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Welcome to the Netherlands Portal
Welkom bij het Nederlandportaal!

Flag Netherlands
Location of the Netherlands within Europe

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands consists of twelve provinces; it borders Germany to the east and Belgium to the south, with a North Sea coastline to the north and west. It shares maritime borders with the United Kingdom, Germany, and Belgium. The official language is Dutch, with West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland. Dutch, English, and Papiamento are official in the Caribbean territories.

The Netherlands has been a parliamentary

intergovernmental organisations and international courts, many of which are in The Hague. (Full article...
)

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  • Image 1 Self-Portrait, c.1887, Art Institute of Chicago Vincent Willem van Gogh (Dutch: [ˈvɪnsɛnt ˈʋɪləɱ‿vɑŋ‿ˈɣɔx] ⓘ; 30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade, he created approximately 2100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of them in the last two years of his life. His oeuvre includes landscapes, still lifes, portraits, and self-portraits, most of which are characterized by bold colors and dramatic brushwork that contributed to the rise of expressionism in modern art. Van Gogh's work was beginning to gain critical attention before he died from a self-inflicted gunshot at age 37. During his lifetime, only one of Van Gogh's paintings, The Red Vineyard, was sold. Born into an upper-middle-class family, Van Gogh drew as a child and was serious, quiet and thoughtful, but showed signs of mental instability. As a young man, he worked as an art dealer, often travelling, but became depressed after he was transferred to London. He turned to religion and spent time as a missionary in southern Belgium. Later he drifted into ill-health and solitude. He was keenly aware of modernist trends in art and, while back with his parents, took up painting in 1881. His younger brother, Theo, supported him financially, and the two of them maintained a long correspondence. (Full article...)

    modernist trends in art and, while back with his parents, took up painting in 1881. His younger brother, Theo, supported him financially, and the two of them maintained a long correspondence. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 2 Newspaper advertisement Gagak Item ([ɡaˈɡaʔ iˈtəm]; Vernacular Malay for Black Raven, also known by the Dutch title De Zwarte Raaf) is a 1939 bandit film from the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) directed by Joshua and Othniel Wong for Tan's Film. Starring Rd Mochtar, Roekiah, and Eddy T. Effendi, it follows a masked man known only as "Gagak Item" ("Black Raven"). The black-and-white film, which featured the cast and crew from the 1937 hit Terang Boelan (Full Moon), was a commercial success and received positive reviews upon release. It is likely lost. (Full article...)

    Newspaper advertisement

    Gagak Item ([ɡaˈɡaʔ iˈtəm]; Vernacular Malay for Black Raven, also known by the Dutch title De Zwarte Raaf) is a 1939 bandit film from the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) directed by Joshua and Othniel Wong for Tan's Film. Starring Rd Mochtar, Roekiah, and Eddy T. Effendi, it follows a masked man known only as "Gagak Item" ("Black Raven"). The black-and-white film, which featured the cast and crew from the 1937 hit Terang Boelan (Full Moon), was a commercial success and received positive reviews upon release. It is likely lost. (Full article...)
  • Image 3 Newspaper advertisement, Surabaya Djaoeh Dimata (Indonesian: [dʒaˈuh diˈmata]; Perfected Spelling: Jauh di Mata; Indonesian for Out of Sight) is a 1948 film from what is now Indonesia written and directed by Andjar Asmara for the South Pacific Film Corporation (SPFC). Starring Ratna Asmara and Ali Joego, it follows a woman who moves to Jakarta to find work after her husband is blinded in an accident. SPFC's first production, Djaoeh Dimata took two to three months to film and cost almost 130,000 gulden. The first domestically produced feature film to be released in five years, Djaoeh Dimata received favourable reviews, although financially it was outperformed by Roestam Sutan Palindih's Air Mata Mengalir di Tjitarum (released soon after). The film's cast remained active in the Indonesian film industry, some for another 30 years, and SPFC produced six more works before closing in 1949. A copy of the film is stored at Sinematek Indonesia. (Full article...)

    gulden.

    The first domestically produced feature film to be released in five years, Djaoeh Dimata received favourable reviews, although financially it was outperformed by Roestam Sutan Palindih's Air Mata Mengalir di Tjitarum (released soon after). The film's cast remained active in the Indonesian film industry, some for another 30 years, and SPFC produced six more works before closing in 1949. A copy of the film is stored at Sinematek Indonesia. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 4 Djajakusuma, c. 1950s Djadoeg Djajakusuma ([dʒaˈdʊʔ dʒajakuˈsuma]; 1 August 1918 – 28 October 1987) was an Indonesian film director and promoter of traditional art forms. Born to a nobleman and his wife in Temanggung, Central Java, Djajakusuma became interested in the arts at a young age, choosing to pursue a career in theatre. During the Japanese occupation from 1943 to 1945 he was a translator and actor, and in the four-year national revolution which followed he worked for the military's educational division, several news agencies, and in drama. In 1951, Djajakusuma joined the National Film Corporation (Perfini) at the invitation of Usmar Ismail. After making his directorial debut with Embun, Djajakusuma released a further eleven films with the company before leaving in 1964. He then returned to traditional Indonesian theatre, including wayang. Although he continued to direct movies independently of Perfini, most of his energies were dedicated to promoting traditional art forms and teaching cinematography. After over a decade of poor health and high blood pressure, Djajakusuma collapsed during a ceremony and died. He was buried in Karet Bivak Cemetery. (Full article...)

