Provençal dialect
Provençal | |
---|---|
prouvençau (mistralian norm) provençal/provençau (classical norm) | |
Native to | France, Italy, Monaco |
Native speakers | (350,000 cited 1990)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | prv (retired); subsumed in oci |
Glottolog | prov1235 |
ELP | Provençal |
IETF | oc-provenc[2][3] |
Provençal (/ˌprɒvɒ̃ˈsɑːl/, also UK: /-sæl/,[4] US: /ˌproʊ-, -vən-/; Occitan: provençau or prouvençau [pʁuveⁿˈsaw]) is a variety of Occitan,[5][6] spoken by people in Provence and parts of Drôme and Gard. The term Provençal used to refer to the entire Occitan language, but more recently it has referred only to the variety of Occitan spoken in Provence.[7][8] However, it can still be found being used to refer to Occitan as a whole, e.g. Merriam-Webster states that it can be used to refer to general Occitan, though this is going out of use.[9]
Provençal is also the customary name given to the
In 2007, all the ISO 639-3 codes for Occitan dialects, including [prv] for Provençal, were retired and merged into [oci] Occitan. The old codes ([prv], [auv], [gsc], [lms], [lnc]) are no longer in active use, but still have the meaning assigned to them when they were established in the Standard.[10]
Some groups have called for Provençal's recognition as a full language, distinct from Occitan. The Regional Council of Provence has variously labelled Provençal as a dialect of Occitan or as a distinct language, depending on different lobbies and political majorities.
Subdialects
The main subdialects of Provençal are:
- Rodanenc (in French Rhodanien) around the lower .
- A Rodanenc subvariety, the Shuadit (or Judeo-Provençal), has been considered extinct since 1977. It was spoken by the Jewish community around Avignon. When Jews were granted freedom of residence in France the dialect declined.
- A Rodanenc subvariety, the
- Maritim or Centrau or Mediterranèu (Maritime or Central or Mediterranean) around Aix-en-Provence, Marseille, Toulon, Cannes, Antibes, Grasse, Forcalquier, Castellane, Draguignan.
- Niçard in the lower County of Nice.
Orthography
When written in the Mistralian norm ("normo mistralenco"), definite articles are lou in the masculine singular, la in the feminine singular and li in the masculine and feminine plural (lis before vowels). Nouns and adjectives usually drop the Latin masculine endings, but -e remains; the feminine ending is -o (this is the opposite of the neighbouring Italian masculine gender). Nouns do not inflect for number, but all adjectives ending in vowels (-e or -o) become -i, and all plural adjectives take -s before vowels.
When written in the classical norm ("nòrma classica"), definite articles are masculine lo [lu], feminine la [la], and plural lei/leis [lej/lejz = li/liz]. Nouns and adjectives usually drop the Latin masculine endings, but -e [e] remains; the feminine ending is -a [ɔ]. Nouns inflect for number, all adjectives ending in vowels (-e or -a) become -ei/-eis [ej/ejz = i/iz] in some syntactic positions, and most plural adjectives take -s.
English | Mistralian norm | Classical norm | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Masculine | the good friend | lou bon ami [lu ˌbɔn aˈmi] |
lo bòn amic [lu ˌbɔn aˈmi] |
Feminine | la bono amigo [la ˌbɔn aˈmigɔ] |
la bòna amiga [la ˌbɔn aˈmigɔ] | ||
Plural | Masculine | the good friends | li bons ami [lej ˌbɔnz aˈmi] = [li ˌbɔnz aˈmi] |
lei bòns amics [lej ˌbɔnz aˈmi] = [li ˌbɔnz aˈmi] |
Feminine | li bònis amigo [lei ˈbɔnejz aˈmigɔ] = [li ˈbɔniz aˈmigɔ] |
lei bòneis amigas [lei ˈbɔnejz aˈmigɔ] = [li ˈbɔniz aˈmigɔ] |
Pronunciation remains the same in both norms (Mistralian and classical), which are only two different ways to write the same language.
The IETF language tags register oc-provenc-grmistr
for the Mistralian orthography and oc-provenc-grclass
for the classical one.[12]
Literature
Modern
See also
Notes
- ^ Provençal dialect at Ethnologue (15th ed., 2005)
- ^ "Occitan (post 1500)". IANA language subtag registry. 18 August 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
- ^ Error: Unable to display the reference properly. See the documentation for details.
- ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
- ^ Holtus, Günther; Metzeltin, Michael; Schmitt, Christian (1991). "Band V/2 Okzitanisch, Katalanisch". Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik (LRL). Berlin, New York: De Gruyter / Max Niemeyer Verlag.
- ^ "Langues régionales". Ministère de la culture (France). Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ISBN 0-7475-3117-X. Retrieved 8 November 2006.
- ^ On the persistent use of Provençal as a synonym of Occitan see: Constanze WETH. « L'occitan / provençal ». Manuel des langues romanes, Edited by Klump, Andre / Kramer, Johannes / Willems, Aline. DE GRUYTER. 2014. Pages: 491–509. ISBN (Online): 9783110302585
- ^ "Definition of PROVENÇAL". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- ^ "Deprecated Language Codes". SIL International.
- ISBN 9788890299742-PN-01
- ^ "Language Subtag registry". IANA. 2023-10-16. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
References
- Jules (Jùli) Ronjat, L’ourtougràfi prouvençalo, Avignon: Vivo Prouvènço!, 1908.
- Robert Lafont, Phonétique et graphie du provençal: essai d’adaptation de la réforme linguistique occitane aux parlers de Provence, Toulouse: Institut d’Études Occitanes, 1951 [2nd ed. 1960]
- Robèrt Lafont, L’ortografia occitana, lo provençau, Montpellier: Universitat de Montpelhièr III-Centre d’Estudis Occitans, 1972.
- Jules Coupier, (& Philippe Blanchet) Dictionnaire français-provençal / Diciounàri francés-prouvençau, Aix en Provence: Association Dictionnaire Français-Provençal / Edisud, 1995. (rhodanian dialect)
- Philippe Blanchet, Le provençal : essai de description sociolinguistique et différentielle, Institut de Linguistique de Louvain, Louvain, Peeters, 1992 (lire en ligne [archive]).
- Philippe Blanchet, Dictionnaire fondamental français-provençal. (Variété côtière et intérieure), Paris, éditions Gisserot-éducation, 2002.
- Philippe Blanchet, Découvrir le provençal, un "cas d'école" sociolinguistique [archive], cours en ligne de l'Université Ouverte des Humanités, 2020.
- Philippe Blanchet, Langues, cultures et identités régionales en Provence. La Métaphore de l’aïoli, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2002.
- Pierre Vouland, Du provençal rhodanien parlé à l'écrit mistralien, précis d'analyse structurale et comparée, Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 2005, 206 pages.
- Alain Barthélemy-Vigouroux & Guy Martin, Manuel pratique de provençal contemporain, Édisud 2006, ISBN 2-7449-0619-0
External links
- Provençal phrasebook travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Provençal - English Dictionary - a list of words, with some mistakes
- Modern Provençal phonology and morphology studied in the language of Frederic Mistral (1921)