Patronato real
Papal primacy, supremacy and infallibility |
---|
The patronato (lit. '
Patronato real in Spain and its overseas possessions
The patronato was a prerogative granted by a competent ecclesiastical authority endowing a person with the permission to take over the obligations of providing for the administration and maintenance of a religious benefice.[3] The patronato real has its foundation in canon law, which recognized the right of laymen to establish and patronize churches and missions, as a means to supplement the efforts of the papacy, the Church, and the religious orders. Such laypersons were recognized as patrons and possessed certain rights and privileges over the churches and missions they established, financed and patronized.
In the case of the kings of Spain, they received rights over New World ecclisial appointments and affairs in exchange for their support of evangelization and the establishment of the Catholic Church in America. It was derived from the papal bulls
Earlier, on December 13, 1486, Pope
Development
These royal powers were: the sending and selection of the missionaries to America (Bull Inter caetera, 1493), collection of the tithe (bull Eximiae devotionis, 1501), power to fix and modify the boundaries of the dioceses in America (bull Ullius fulcite praesidio, 1504) and power to veto the election of archbishoprics or bishoprics, as well as the right of presentation (bull Universalis ecclesiae, 1508). In 1539 the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V demanded that the bishops' petitions to the Holy See pass through his hand, imposing the royal pass (regal pass or regium exequatur) on the pontifical documents to be executed.
The royal certificate of patronage in the Indies (real patronato indiano) that consolidated the institution was issued. In it, under royal authorization, the construction of churches, cathedrals, convents, hospitals, the concession of bishoprics, archbishoprics, dignities, benefits and other ecclesiastical positions. The prelates had to give account to the king of their acts. For the provision of parishes, the bishop was to call a contest and the selected candidates, to submit two to the civil authority for it to decide. In addition, the dispensation of the visit
The royal patronage allowed the Church to count on numerous missionaries, had the necessary economic and financial resources and, above all, facilitated their mobilization and distribution. However, it also had other consequences less favorable to the papal perspective, such as the submission of the Church to royal assent
Institutions such as the
Eighteenth century
In the 18th century, with Spain and the Indies under the
Nineteenth century
In the successor states to the Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires, the conservative establishment of the Church and ruling class continued to be referred to as the patronato.
Current era
The new concordat, signed in 1851, maintained the universal patronage that remained the right of the Spanish Crown until the advent of the Second Spanish Republic (1931). The patronato real was reestablished by the Concordat of 1953 granting it to Spanish dictator Francisco Franco until a new convention finally abolished it in 1976 during Spain's transition to democracy.
This doctrine, maintained in Spain, was also invoked by the newly formed American republics after the wars of Spanish–American independence (1808–1821). The new American states wanted to maintain the right of patronage, considering themselves as continuators of the historical and legal obligations of the Spanish crown, on the Catholic Church within their territories. The royal patronage was maintained until the Church–State separation at the beginning of the 20th century.
See also
References
Some text translated from the Spanish Wikipedia article.
- ^ Gustav Voss, "Early Japanese Isolationism" The Pacific Historical Review 14.1 (March 1945:13–35).
- ^ John F. Schwaller, "Patronato real" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 4, p. 323. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
- doi:10.2307/41169521
Further reading
- Ayarragaray, Lucas. La Iglesia en América y la Dominación Española. Buenos Aires 1920.
- Bernardino Bravo Lira(1993) Historia de las instituciones políticas en Chile e Hispanoamérica, Editorial Andrés Bello, Santiago de Chile 19932, ISBN 956-13-1086-4
- de la Hera, Alberto. "El patronato y el vicariato regio en Indias" en Pedro Borges (dir.), Historia de la Iglesia en Hispanoamérica y Filipinas, vol. I, BAC, Madrid 1992
- Fisher, Lillian Estelle. Viceregal Administration in the Spanish-American Colonies. Berkeley, CA. 1926.
- Gómez Hoyos, Rafael. La Iglesia de América en las Leyes de Indias. Madrid 1961.
- Gómez Zamora, Matías. Regio Patronato Español é Indiano. Madrid 1897.
- Legón, Faustino J. Doctrina y ejercio del Patronato Nacional. Buenos Aires 1920.
- Leturia, Pedro. Relaciones entre la Santa Sede é Hispanoamérica. Caracas 1959.
- Mecham, J. Lloyd. Church and State in Latin America: A History of Politico-Ecclesiastical Relations, revised edition. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1966.
- Pérez, Angel Gabriel. El Patronato Español en el Virreyno del Perú durante el Siglo XVI. Tournai, Belgium 1937.
- Quintín Aldea, voz "Patronato real" en Quintín Aldea – Tomás Marín – José Vives, Diccionario de historia eclesiástica de España, Instituto Enrique Flórez, Madrid 1993, p. 1944-1948
- Ribadeneyra, Antonio Joaquín. Manual Compendio de el Regio Patronato Indiano. Madrid 1755.
- Sarfield, Dalmacio Vélez. Relaciones del Estado con la Iglesia en la Antigua América Española. Buenos Aires 1889.
- Shiels, W.E. King and Church: The Rise and Fall of the Patronato Real. Chicago 1961.