    Djajakusuma, c. 1950s

    Djadoeg Djajakusuma ([dʒaˈdʊʔ dʒajakuˈsuma]; 1 August 1918 – 28 October 1987) was an Indonesian film director and promoter of traditional art forms. Born to a nobleman and his wife in Temanggung, Central Java, Djajakusuma became interested in the arts at a young age, choosing to pursue a career in theatre. During the Japanese occupation from 1943 to 1945 he was a translator and actor, and in the four-year national revolution which followed he worked for the military's educational division, several news agencies, and in drama.

    In 1951, Djajakusuma joined the National Film Corporation (Perfini) at the invitation of Usmar Ismail. After making his directorial debut with Embun, Djajakusuma released a further eleven films with the company before leaving in 1964. He then returned to traditional Indonesian theatre, including wayang. Although he continued to direct movies independently of Perfini, most of his energies were dedicated to promoting traditional art forms and teaching cinematography. After over a decade of poor health and high blood pressure, Djajakusuma collapsed during a ceremony and died. He was buried in Karet Bivak Cemetery. (Full article...)
  • Image 5 LSTs landing supplies at Blue Beach, Morotai LSTs landing supplies at Blue Beach, Morotai The Battle of Morotai, part of the Pacific War, began on 15 September 1944, and continued until the end of the war in August 1945. The fighting started when United States and Australian forces landed on the southwest corner of Morotai, a small island in the Netherlands East Indies (NEI), which the Allies needed as a base to support the liberation of the Philippines later that year. The invading forces greatly outnumbered the island's Japanese defenders and secured their objectives in two weeks. Japanese reinforcements landed on the island between September and November, but lacked the supplies needed to effectively attack the Allied defensive perimeter. Intermittent fighting continued until the end of the war, with the Japanese troops suffering heavy loss of life from disease and starvation. Morotai's development into an Allied base began shortly after the landing, and two major airfields were ready for use in October. These and other base facilities played an important role in the Liberation of the Philippines during 1944 and 1945. Torpedo boats and aircraft based at Morotai also harassed Japanese positions in the NEI. The island's base facilities were further expanded in 1945 to support the Australian-led Borneo Campaign, and Morotai remained an important logistical hub and command center until the Dutch reestablished their colonial rule in the NEI. (Full article...)

    Borneo Campaign, and Morotai remained an important logistical hub and command center until the Dutch reestablished their colonial rule in the NEI. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 6 Film flyer Air Mata Iboe (Perfected spelling: Air Mata Ibu; Malay for A Mother's Tears) is a 1941 drama film from the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) directed and written by Njoo Cheong Seng. Starring Fifi Young, Rd Ismail, Ali Sarosa, and Ali Joego, it followed a mother who raises her children lovingly but is ultimately betrayed by her eldest sons when she falls upon hard times. The film, billed as a "musical extravaganza," featured a soundtrack by R. Koesbini, and an eponymous title song written by Njoo. Air Mata Iboe was the last production completed by Fred Young's Majestic Film Company. The film was filmed throughout June to December 1941, and was released that month as well, prior to the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies. It is now possibly lost, although it still might be hidden somewhere. A titular remake was later produced in 1957. (Full article...)

    title song written by Njoo.

    Air Mata Iboe was the last production completed by Fred Young's Majestic Film Company. The film was filmed throughout June to December 1941, and was released that month as well, prior to the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies. It is now possibly lost, although it still might be hidden somewhere. A titular remake was later produced in 1957. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 7 Newspaper advertisement Sorga Ka Toedjoe ([ˈsɔrɡa kə ˈtudʒu]; vernacular Malay for Seventh Heaven; also advertised under the Dutch title In Den Zevenden Hemel) is a 1940 film from the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) directed by Joshua and Othniel Wong for Tan's Film. It follows an older couple (Kartolo and Annie Landouw) who are reunited by another, younger couple (Roekiah and Djoemala) after years of separation. The black-and-white film, the first production by Tan's Film after the departure of Rd Mochtar, featured kroncong music and was targeted at lower-class native audiences. It was a commercial and critical success. Roekiah and Djoemala took leading roles in three more films before Tan's closed in 1942. Sorga Ka Toedjoe is now thought lost. (Full article...)

