Romanian Armed Forces
Romanian Armed Forces | |
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Forțele Armate Române ( | |
Foreign suppliers | Current: Austria France Germany Israel Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal South Korea Spain Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States Former: Soviet Union China Czechoslovakia North Korea |
Annual exports | €187,000,000 (2018)[7] |
Related articles | |
History | Military history of Romania |
Ranks | Romanian Armed Forces ranks and insignia |
The Romanian Armed Forces (
As of 2023, the Armed Forces number 81,300 active personnel and 55,000 reserves. The Land Forces have a reported strength of 35,500, the Air Force 11,700, the Naval Forces 6,800, and Joint Forces 17,500, in 2023.
Military service is voluntary in peacetime (since 2007), and compulsory in case of curfew, war, or national emergency.[10][11][12][13]
History of the Romanian Armed Forces
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: The section requires more information on the air and naval branches as well as relevant historical events that were omitted. (February 2018) |
The modern armies of Moldavia and Wallachia were formed in 1830 following
Romanian War of Independence
The current Romanian Land Forces were formed in 1860, immediately after the unification of
Second Balkan War
Romania mobilized its army on 5 July 1913, with intention of seizing Southern Dobruja, and declared war on Bulgaria on 10 July.[18] In a diplomatic circular that said, "Romania does not intend either to subjugate the polity nor defeat the army of Bulgaria", the Romanian government endeavoured to allay international concerns about its motives and about increased bloodshed.[18] According to Richard Hall, "the entrance of Romania into the conflict made the Bulgarian situation untenable and the Romanian thrust across the Danube was the decisive military act of the Second Balkan War."[19]
World War I
On July 6, 1916, Romania declared war on
World War II
After General (later Marshal) Ion Antonescu took power in September 1940, Romania signed the
The greatest disaster for the Romanian expeditionary force on the
During April–May 1944 the Romanian forces led by General
Highlights (Axis)
- Romanian engineers contributed to the construction of the longest bridge ever built under fire – the bridge over the Dnieper at Beryslav.[25]
- The Romanian capture of Odessa was the most important wartime conquest – without substantial German support – by any of the minor European Axis powers.[26]
- On 1 September 1942, the Romanian 3rd Mountain Division took part in the largest amphibious assault undertaken in Europe by the Axis Powers during the war.[25]
- In late 1942, General Ioan Dumitrache captured Nalchik, the furthest point of Axis advance in the Caucasus.[25]
- Romania provided up to 40% of the Axis personnel in the Kuban Bridgehead. On 7 April 1943, a single Romanian battalion restored the front of an entire German division.[27]
- When an entire German army (the 6th) came under Romanian command in May 1944 (as part of general Petre Dumitrescu's Armeegruppe), German commanders came under the actual (rather than nominal) command of their foreign allies for the first time in the war.[28]
- Romania received more Knight's Crosses than any other non-German Axis power.[25]
- Ion Antonescu was the first foreigner to be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.[29]
- Mihail Lascăr was the first foreign recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves.[30]
- The Romanian Mareșal tank destroyer is credited with being the inspiration for the German Hetzer.[31]
- In terms of heavy armored vehicles, Romania captured 2 KV-1 tanks, 1 IS-2 tank and 1 ISU-152 assault gun. These were the only heavy AFVs that Romania possessed throughout the war, as the country's armor establishment - even as late as July 1944 - never went beyond medium tanks and assault guns.[32]
Cold War
After the
).In 1980 the Romanian Land Forces was reorganized in 4 Army Commands: 1st (Bucharest), 2nd (
In 1989 the RLF had, as armored equipment, a total of 2715 combat vehicles: 945 outdated (soviet WW-2 type)
"Ural-1" tanks.Post-1990
The People's Army was dissolved after the
Structure
The civil oversight of the Romanian Armed Forces is the prerogative of the Ministry of National Defence (Ministerul Apărării Naționale), a department of the Romanian government. The highest professional military body of command and control is the General Staff of Defence (Statul Major al Apărării).
