relations between the Coast Miwok and their visitors were peaceful and friendly, and the Miwok seemed to exhibit distress when Golden Hind sailed away.[50]
Fletcher also recorded climate information and characterised the unpleasant summer weather conditions of the area near the careenage basin. He noted the continuous nipping chill; lack of sun; and cold, sometimes violent, winds.[51] In contrast, across the Inverness Ridge, he found a distinct climate variance and experienced a flourishing land.[24] Fletcher assessed the area: "The inland we found to be farre different from the shoare, a goodly country and fruitful soyle, stored with many blessings fit for the use of man".[24]
Fletcher also chronicled his observation of certain animals unknown to the English and described them as "very large and fat Deere" and "a multitude of a strange kinde of Conies."
Historical influence
The New Albion claim had far-reaching historical consequences. Even though Drake attempted no long-term presence and the English made no immediate follow up to the claim, it constituted England's first assertion of sovereignty on the North American Pacific coast.[12][54] And since all of their subsequent expeditions along the North American Pacific coast were infrequent and irregular, Nova Albion was primarily a geographical designation—a new, distinctive name on the world map.[55][56] Ultimately, this designation was significant because it proclaimed England's ability—and presumed right—to establish an empire in the Americas.[57] Consequently, Drake's New Albion claim was a forward-thinking, considered component of a new national expansion policy, one of several of his exploits which both determined Elizabeth's policy for the duration of her reign and indirectly influenced England's continuing historical future.[58]
The New Albion claim was the first indication of English goals broader than simple reprisal against Spain which then influenced similar national expansion projects by others such as Humphrey Gilbert and Walter Raleigh.[59] As a rejection of territorial claims based on papal authority, the New Albion claim asserted Elizabeth's notion of territorial claims via physical presence as opposed to a Papal mandate. This promoted the idea of New Albion as "the back side of Virginia," an expression of England's presumed legal status of sea-to-sea entitlement.[57][40] The claim occupied a significant place in British geopolitical considerations for centuries and even strengthened Britain's entitlement to the fur trade commerce along the Northwest Coast.[60] Its final influential assertion came in negotiating the Oregon Treaty of 1846 which dividing Oregon between Canada and the United States, with the border being along the 49th parallel north to the Pacific.[61]
Site recognition and identification
Early identifications
Beginning in the 17th century, maps identify Drakes Bay as Drake's landing site.[62] In 1793, George Vancouver studied the site, and concluded it was in Drakes Bay.[63] Professor George Davidson, of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, after a study of the narrative and the coast, identified the harbour entered by Drake as Drakes Bay, at Point Reyes, about 30 miles (50 km) north of San Francisco. "Drakes Bay," he reported in 1886, "is a capital harbor in northwest winds, such as Drake encountered. It is easily entered, sheltered by high lands, and a vessel may anchor in three fathoms, close under the shore in good holding ground."[64] Davidson published further support for the Drakes Bay location in 1890 and 1908.[65][66]
20th century identifications
In 1947, following up on work by archaeologists
Since 1949, the theory that Drake landed at Drakes Bay has been advocated by the
Aker conducted detailed studies reconstructing Drake's circumnavigating voyage, and advocated for the site at Point Reyes citing the fact that the official published account placed the colony at
Artefactual evidence emerged when nearly one hundred pieces of 16th century
The porcelains were first identified by Shangraw and then later by Von der Porten.