    vernacular Malay for Seventh Heaven; also advertised under the Dutch title In Den Zevenden Hemel) is a 1940 film from the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) directed by Joshua and Othniel Wong for Tan's Film. It follows an older couple (Kartolo and Annie Landouw) who are reunited by another, younger couple (Roekiah and Djoemala) after years of separation. The black-and-white film, the first production by Tan's Film after the departure of Rd Mochtar, featured kroncong music and was targeted at lower-class native audiences. It was a commercial and critical success. Roekiah and Djoemala took leading roles in three more films before Tan's closed in 1942. Sorga Ka Toedjoe is now thought lost. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 8 Hieronymus Bosch, The Garden of Earthly Delights, oil on oak panels, 205.5 cm × 384.9 cm (81 in × 152 in), Museo del Prado, Madrid The Garden of Earthly Delights (Dutch: De tuin der lusten, lit. 'The garden of lusts') is the modern title given to a triptych oil painting on oak panel painted by the Early Netherlandish master Hieronymus Bosch, between 1490 and 1510, when Bosch was between 40 and 60 years old. It has been housed in the Museo del Prado in Madrid, Spain since 1939. As little is known of Bosch's life or intentions, interpretations of his artistic intent behind the work range from an admonition of worldly fleshy indulgence, to a dire warning on the perils of life's temptations, to an evocation of ultimate sexual joy. The intricacy of its symbolism, particularly that of the central panel, has led to a wide range of scholarly interpretations over the centuries. Twentieth-century art historians are divided as to whether the triptych's central panel is a moral warning or a panorama of paradise lost. (Full article...)
    Hieronymus Bosch, The Garden of Earthly Delights, oil on oak panels, 205.5 cm × 384.9 cm (81 in × 152 in), Museo del Prado, Madrid


    The Garden of Earthly Delights (Dutch: De tuin der lusten, lit. 'The garden of lusts') is the modern title given to a triptych oil painting on oak panel painted by the Early Netherlandish master Hieronymus Bosch, between 1490 and 1510, when Bosch was between 40 and 60 years old. It has been housed in the Museo del Prado in Madrid, Spain since 1939.

    As little is known of Bosch's life or intentions, interpretations of his artistic intent behind the work range from an admonition of worldly fleshy indulgence, to a dire warning on the perils of life's temptations, to an evocation of ultimate sexual joy. The intricacy of its symbolism, particularly that of the central panel, has led to a wide range of scholarly interpretations over the centuries. Twentieth-century art historians are divided as to whether the triptych's central panel is a moral warning or a panorama of paradise lost. (Full article...)
  • Image 9 Soeara Berbisa ([suˈara bərˈbisa]; Perfected Spelling: Suara Berbisa; Indonesian for Venomous Voice) is a 1941 film from the Dutch East Indies. Produced by Ang Hock Liem for Union Films and directed by R Hu, this black-and-white film stars Raden Soekarno, Ratna Djoewita, Oedjang, and Soehaena. The story, written by Djojopranoto, follows two young men who compete for the affections of a woman before learning that they are long-lost brothers. Filmed in September and October 1941, Soeara Berbisa features keroncong music and was shot partly in western Java. It was released to coincide with the Eid al-Fitr holiday and rated for all ages. Advertisements emphasised the film's appeal to both native and Dutch audiences, and a review in De Indische Courant was positive. Although the film—Union's penultimate production—was screened as late as 1949, it is now likely lost. (Full article...)
    keroncong music and was shot partly in western Java. It was released to coincide with the Eid al-Fitr holiday and rated for all ages. Advertisements emphasised the film's appeal to both native and Dutch audiences, and a review in De Indische Courant was positive. Although the film—Union's penultimate production—was screened as late as 1949, it is now likely lost. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 10 Roekiah, c. 1941 Roekiah (Perfected Spelling: Rukiah; 31 December 1917 – 2 September 1945), often credited as Miss Roekiah, was an Indonesian kroncong singer and actress. The daughter of two stage performers, she began her career at the age of seven; by 1932 she had become well known in Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta, Indonesia), as a singer and stage actress. Around this time she met Kartolo, whom she married in 1934. The two acted in the 1937 hit film Terang Boelan, in which Roekiah and Rd Mochtar played young lovers. After the film's commercial success, Roekiah, Kartolo, and most of the cast and crew of Terang Boelan were signed to Tan's Film, first appearing for the company in their 1938 production Fatima. They acted together in two more films before Mochtar left the company in 1940; through these films, Roekiah and Mochtar became the colony's first on-screen couple. Mochtar's replacement, Rd Djoemala, acted with Roekiah in four films, although these were less successful. After the Japanese invaded the Indies in 1942, Roekiah took only one more film role before her death; most of her time was used entertaining Japanese forces. (Full article...)

