Peruvian Armed Forces
Peruvian Armed Forces | ||
---|---|---|
Fuerzas Armadas del Perú | ||
Minister of Defense Jorge Chávez | | |
Chief of the Joint Command | Army General Manuel Gómez de la Torre | |
Personnel | ||
Military age | 18 | |
Conscription | No | |
Available for military service | 7,920,056, age 17-45[2] | |
Fit for military service | 6,045,256, age 17-45[2] | |
Reaching military age annually | 312,375 | |
Active personnel | 120,000 (2019)[1] | |
Reserve personnel | 386,000 (2019)[1] | |
Expenditure | ||
Budget | $2 131 967 871 (2022 est.)[3] | |
Percent of GDP | 1.5% (2006 est.) | |
Industry | ||
Foreign suppliers | ||
Related articles | ||
Ranks | Military ranks of Peru |
The Peruvian Armed Forces (Spanish: Fuerzas Armadas del Perú) are the military services of Peru, comprising independent Army, Navy and Air Force components. Their primary mission is to safeguard the country's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity against any threat.[4][5] As a secondary mission they participate in economic and social development as well as in civil defense tasks.[6][7]
The
History
19th century
The Peruvian Army was officially established on 18 August 1821 when the Peruvian Guard Legion was established by the government of general José de San Martín during the Peruvian War of Independence.[8] San Martín would found the Peruvian Navy months later on 8 October 1821.
The first international conflict fought by the newly formed republic was the
The next major conflict faced Peru against the newly independent state of Ecuador in the
The
20th century
On 20 May 1929, the Peruvian Air Force was created as the Peruvian Aviation Corps when the aviation units of the army and navy merged. Following World War II and the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War, the Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru was created in 1957 after observations were made that the branches needed a centralized organization to coordinate the activities of the branches.
When the government of Manuel Prado Ugarteche attempted to move political power to civilians, the military became upset with the new approach.[10] In addition, the 1962 Peruvian general election saw the rise of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, with the armed forces and traditional aristocrats viewing their platform of land reform and the political inclusion of the indigenous peoples of Peru as a threat.[10] After Fernando Belaúnde, a presidential candidate in election, raised concerns of electoral fraud, the military would support Belaúnde and would commit the 1962 Peruvian coup d'état against President Prado.[10]
The
During the government of
Fujimori was elected president of Peru in 1990, planning a coup with his military handlers during his next two years in office, with Fujimori becoming a figurehead leader[20] and adopting many of the objectives of Plan Verde following the 1992 Peruvian self-coup.[16][17][21][22] During the Fujimori administration, Montesinos would assume control of the government and placed weak officers as branch heads in order to maintain control, with every military branch's leader being personally filled by Montesinos.[23] During this time, the armed forces' Grupo Colina death squad would kill dozens during various massacres in Peru and the military would participate in the Cenepa War against Ecuador in 1995.
21st century
The main function of the Peruvian Armed Forces in the 21st century is centered in maintaining peace and internal order in the country, and also focused to eliminate the remnants of the communist terrorist groups of the Shinning Path and other drug-trafficking groups, while also holding a vast national reserve in case of an external threat to national sovereignty.
Service branches
Joint Command
The Joint Command of the Armed Forces is tasked with the mission to "plan, prepare, coordinate and conduct military operations and actions to guarantee independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity and support the national development of Peru".[24] This branch of the armed forces was developed in the 1950s following World War II, when Peru evaluated operational tactics used and adapted them to their own military.[25] On 1 February 1957, the Joint Command was created following a commission of defense agencies studied its role, with the Joint Command depending directly on the President of Peru while also being "the highest step in the planning and coordination of the operations of the Army, Navy and Aeronautics Forces".[25]
Army
Headquartered in Lima, it has a strength of 90,000 troops divided in four military regions with headquarters in Piura, Lima, Arequipa and Iquitos. Every military region is assigned several brigades of which there are different types, including infantry, cavalry and armored. There are also several groups and battalions which operate independently of the army's organization.