21st century identifications
Examining the Drake landing site from a nautical perspective, Sir
Engaging in scientific research on the Drake and Cermeño sherds by using X-ray fluorescence, Dr. Marco Meniketti of San Jose State University tested ceramics from shipwrecks in Mexico, California, and Oregon as well as porcelains linked to Drake found near Point Reyes. Using varied shipwreck sources to provide strong controls to the research, Meniketti's findings support the conclusion that the Cermeño porcelains and the Drake ceramics are from two different ships. He states that these two cargoes can be distinguished based on differences in their key elements and believes these differences may represent changes in glaze chemistry, clay sources, or unique inclusions or tempering.[81] Aker maintained that those porcelain sherds that washed onto shore must be attributed to Cermeño, and those with clean breaks and no water wear must be attributed to Drake.[63]
Drakes Bay National Historic and Archeological District National Historic Landmark | |
Location | Marin County, California |
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NRHP reference No. | 12001006 |
Added to NRHP | October 16, 2012 |
Historian Dr. John Sugden, after reviewing numerous proposed Drake landing sites, observed, "No aspect of Drake's career has suffered more false leads than the site of Nova Albion." Sugden concludes that "the evidence overwhelmingly favours Drake's Estero in Drakes Bay" and that "it is high time the United States register of National Historic Landmarks officially recognized Drake's Estero as the Elizabethan anchorage."[82]
Official recognition
The site of Drake's landing as officially recognised by the
This distinction endorses the district's artefactual evidence as of one of the earliest instances of interaction between native people and European explorers on the west coast of the current United States of America. This distinction is based on two historical encounters: Sir Francis Drake's 1579 California landing and Golden Hind anchorage and Sebastian Rodriguez Cermeño's landing and San Agustin, his 1595 Manila galleon shipwreck.[76][77]
In October 2021, the
That the Coast Miwok people's first contact with Europeans was with Sir Francis Drake is also recognised by the Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria, a federation of Coast Miwok and Southern Pomo people which has been officially sanctioned by the United States Congress.[89] Additionally, the Coast Miwok Tribal Council of Marin—organized under the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975—acknowledges the 1579 contact with Drake by their lineal ancestors, the Indigenous Marin Coast Miwok people.[90][91]
Both the Oregon State Parks and Oregon Historical Society support that Drake anchored at Cape Arago and then sailed south to seek a suitable careenage site for Golden Hind.[92]
Ideas suggesting alternative locations
Considering that in excess of thirty other locations have been advanced as the site of Drake's port, more information has been printed regarding the location of New Albion than any other New World harbour that Drake sought.[93] Davidson recognises an abundance of confusion from armchair historians, including Samuel Johnson and Jules Verne, and attributes the confusion to their lack of seamanship experience and navigational knowledge.[94]
One such location is San Francisco Bay, California.[95] Robert H. Power, co-owner of the Nut Tree in Vacaville, California, promoted the idea that Drake's New Albion was inside present day San Francisco Bay, specifically near Point San Quentin (37°56′22″N 122°29′12″W / 37.9394°N 122.4867°W). Among his arguments was that the Hondius Broadside map matched a part of the topography when parts were adjusted using a 2:1 correction.[96]
In 2003 Canadian R. Samuel Bawlf suggested that Drake's landing was on present day
Speculation of a colony
A counting discrepancy of Golden Hind crew members has led to speculation that Drake left behind men to form a colony. The idea that Drake formed a colony is, however, suspect—it is improbable that Drake would have left settlers at New Albion since he had not equipped the voyage for colonization.
The counting discrepancy, a difference of at least 20 men, concerns the number of crew Drake commanded before his stay in Northern California as compared to crew tallies when he reached the
Plate of Brass hoax
In the 1900s, a hoax was perpetrated regarding the brass plate which Drake had posted at New Albion.[45] English historian Richard Hakluyt wrote details of the distinctive original plate:
At our departure hence our General set up a monument of our being there, as also of her Majesty's right and title to the same; namely a plate, nailed upon a fair great post, whereupon was engraved her Majesty's name, the day and year of our arrival there, with the free giving up of the province and people into her Majesty's hands, together with her Highness' picture and arms, in a piece of six pence of current English money, under the plate, whereunder was also written the name of our General.[102]
The original plate—which served as tangible notice of England's sovereignty over the land—has yet to be found.[103] Consequently, the exact location of the monument erected by Drake is unknown.[45]
In 1936, a counterfeit, known as Drake's Plate of Brass, came to public attention, and for decades its discovery was widely believed to be that of the original.[103] While it was accepted as authentic by the University of California, Berkeley, doubts persisted. Eventually, in the late 1970s, metallurgical tests showed that this supposed original plate could not have been made in the 1500s, and scientists determined that the plate was a modern creation.[104] In 2003, it was publicly revealed that the counterfeit plate was created as a practical joke among local historians. Spinning out of control, the joke unintentionally became a public hoax and embarrassment to those who had once confirmed its authenticity.[103]
See also
- Oregon Country
- Fort George
- Prayerbook Cross
- Sir Francis Drake Boulevard
- Charter of 1606
- History of the west coast of North America
- Drake in California
- Age of Discovery
Footnotes
- ^ Oko 1964, p. 135.
- ^ Sugden 2006, pp. 92–98.
- ^ Wallis 1979, p. 2.
- ^ Sugden 2006, pp. 98, 101, 109, 110.
- ^ Woodard 2007, p. 2.
- ^ Sugden 2006, p. 98.
- ^ DNG 2019.
- ^ Sugden 2006, p. 132.
- ^ Gough 1980, p. 3.
- ^ a b Gough 1980, p. 16.
- ^ a b Oko 1964, p. 152.
- ^ a b Davis 2013, p. 188.
- ^ a b c Sugden 2006, p. 130.