    Perfected Spelling: Rukiah; 31 December 1917 – 2 September 1945), often credited as Miss Roekiah, was an Indonesian kroncong singer and actress. The daughter of two stage performers, she began her career at the age of seven; by 1932 she had become well known in Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta, Indonesia), as a singer and stage actress. Around this time she met Kartolo, whom she married in 1934. The two acted in the 1937 hit film Terang Boelan, in which Roekiah and Rd Mochtar played young lovers.

    After the film's commercial success, Roekiah, Kartolo, and most of the cast and crew of Terang Boelan were signed to Tan's Film, first appearing for the company in their 1938 production Fatima. They acted together in two more films before Mochtar left the company in 1940; through these films, Roekiah and Mochtar became the colony's first on-screen couple. Mochtar's replacement, Rd Djoemala, acted with Roekiah in four films, although these were less successful. After the Japanese invaded the Indies in 1942, Roekiah took only one more film role before her death; most of her time was used entertaining Japanese forces. (Full article...
    )
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  • Image 1 This page is a list of films that received the Golden Film since its introduction in 2001 by the Netherlands Film Festival and the Netherlands Film Fund. In 2001 and 2002, films from the Netherlands received the award once they had sold 75,000 tickets. From 2003 to date, the Golden Film is awarded to films from the Netherlands once they have sold 100,000 tickets. This page shows, for both audience criteria, which films received the Golden Film and how soon they received it after their releases. In the following tables, the 'year' column contains the years in which the films received the Golden Film, the '#' column contains the number of the Golden Film, the 'film title' column contains the titles of the receiving films, the 'film release' column contains the dates on which the films were first released in the cinemas, and the 'Golden Film' column contains the days when the Netherlands Film Festival and the Netherlands Film Fund announced that the receiving films reached the audience criterion of the Golden Film. (Full article...)
    This page is a list of films that received the Golden Film since its introduction in 2001 by the Netherlands Film Festival and the Netherlands Film Fund. In 2001 and 2002, films from the Netherlands received the award once they had sold 75,000 tickets. From 2003 to date, the Golden Film is awarded to films from the Netherlands once they have sold 100,000 tickets. This page shows, for both audience criteria, which films received the Golden Film and how soon they received it after their releases.

    In the following tables, the 'year' column contains the years in which the films received the Golden Film, the '#' column contains the number of the Golden Film, the 'film title' column contains the titles of the receiving films, the 'film release' column contains the dates on which the films were first released in the cinemas, and the 'Golden Film' column contains the days when the Netherlands Film Festival and the Netherlands Film Fund announced that the receiving films reached the audience criterion of the Golden Film. (Full article...)
  • Image 2 The Wong brothers (one pictured) were the first ethnic Chinese directors in the Indies. Twenty-nine people are recorded as having directed fictional films in the Dutch East Indies between 1926, when L. Heuveldorp released Loetoeng Kasaroeng, the colony's first domestically produced film, and 1949, when the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty after a four-year revolution, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct. Thirteen directors active in the Indies continued to direct films after 1950, including Usmar Ismail: his 1950 film Darah dan Doa (The Long March) is generally considered the first truly Indonesian film. The colony's first directors, L. Heuveldorp and George Krugers, were of European or mixed descent. They were followed by ethnic Chinese soon after, when Nelson Wong made his debut in 1928 with Lily van Java; other Chinese directors included Lie Tek Swie (1929), Wong's brothers Joshua and Othniel (1930), and The Teng Chun (1931). Ethnic Chinese directors dominated the colony's cinema for the remainder of its existence. The first native director, Bachtiar Effendi, made his debut in 1932 with the talkie Njai Dasima; another native director would not appear until Andjar Asmara and Rd Ariffien made their debuts in 1940. (Full article...)
    A man with short hair and a white shirt is controlling a large camera. He is facing left.
    The Wong brothers (one pictured) were the first ethnic Chinese directors in the Indies.

    Twenty-nine people are recorded as having directed fictional films in the Dutch East Indies between 1926, when L. Heuveldorp released Loetoeng Kasaroeng, the colony's first domestically produced film, and 1949, when the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty after a four-year revolution, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct. Thirteen directors active in the Indies continued to direct films after 1950, including Usmar Ismail: his 1950 film Darah dan Doa (The Long March) is generally considered the first truly Indonesian film.

