Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee

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Atal Bihari Vajpayee
I. K. Gujral
In office
13 October 1999 – 22 May 2004
Succeeded byManmohan Singh
Personal details
Born(1924-12-25)25 December 1924
British India
Died16 August 2018(2018-08-16) (aged 93)
New Delhi, India
Political partyBharatiya Janata Party
OccupationPolitician , Poet
This article is part of
a series about
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Premiership

National policy
Legislations
Treaties and accords
Missions and agencies
Controversies
Wars and attacks

Atal Bihari Vajpayee's signature

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Atal Bihari Vajpayee was an Indian politician who served twice as Prime Minister of India, first from 16 May to 1 June 1996, and then from 19 March 1998 to 22 May 2004. A member of the

Indian Parliament, and became the first Prime Minister unaffiliated with the Indian National Congress to complete a full five-year term in office. He died at the age of 93 on Thursday 16 August 2018 at 17:05 at AIIMS, New Delhi
.

Formation of government

After the

H. D. Dewe Gowda, leader of the United Front (UF) coalition, and became the Leader of the Opposition
.

The United Front was only able to sustain a majority in Parliament until 1998, resigning after the

National Democratic Alliance (NDA). Other constituents of the NDA included the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), Bahujan Samaj Party, Shiv Sena, Shiromani Akali Dal, National Conference (NC) and the Trinamool Congress
(TC), amongst others.

By early 1999, the NDA government lost its majority after the AIADMK leader J. Jayalalithaa withdrew its support.[1] President K. R. Narayanan dissolved the Parliament and called fresh elections – the third in two years. Public anger against smaller parties that jeopardised the NDA coalition and the wave of support for the Vajpayee government in the aftermath of the Kargil War gave the BJP a larger presence in the Lok Sabha. The NDA won a decisive majority with the support of new constituents such as the Janata Dal (United) and the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.

Economic policy

The Vajpayee government expanded the process of

Overseas citizenship of India
to enable NRIs to invest and do business freely in India. His government also expanded efforts to encourage foreign investment, especially from Europe and the United States.

Foreign policy

The Vajpayee government improved India's ties with the People's Republic of China, boosting trade and seeking the resolution of territorial disputes through dialogue. India also established strategic and military cooperation with

11 September 2001 attacks, India provided much strategic assistance to the U.S. in its war against the Taliban and Al-Qaeda
.

In 1999, Vajpayee personally travelled to Pakistan on the inaugural

2001-2002 India-Pakistan standoff. In 2003, Vajpayee declared in the Indian Parliament that he was making his final initiative to make peace with Pakistan, and oversaw considerable improvement in relations and a ceasefire between Indian forces and militant groups in the state of Jammu and Kashmir
.

National Security

Pokhran-II nuclear tests

In May, 1998 India conducted five underground nuclear tests –

Pokhran-I test of 1974. These tests established India as a nuclear weapons power
, although it also resulted in the imposition of limited sanctions by the U.S., UK, Canada and other nations. By 2001, most of these sanctions had been lifted.

Kargil War

Main article: Kargil War

In 1999, two months after the bilateral summit in Lahore, India discovered that Pakistani army disguised as terrorists had infiltrated through the

Operation Vijay to evict the infiltrators. By July, 1999 Indian forces had reclaimed territories on its side of the LoC. The Vajpayee government also established the Defence Intelligence Agency to provide better military intelligence and monitor India's border with Pakistan.[citation needed
]

Terrorism

The terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament building on 13 December 2001, conducted by

Prevention of Terrorism Act. Although a tougher anti-terrorism law than Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, POTA was criticised as compromising civil liberties and encouraging profiling of the Indian Muslim community.[5] As the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Parliament, was controlled by opposition parties, the Vajpayee government called a historic joint session of both houses of the Indian Parliament in order to enact POTA into law.[5]

Gujarat violence

Main article:
2002 Gujarat violence

On 27 February 2002, the Sabarmati Express train was attacked at Godhra by a Muslim mob.[6][7][8][9] 59 Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya were killed in the attack.[10] Lasting for over a month, the riots claimed the lives of more than 1,000 people, mostly Muslims.[11][12][13] The state government, led by Narendra Modi of the BJP, was severely criticised for being unable or unwilling to stop the violence.[14]

Vajpayee officially condemned the violence.

neo-conservative mood.[19]

Vajpayee was accused of doing nothing to stop the violence. He later admitted his mistake in underestimating the violence and not doing enough to stop it.[20]

Indian army to quell the violence. Narayanan didn't speak out against Vajpayee during his term as president.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ "South Asia Vajpayee's thirteen months". BBC News. 17 April 1999. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  2. ^ "Govt blames LeT for Parliament attack"
  3. ^ "Terrorist Attack on the Parliament of India - December 13, 2001". Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  4. ^ "Terrorists attack Parliament; five intruders, six cops killed". 2006. Rediff.com. Rediff India. 13 December 2001
  5. ^ a b Sudha Ramachandran (27 March 2002). "New Indian terror law strikes fear". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 14 April 2002. Retrieved 12 July 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  6. ^ India Godhra train blaze verdict: 31 convicted BBC News, 22 February 2011.
  7. ^ It was not a random attack on S-6 but kar sevaks were targeted, says judge The Hindu — 6 March 2011
  8. ^ The Godhra conspiracy as Justice Nanavati saw it Archived 2 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Times of India, 28 September 2008. Retrieved 2012-02-19. Archived 21 February 2012.
  9. ^ Godhra case: 31 guilty; court confirms conspiracy Rediff.com, 22 February 2011 19:26 IST. Sheela Bhatt, Ahmedabad.
  10. ^ Sabarmati Express set ablaze, 57 dead,The Tribune
  11. ^ These figures were reported to the Rajya Sabha by the Union Minister of State for Home Affairs Sriprakash Jaiswal in May, 2005. "Gujarat riot death toll revealed". BBC News. 11 May 2005.
  12. ^ "BJP cites govt statistics to defend Modi". ExpressIndia. Press Trust of India. 12 May 2005. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  13. ^ "254 Hindus, 790 Muslims killed in post-Godhra riots". Indiainfo.com. Press Trust of India. 11 May 2005. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  14. ^ "Court orders Gujarat riot review". BBC News. 17 August 2004.
  15. ^ "Vajpayee condemns Godhra carnage, Gujarat communal violence".
  16. JSTOR 20434000
    .
  17. ^ Ornit Shani (2007). Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat. Cambridge University Press. p. 172.
  18. ^ "Vajpayee equates Islam with terrorism".
  19. ^ a b Rafiq Dossani (2008). India Arriving: How This Economic Powerhouse Is Redefining Global Business. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. p. 154.
  20. ^ "Vajpayee admits mistake over Gujarat". CNN. 13 April 2002. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  21. ^ "Narayanan Blames BJP for Gujarat Riots". 3 March 2005.
  22. ^ "Atal Bihari Vajpayee Awards - Late Prime Minister of india"". Indore [M.P.] India. 6 February 2020.
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