- ^ a b Gough 1980, p. 15.
- ^ Von der Porten 1975, pp. 28–30.
- ^ Morison 1978, p. 700.
- ^ a b Cassels 2003, p. 263.
- ^ Gough 1980, p. 14.
- ^ Turner 2006, p. 163.
- ^ Cassels 2003, pp. 263–264.
- ^ Sugden 2006, pp. 136–137.
- ^ Turner 2006, p. 173.
- ^ Sugden 2006, p. 135.
- ^ a b c d Turner 2006, p. 180.
- ^ a b Morison 1978, p. 702.
- ^ Torben 2019, p. 184.
- ^ Turner 2006, pp. 183–184.
- ^ Turner 2006, p. 184.
- ^ Sugden 2006, p. 144.
- ^ Cummins 1997, p. 189.
- ^ Thrower 1984, p. 151.
- ^ Sugden 2006, p. 149.
- ^ Sugden 2006, p. 151.
- ^ Polk 1995, p. 241.
- ^ Wallis 1979, p. 1.
- ^ a b c Wallis 1979, p. 20.
- ^ Wallis 1979, p. 5.
- ^ Wallis 1979, p. 7.
- ^ Sugden 2006, p. 111.
- ^ a b Anon 2018, p. 8.
- ^ a b Sugden 2006, p. 118.
- ^ Rawls & Bean 2012, p. 27.
- ^ Turner 2006, p. 174.
- ^ a b c d Rawls & Bean 2012, p. 26.
- ^ a b c d Turner 2006, p. 178.
- ^ a b c Turner 2006, p. 181.
- ^ a b Heizer 1947, p. 10.
- ^ a b Hinton 1994, p. 13.
- ^ a b Heizer 1947, p. 12.
- ^ Sugden 2006, p. 138.
- ^ Turner 2006, pp. 182–183.
- ^ Morison 1978, p. 703.
- ^ Turner 2006, p. 170.
- ^ Gough 1980, p. 17.
- ^ Gough 1992, p. 23.
- ^ Sugden 2006, p. 157.
- ^ a b Sugden 2006, p. 137.
- ^ Woodward 2017, p. 34.
- ^ Woodward 2017, p. 39.
- ^ Gough 1980, p. 148.
- ^ Gough 1980, pp. 16, 123, 125.
- ^ Wagner 1926, p. 161.
- ^ a b Turner 2006, p. 290.
- ^ Davidson 1887, p. 214.
- ^ Davidson 2012, p. 5.
- ^ Davidson 1908, p. 108.
- ^ Heizer 1947, p. 15.
- ^ a b Oko 1964, p. 150.
- ^ Morison 1978, p. 713.
- ^ Dell'Osso 2001.
- ^ Shangraw & Von der Porten 1981, p. 73.
- ^ a b Pomper 1994, pp. 13–14.
- ^ a b Kuwayama 1997, p. 20.
- ^ a b c d Cassels 2003, p. 268.
- ^ a b c L.A. Times Shards 2019.
- ^ a b Rawls & Bean 2012, pp. 26–27.
- ^ a b c Engel 2016.
- ^ a b Meniketti 2013, p. 17.
- ^ Meniketti 1997.
- ^ Cassels 2003, p. 270.
- ^ Meniketti 2013, p. 18.
- ^ Sugden 2006, p. 332.
- ^ Nolte 2016.
- ^ National Parks Traveler Staff 2016.
- ^ a b c Kovner 2021.
- ^ Turner 2006, p. 169.
- ^ a b Nomination 2021.
- ^ 2020 Actions 2020.
- ^ Graton Rancheria: Miwok History 2018.
- ^ FAQ 2021.
- ^ Our History 2021.
- ^ Marker Data Base 2021.
- ^ Sugden 2006, p. 133.
- ^ Oko 1964, p. 168.
- ^ Bergreen 2021, p. 216.
- ^ Power 1974.
- ^ Bawlf 2003.
- ^ Davis 2013, p. 189.
- ^ Sugden 2006, pp. 118, 137.
- ^ Allen 1997, p. 433.
- ^ a b c Turner 2006, p. 177.
- ^ Hakluyt 2015, pp. 16–17.
- ^ a b c Von_der_Porten et al. 2002, pp. 116–133.
- ^ Craddock 2009, pp. 150–151.
References
Books
- Allen, John Logan (1997). North American Exploration, Volume 1: A New World Disclosed. Lincoln Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803210158.