    The colony's first directors, L. Heuveldorp and George Krugers, were of European or mixed descent. They were followed by ethnic Chinese soon after, when Nelson Wong made his debut in 1928 with Lily van Java; other Chinese directors included Lie Tek Swie (1929), Wong's brothers Joshua and Othniel (1930), and The Teng Chun (1931). Ethnic Chinese directors dominated the colony's cinema for the remainder of its existence. The first native director, Bachtiar Effendi, made his debut in 1932 with the talkie Njai Dasima; another native director would not appear until Andjar Asmara and Rd Ariffien made their debuts in 1940. (Full article...)
  • Image 3 Since 1 January 2023, there have been 342 regular municipalities (Dutch: gemeenten) and three special municipalities (bijzondere gemeenten) in the Netherlands. The latter is the status of three of the six island territories that make up the Dutch Caribbean. Municipalities are the second-level administrative division, or public bodies (openbare lichamen), in the Netherlands and are subdivisions of their respective provinces. Their duties are delegated to them by the central government and they are ruled by a municipal council that is elected every four years. Municipal mergers have reduced the total number of municipalities by two-thirds since the first official boundaries were created in the mid 19th century. Municipalities themselves are informally subdivided into districts and neighbourhoods for administrative and statistical purposes. These municipalities come in a wide range of sizes, Westervoort is the smallest with a land area of 7.01 km2 (2.71 sq mi) and Súdwest-Fryslân the largest with a land area of 522.7 km2 (201.8 sq mi). Schiermonnikoog is both the least populated, with 982 people, and the least densely populated municipality at 23/km2 (60/sq mi). Amsterdam has the highest population with 918,117 residents as of January 2023, whereas The Hague is the most densely populated with a density of 6,827/km2 (17,680/sq mi). (Full article...)
    Since 1 January 2023, there have been 342 regular municipalities (
    Full article...
    )
  • Image 4 Film poster for Loetoeng Kasaroeng, the first locally produced film released in the Dutch East Indies A total of 112 fictional films are known to have been produced in the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia) between 1926 and the colony's dissolution in 1949. The earliest motion pictures, imported from abroad, were shown in late 1900, and by the early 1920s imported serials and fictional films were being shown, often with localised names. Dutch companies were also producing documentary films about the Indies to be shown in the Netherlands. The first reports of fictional film production in the Indies date from 1923, although the work in question was not completed. The first locally produced film, Loetoeng Kasaroeng, was directed by L. Heuveldorp and released on 31 December 1926. Between 1926 and 1933 numerous other local productions were released. Although Dutchmen like Heuveldorp and George Krugers continued to be active in the industry, the majority of filmmakers and producers were ethnic Chinese. The Tan brothers (Khoen Yauw and Khoen Hian) and The Teng Chun were major producers during this period, while the Wong brothers (Nelson, Othniel, and Joshua) were among the more prominent directors. During the mid-1930s, production dropped as a result of the Great Depression. The release of Albert Balink's commercially and critically successful Terang Boelan (Full Moon) in 1937 led to renewed interest in filmmaking, and 1941 saw thirty locally produced films. This rate of production declined after the Japanese occupation beginning in early 1942, closing all but one film studio; this resulted in several films which had begun production in 1941 being released several years later. The majority of films produced during the occupation were short propaganda pieces. Following the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945 and during the ensuing revolution several films were made, by both pro-Dutch and pro-Indonesian backers; the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty on 27 December 1949, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct. (Full article...)
    propaganda pieces. Following the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945 and during the ensuing revolution several films were made, by both pro-Dutch and pro-Indonesian backers; the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty on 27 December 1949, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 5 The Amsterdam Tournament (Dutch: Amsterdam Toernooi) was a pre-season association football competition, held in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The competition was hosted by Eredivisie club Ajax at the Amsterdam Arena. It was inaugurated in 1975 as the Amsterdam 700 Tournament to celebrate 700 years of history in the city. It was held annually each summer until 1992, when the last edition of the original tournament was played. It returned in 1999 with the backing of the International Event Partnership (IEP). Four teams participate in the competition, played in a league format since 1986. Since its return, the tournament has used an unusual point scoring system. As with most league competitions, three points are awarded for a win, one for a draw and zero for a loss. An additional point, however, is awarded for each goal scored. The system is designed to reward teams that adopt a more attacking style of play. Each entrant plays two matches, with the winner being the club that finishes at the top of the table. The original competition was held at Amsterdam's Olympic Stadium, where Ajax played its international games until 1996. The Amsterdam Arena, now named the Johan Cruyff Arena, has played host to the event since the return until 2009. (Full article...)
    The
    Amsterdam Arena. It was inaugurated in 1975 as the Amsterdam 700 Tournament to celebrate 700 years of history in the city. It was held annually each summer until 1992, when the last edition of the original tournament was played. It returned in 1999 with the backing of the International Event Partnership (IEP). Four teams participate in the competition, played in a league format since 1986.