The equipment of the Peruvian Army includes infantry weapons that include rifles and carbines such as the
Vehicles include several types of
The Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Perú) is organized in five naval zones headquartered in Piura, Lima, Arequipa, Iquitos and Pucallpa. It has a strength of around 25,988 troops divided between the Pacific Operations and the Amazon Operations General Commands and the Coast Guard.[citation needed][when?]
The Pacific fleet
Marines
The Peruvian Marines date back to 6 November 1821, when the Peruvian Navy requested a battalion of soldiers. Its first battle was an attack on the Spanish, successfully taking the city of Arica (today Tacna). Into the mid-20th century, the Peruvian Marines modernized their equipment and by the 1980s with the Shining Path emerging as a new threat to Peru, the Marines began to be tasked with counterterrorism operations.[citation needed]
As part of the Peruvian Navy, the Peruvian Marines utilize the equipment and logistics of the Navy. Various Marine battalions are based in Ancón, Iquitos, Mollendo, Pucallpa, Puno and Tumbes. The Peruvian Marines also have a Special Forces composed of the Espíritus Negros and Fuerza Delta, based on the American
Air Force
On May 20, 1929, the aviation divisions of the Peruvian army and navy were merged into the Peruvian Aviation Corps (CAP, Cuerpo de Aviación del Peru). In 1950, the corps was reorganized again and became the Peruvian Air Force (FAP, Fuerza Aérea del Perú).
The Peruvian Air Force is divided into six wing areas, headquartered in Piura,
It also has
In 1995, the FAP took part in the
References
- ^ a b IISS 2019, pp. 399–402
- ^ Ley Nº 27178 Ley del Servicio Militar, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-11-14. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database. Ministerio de Defensa, "2019 Peru Military Strength". Archived from the original on 2008-07-03..
- ^ "Información institucional". www.gob.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-08-02.
- ^ "Rol de las fuerzas armadas y del ejército frente a escenarios regionales y hemisféricos de seguridad | Centro de Estudios Estratégicos del Ejército del Perú" (in European Spanish). 2018-12-28. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
- ^ Ministerio de Defensa, Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90.
- ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2021). "The Military Balance 2021". The Military Balance.
- ^ PERÚ, NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO (2020-08-18). "Bicentenario | Ejército del Perú reveló que la fecha de su creación fue el 18 de agosto de 1821 | coronavirus | | PERU". El Comercio (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-29.
- .
- ^ a b c "Peru". The Atlantic. 1962-11-01. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
- S2CID 154119414.
- ^ "Operation Condor | international campaign | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
- ^ .
the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the "Plan Verde," outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.
- ^ Rospigliosi, Fernando (1996). Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista. Lima, Peru: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp. 46–47.
- S2CID 234586692.
a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7391-1358-5.
important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan
- ^ S2CID 154153310.
- ^ a b Rospigliosi, Fernando (1996). Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista. Lima, Peru: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp. 28–40.
- ^ ISBN 9786124574139.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-24.
The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.
- "Spymaster". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. August 2002. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
Lester: Though few questioned it , Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.
- Keller, Paul (26 October 2000). "Fujimori in OAS talks PERU CRISIS UNCERTAINTY DEEPENS AFTER RETURN OF EX-SPY CHIEF". Financial Times.
Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead
- "THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE ANDES" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 2001. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces
- "Questions And Answers: Mario Vargas Llosa". Newsweek. 9 January 2001. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead
- "Spymaster". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. August 2002. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
- .
the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Green Plan was shown to President Fujimori after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration
- ^ "El "Plan Verde" Historia de una traición". Oiga. 647. 12 July 1993.
- hdl:10419/76612.
- ^ "Misión". www.ccffaa.mil.pe (in Spanish). Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
- ^ a b "Historia del CCFFAA". www.ccffaa.mil.pe (in Spanish). Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
- ^ Smith, Rich (21 December 2016). "General Dynamics Strikes a Deal in Peru -- The Motley Fool". The Motley Fool. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
External links
- Peruvian Ministry of Defence (in Spanish)
- Official Peruvian Army website (in Spanish)
- Official Peruvian Air Force website (in Spanish)
- Official Peruvian Navy website (in Spanish)