- Anon (2018). A Perfect description of Virginia being, a full and true relation of the present state of the plantation, their health, peace, and plenty . Being sent from Virginia, at the request of a gentleman of worthy note, who desired to know the true state of Virginia as it now stands. Also, a narration of the countrey, within a few days journey of Virginia, west and by south . being related to the governeur, Sir William Berckley . With the manner how the Emperor Nichotawance came to Sir William Berckley, atteneded with five petty kings, to doe homage, and bring tribute to King Charles . London, Printed for Richard Wodenoth, 1649. Delhi, India: Pranava Books. OCLC 1033693631.
- ISBN 978-1-55054-977-5.
- ISBN 9780062875358.
- Craddock, Paul (2009). Scientific Investigation of Copies, Fakes and Forgeries. Oxford, United Kingdom: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-4205-7.
- Cummins, John (1997). Francis Drake: Lives of a Hero. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0312163655.
- OCLC 70748983.
- OCLC 8029365.
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- Polk, Dora (1995). The Island of California: A History of The Myth. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803287419.
- Power, Robert (1974). Francis Drake & San Francisco Bay: A beginning of the British empire (Keepsake). Davis, California: Library Associates of the University Library, University of California, Davis. OCLC 3519340.
- Rawls, James; Bean, Walton (2012). California: An Interpretive History. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0073406961.
- Shangraw, Clarence; OCLC 10943618.
- Sugden, John (2006). Sir Francis Drake. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-1-844-13762-6.
- ISBN 978-0520048768.
- Turner, Michael (2006). In Drake's Wake Volume 2 The World Voyage. United Kingdom: Paul Mould Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904959-28-1.
- ISBN 978-0548113684.
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- Woodward, William (2017). A Short History of the Expansion of the British Empire, 1500–1870. United States: Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-1-331-66520-5.
Journals
- S2CID 161710358.
- Davis, Loren; et al. (November 2013), "Inventory and Analysis of Coastal and Submerged Archaeological Site Occurrence on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf", U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management.
- Meniketti, Marco (2013). "Preliminary Results of pXRF Testing of Porcelains from Sixteenth-Century Ship Cargos on the West Coast". Society for California Archaeology Newsletter. 47 (2).
- Oko, Captain Adolf S. Jr.(June 1964). "Francis Drake and Nova Albion". California Historical Society Quarterly. XLIII (2).
- Pomper, Linda R. (1994). "Chinese Porcelain in New Mexico". Vormen Vit Vuur. 53.
- Torben, Rick; et al. (December 2019). "Seventy Years of Archaeologial Research on California's Farallon Islands". California Archaeology. 11 (2).
- Von der Porten, Edward (January 1975). "Drake's First Landfall". Pacific Discovery, California Academy of Sciences. 28.
- Von der Porten, Edward; Aker, Raymond; Allen, Robert W.; Spitze, James (2002). "Who Made Drake's Plate of Brass? Hint: It Wasn't Francis Drake". California History. 81 (2).
Websites
- "2020 Actions Taken". State of California. 2020. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- Dell'Osso, John (2001). "Francis Drake's Port Visible Again at Point Reyes National Seashore". nps.gov. United States National Park Service. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
- Engel, Paul (2016). "Drakes Bay National Historic Landmark Historic District". ncptt.nps.gov. National Center for Preservation Technology and Training. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
- "Frequently Asked Questions". Coast Miwok of Marin. 2021. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- Kovner, Guy (2021). "Drake's Cove wins historical landmark status". Pressdemocrat.com. Press Democrat Media Co. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
- Meniketti, Marco (1997). "Searching For a Safe Harbor on A Treacherous Coast: The Wreck of the Manila Galleon San Agustin". caribbeanarchaeology.com. Caribbean Historical Archaeology. Archived from the original on 13 March 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
- National Parks Traveler Staff (2016). "Site Of Sir Francis Drake's Ship Grounding Honored At Point Reyes National Seashore". Nationalparkstraveler.org. National Parks Traveler. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
- Nolte, Carl (2016). "Point Reyes declared Drake landing site". SFGate.com. SFGate. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
- "Our History". Coast Miwok of Marin. 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- "Our History: Historical Background & Timeline". Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria. 2018. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
- "Site of New Albion Nomination" (PDF). State of California. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- "Sir Francis Drake 1540-1596 Circumnavigator and And Admiral". The Historical Marker Data Base. 2021. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
- "Stalking Sir Francis". Los Angeles Times. 2019. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
- "What and where was the Strait of Anian?". Drake Navigators Guild. 2019. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
Further reading
- Drake, Francis (1915). Archibald L., Hettrich (ed.). Sir Francis Drake, description of his landing at Drake's Bay, Marin County, California, June 17, 1579. San Francisco.