    Since its return, the tournament has used an unusual point scoring system. As with most league competitions, three points are awarded for a win, one for a draw and zero for a loss. An additional point, however, is awarded for each goal scored. The system is designed to reward teams that adopt a more attacking style of play. Each entrant plays two matches, with the winner being the club that finishes at the top of the table. The original competition was held at Amsterdam's Olympic Stadium, where Ajax played its international games until 1996. The Amsterdam Arena, now named the Johan Cruyff Arena, has played host to the event since the return until 2009. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 6 Twenty-two people are recorded as having produced fictional films in the Dutch East Indies between 1926, when L. Heuveldorp released Loetoeng Kasaroeng, the colony's first domestically produced film, and 1949, when the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty after a four-year revolution, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct. Altogether, they are credited for 93 of all known films produced in the Indies, and four of them remained active after independence. All were men; the first female film producer in Indonesia, Ratna Asmara, produced her first film in 1953. The colony's first producer, Heuveldorp, was of European descent. He was followed in 1928 by the ethnic Chinese businessmen Tjan Tjoen Lian and Liem Goan Lian, who began work on Lily van Java but soon pulled out, to be replaced by David Wong. By 1930 Chinese producers had dominated the industry. The most active of these, The Teng Chun, made his debut in 1931 with Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang; he would go on to produce another 27 films before independence. No native Indonesian film producers are recorded from this period, although several productions were credited only to companies. (Full article...)
    Twenty-two people are recorded as having
    native Indonesian film producers are recorded from this period, although several productions were credited only to companies. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 7 The Battle of Camperdown, painted by Philip de Loutherbourg in 1799. The Battle of Camperdown was an important naval action of the French Revolutionary Wars, fought off Camperduin on the North Holland coast on 11 October 1797 between a British fleet under Admiral Adam Duncan and a Dutch fleet under Vice-Admiral Jan de Winter. The French Republic had overrun the Dutch Republic two years earlier, reforming it into the Batavian Republic. In early 1797, the Batavian Navy was ordered to sail to Brest and unite with the French Atlantic Fleet in preparation for an invasion of Ireland. Shortly afterwards, the British fleets were paralysed by the Spithead and Nore mutinies, in which the sailors refused to take their ships to sea until they were awarded better pay and conditions. For two months[citation needed], the English Channel was undefended, but the Dutch failed to take the opportunity to sail from their harbour in the Texel: their preparations were not complete, and a small squadron of loyal British ships under Duncan convinced de Winter that the British fleet was at sea by sending nonsensical signals to fictitious ships over the horizon. By October 1797, the plan to attack Ireland had been abandoned and the British North Sea Fleet was again at full strength. During a brief period replenishing supplies at Yarmouth, news reached Duncan on 10 October that the Dutch had sailed on a raiding cruise[citation needed] and he returned to the Dutch coast, intercepting de Winter's fleet on its way back to the Texel. The Dutch formed a line of battle in shallow coastal waters to meet Duncan's attack, which was conducted in a confused mass, the British fleet separating into two groups that struck the vanguard and rear of the Dutch fleet, overwhelming each in turn and capturing eleven ships, including de Winter's flagship Vrijheid. On the return journey, three of the captured ships were lost, and none of the surviving Dutch prizes was ever suitable for active service again[citation needed]. Both sides suffered heavy casualties during the battle as each fleet had been trained to aim at the hulls of their opponents, maximising the damage to personnel. (Full article...)
    vanguard and rear of the Dutch fleet, overwhelming each in turn and capturing eleven ships, including de Winter's flagship Vrijheid. On the return journey, three of the captured ships were lost, and none of the surviving Dutch prizes was ever suitable for active service again[citation needed]. Both sides suffered heavy casualties during the battle as each fleet had been trained to aim at the hulls of their opponents, maximising the damage to personnel. (Full article...
    )
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Selected biography

Hendrik Pieter Nicolaas Muller
Hendrik Pieter Nicolaas Muller,
businessman
and politician, and Marie Cornelie van Rijckevorsel, member of another prominent Rotterdam based business family.

Muller started his career as a businessman, trading with East and West Africa. In his mid-twenties he travelled to Zanzibar, Mozambique, and South Africa for business purposes, but showed himself a keen ethnographer as well, collecting ethnographic artifacts and writing reports about the societies and people he encountered on his way. In 1890, Muller retired from business for personal reasons, and went to Germany to study ethnography and geography. He graduated with a Ph.D. dissertation four years later.

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  1. Mary II of England
    (20 September 2004)
  2. William III of England (5 October 2004)
  3. Anne Frank (10 February 2005)
  4. Battle of Ramillies (11 September 2007)
  5. The Garden of Earthly Delights (28 May 2008)
  6. Tulip mania (18 August 2008)
  7. Design 1047 battlecruiser (14 April 2009)
  8. Battle of Morotai (12 December 2009)
  9. Dutch 1913 battleship proposal (27 March 2010)
  10. Pig-faced women (4 September 2010)
  11. The Human Centipede (First Sequence) (5 October 2011)
  12. Murder of Joanna Yeates (1 April 2012)
  13. 1740 Batavia massacre (6 May 2012)
  14. Crucifixion and Last Judgement diptych (8 November 2012)
  15. Terang Boelan (4 December 2012)
  16. Sair Tjerita Siti Akbari (6 April 2013)
  17. Gagak Item (26 May 2013)
  18. Lie Kim Hok (1 July 2013)
  19. Sorga Ka Toedjoe (23 July 2013)
  20. Djaoeh Dimata (3 August 2013)
  21. Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang (novel) (15 August 2013)
  22. Amir Hamzah (5 October 2013)
  23. Si Tjonat (27 October 2013)
  24. Fakih Usman (20 November 2013)
  25. Roekiah (12 January 2014)
  26. Early Netherlandish painting (20 January 2014)
  27. Asmara Moerni (9 February 2014)
  28. Drama dari Krakatau (27 February 2014)
  29. Tjioeng Wanara (1 April 2014)
  30. D. Djajakusuma (14 May 2014)
  31. Union Films (6 June 2014)
  32. Soeara Berbisa (25 June 2014)
  33. Harta Berdarah (9 July 2014)
  34. Si Ronda (15 July 2014)
  35. Battle of Öland (8 August 2014)
  36. Kedok Ketawa (15 August 2014)
  37. Oriental Film (21 September 2014)
  38. Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman (27 November 2014)
  39. Air Mata Iboe (18 April 2015)
  40. Jacobus Anthonie Meessen (13 May 2015)
  41. Joehana (3 September 2015)
  42. Panggilan Darah (16 January 2016)
  43. Jacob van Ruisdael (5 February 2016)
  44. Huguenot-Walloon half dollar (14 April 2016)
  45. Vincent van Gogh (15 September 2016)

Featured lists

See also: Category:FL-Class Netherlands articles
  1. List of films that received the Golden Film (18 November 2007)
  2. Order of battle at the Battle of Camperdown (24 April 2010)
  3. Amsterdam Tournament (23 September 2010)
  4. List of films of the Dutch East Indies (21 October 2012)
  5. List of film directors of the Dutch East Indies (17 November 2012)
  6. List of film producers of the Dutch East Indies (15 February 2013)
  7. List of municipalities of the Netherlands
    (24 June 2013)
Featured pictures

Pictures with a Netherlands-related subject or made by an author from the Netherlands.

Artwork
  • 12 April 2006
    12 April 2006
  • 3 August 2008
    3 August 2008
  • 5 December 2008
    5 December 2008
  • 2 February 2009
    2 February 2009
  • 2 February 2009
    2 February 2009
  • 6 February 2009
    6 February 2009
  • 28 April 2009
    28 April 2009
  • 21 May 2010
    21 May 2010
  • 8 January 2012‎
    8 January 2012‎
  • 6 February 2012‎
    6 February 2012‎
  • 16 March 2012‎
    16 March 2012‎
  • 19 April 2012‎
    19 April 2012‎
  • 10 January 2013
    10 January 2013
  • 19 January 2013
    19 January 2013
  • 27 January 2013
    27 January 2013
  • 9 September 2013
    9 September 2013
  • 20 September 2013
    20 September 2013
  • 7 December 2013
    7 December 2013
  • 8 December 2013
    8 December 2013
  • 4 February 2014
    4 February 2014
  • 17 February 2014
    17 February 2014
  • 27 April 2014
    27 April 2014
  • 3 May 2014
    3 May 2014
  • 5 May 2014
    5 May 2014
  • 3 June 2014
    3 June 2014
  • 8 July 2014
    8 July 2014
  • 19 July 2014
    19 July 2014
  • 19 July 2014
    19 July 2014
  • 23 July 2014
    23 July 2014
  • 18 September 2014
    18 September 2014
  • 18 September 2014
    18 September 2014
  • 18 September 2014
    18 September 2014
  • 18 September 2014
    18 September 2014
  • 3 November 2014
    3 November 2014
  • 5 November 2014
    5 November 2014
  • 9 November 2014
    9 November 2014
  • 15 November 2014
    15 November 2014
  • 29 November 2014
    29 November 2014
  • 5 December 2014
    5 December 2014
  • 22 December 2014‎
    22 December 2014‎
  • 11 January 2015
    11 January 2015
  • 14 January 2015
    14 January 2015
  • 14 January 2015
    14 January 2015
  • 15 January 2015
    15 January 2015
  • 16 January 2015
    16 January 2015
  • 19 January 2015
    19 January 2015
  • 23 January 2015
    23 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 25 January 2015
    25 January 2015
  • 30 January 2015
    30 January 2015
  • 8 February 2015
    8 February 2015
  • 17 February 2015
    17 February 2015
  • 19 February 2015
    19 February 2015
  • 20 February 2015
    20 February 2015
  • 20 February 2015
    20 February 2015
  • 21 February 2015
    21 February 2015
  • 21 February 2015
    21 February 2015
  • 22 February 2015
    22 February 2015
  • 24 February 2015
    24 February 2015
  • 25 February 2015
    25 February 2015
  • 26 February 2015
    26 February 2015
  • 27 February 2015
    27 February 2015
  • 28 February 2015
    28 February 2015
  • 1 March 2015
    1 March 2015
  • 2 March 2015
    2 March 2015
  • 3 March 2015
    3 March 2015
  • 8 March 2015
    8 March 2015
  • 10 March 2015
    10 March 2015
  • 12 March 2015
    12 March 2015
  • 17 March 2015
    17 March 2015
  • 21 March 2015
    21 March 2015
  • 27 March 2015
    27 March 2015
  • 1 April 2015
    1 April 2015
  • 7 April 2015
    7 April 2015
  • 13 April 2015
    13 April 2015
  • 15 April 2015
    15 April 2015
  • 16 April 2015
    16 April 2015
  • 1 May 2015
    1 May 2015
  • 26 May 2015
    26 May 2015
  • 20 September 2015
    20 September 2015
  • 21 September 2015
    21 September 2015
  • 24 September 2015
    24 September 2015
  • 9 October 2015
    9 October 2015
  • 15 October 2015
    15 October 2015
  • 21 December 2015
    21 December 2015
  • 1 January 2016
    1 January 2016
  • 11 March 2016‎
    11 March 2016‎
Culture, entertainment, and lifestyle
  • 8 November 2012‎
    8 November 2012‎
  • 21 September 2014
    21 September 2014
  • 30 October 2014
    30 October 2014
  • 8 December 2014
    8 December 2014
  • 8 December 2014
    8 December 2014
  • 8 December 2014
    8 December 2014
  • 8 December 2014
    8 December 2014
  • 8 December 2014
    8 December 2014
  • 8 December 2014
    8 December 2014
  • 8 December 2014
    8 December 2014
  • 5 July 2015
    5 July 2015
Diagrams, drawings, and maps
  • 7 March 2007
    7 March 2007
  • 9 July 2009
    9 July 2009
  • 22 July 2009
    22 July 2009
  • 29 January 2011
    29 January 2011
  • 28 April 2011
    28 April 2011
Engineering and technology
  • 6 March 2014
    6 March 2014
Food and drink
  • 21 January 2008
    21 January 2008
History
  • 19 October 2008
    19 October 2008
  • 9 May 2009
    9 May 2009
  • 1 April 2014
    1 April 2014
  • 8 October 2014
    8 October 2014
  • 28 October 2014
    28 October 2014
  • 17 April 2015
    17 April 2015
People
  • 16 January 2008
    16 January 2008
  • 20 January 2009
    20 January 2009
  • 28 June 2010
    28 June 2010
  • 13 September 2010
    13 September 2010
  • 20 February 2012‎
    20 February 2012‎
  • 13 January 2013
    13 January 2013
  • 20 July 2013
    20 July 2013
  • 22 January 2014
    22 January 2014
  • 19 September 2014
    19 September 2014
  • 12 October 2014
    12 October 2014
  • 5 November 2014
    5 November 2014
  • 21 December 2014‎
    21 December 2014‎
  • 24 December 2014‎
    24 December 2014‎
  • 14 January 2015
    14 January 2015
  • 26 January 2015
    26 January 2015
  • 3 February 2015
    3 February 2015
  • 13 February 2015
    13 February 2015
  • 9 March 2015
    9 March 2015
  • 20 April 2015
    20 April 2015
  • 23 May 2015
    23 May 2015
  • 7 July 2015
    7 July 2015
  • 6 November 2015
    6 November 2015
  • 4 December 2015
    4 December 2015
  • 1 April 2016
    1 April 2016
Places
  • 24 October 2006
    24 October 2006
  • 13 March 2008
    13 March 2008
  • 3 September 2008
    3 September 2008
  • 10 January 2009
    10 January 2009
  • 21 January 2009
    21 January 2009
  • 6 February 2009
    6 February 2009
  • 19 February 2009
    19 February 2009
  • 4 August 2009
    4 August 2009
  • 1 October 2009
    1 October 2009
  • 22 October 2009
    22 October 2009
  • 13 January 2010
    13 January 2010
  • 18 September 2010
    18 September 2010
  • 9 April 2011
    9 April 2011
  • 20 May 2014
    20 May 2014
  • 29 June 2014
    29 June 2014
  • 16 April 2015
    16 April 2015
Vehicles
  • 4 October 2010
    4 October 2010
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