Ministry of National Defence (Ministerul Apărării Naționale), Bucharest[36]
Main departments under the direct command of the minister of national defence:
- Department for Defence Policy, Planning and International Relations
- Institute for Political Studies on Defence and Military History
- Department for Parliament Liaison and Personnel Welfare
- Defence Intelligence General Directorate
- General Secretariat
- Armament General Directorate
- Military Equipment and Technologies Research Agency
- Human Resources Management General Directorate
- Control and inspection corps
- Finance General Directorate
- Juridical General Directorate
- Internal Audit Directorate
- Domain and Infrastructure Division
- Information and Public Relations Directorate
- Directorate for the Prevention and Investigation of Corruption and Fraud
- General Staff of Defence (Statul Major al Apărării), Bucharest
- Land Forces Staff
- Air Force Staff
- Naval Forces Staff
- Medical Directorate
- "Carol I" National Defence University
- Military Technical Academy
- Structures under the direct command of the minister of national defence:
- Directorate of Military Courts
- Military State Pension Fund
- The National Office for Heroes' Memory
- Military Sports Club - Steaua Bucuresti
- Other structures:
- National Defence College
- Regional Department for Studies on the Management of Defence Resources
- NATO Force Integration Unit (NFIU)
General Staff of Defence
General Staff of Defence (Statul Major al Apărării)
- Leadership:[37]
- Chief of the General Staff of Defence (Șeful Statului Major al Apărării)
- Deputy Chief of the General Staff of Defence (Locțiitor al șefului Statului Major al Apărării)
- Deputy Chief for Resources of the General Staff of Defence (Locțiitor pentru resurse al șefului Statului Major al Apărării)
- Director of the General Staff of Defence (Director al Statului Major al Apărării)
- Command NCO of the General Staff of Defence (Subofițerul de comandă al Statului Major al Apărării)
- Directorates:[38]
- Personnel and Mobilisation Directorate (Direcția personal și mobilizare)
- Operations Directorate (Direcția operații)
- Logistics Directorate (Direcția logistică)
- Strategic Planning Directorate (Direcția planificare strategică)
- Communications and Information Technology Directorate (Direcția comunicații și tehnologia informației)
- Training and Doctrine Directorate (Direcția instruire și doctrină)
- Infrastructure and Equipment Planning Directorate (Direcția structuri și planificarea înzestrării)
- Medical Directorate (Direcția medicală)
- Service branches:[39]
- Land Forces Staff (Statul Major al Forțelor Terestre)
- Air Forces Staff (Statul Major al Forțelor Aeriene)
- Naval Forces Staff (Statul Major al Forțelor Navale)
- Commands:[40]
- National Military Command Center (Centrul Național Militar de Comandă)
- Cyber-Defence Command (Comandamentul Apărării Cibernetice)
- Communications and Information Command (Comandamentul Comunicațiilor și Informaticii)
- Joint Forces Command (Comandamentul Forțelor Întrunite)
- Special Operations Forces Command (Comandamentul Forțelor pentru Operații Speciale)
- Joint Logistics Command (Comandamentul Logistic Întrunit)
- Delegations:[41]
- Romanian Military Delegation to NATO and the EU (Reprezentanța militară a României la NATO și UE)
- National Liaison Delegation at the Allied Command Transformation (Reprezentanța Națională de Legătură la Comandamentul Aliat pentru Transformare), Norfolk, US
- Delegation of the General Staff for Defence at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (Reprezentanța SMAp la Comandamentul suprem al forțelor aliate din Europa (SHAPE)), Mons, Belgium
- Other organisations:[42]
- Military Technical Academy "Ferdinand I" (Academia Tehnică Militară "Ferdinand I")
- National Defence University "Carol I" (Universitatea Națională de Apărare "Carol I")
- Defence Geospatial Information Agency (Agenția de Informații Geospațiale a Apărării)
- Romanian National Military Archive (Arhivele Militare Naționale Romane)
- National Military Museum "King Ferdinand" (Muzeul Militar Național "Regele Ferdinand")
- National Cataloguisation Bureau (Biroul Național de Codificare)
Equipment
The Land Forces have overhauled their equipment in recent years, and are today a modern
Manpower
Romania joined NATO in 2004. As a consequence, extensive preparations were made to abolish conscription by 2007 and create a professional army in place of a conscripted one.
The new armed forces include 81,300 active personnel and 55,000 reserves. Some 35,500 make up the Romanian Land Forces, 11,700 serve as the Romanian Air Force and 6,800 are in the Romanian Naval Forces; the remaining 17,500 serve in other fields.[8]
Future
The Romanian Military will essentially undergo a three-stage restructuring. As of 2017, the first two stages have been completed. 2015 marked the end of the second stage when the armed forces reached a superior compatibility with NATO forces.[44] In 2025, the long-term stage is to be completed. The stages aim at modernizing the structure of the armed forces, reducing the personnel as well as acquiring newer and more improved technology that is compatible with NATO standards.[44]
The military sees obsolete Soviet-era equipment as a major limitation and intends to buy modern combat equipment under the Armata 2040 project.
Current deployments
As of April 2022, Romania has 429 military personnel deployed in international missions. Largest deployments being: 203 troops in
Other militarized institutions
The following Romanian institutions have military status but are not part of the Armed Forces:
- Ministry of Administration and Interior;
- Inspectoratul General al Corpului Pompierilor Militari (Military Firefighters) and Comandamentul Protecției Civile (Civil Defence), merged into the Romanian Inspectorate for Emergency Situationswithin the Ministry of the Interior;
- Inspectoratul General de Aviație (General Aviation Inspectorate) within the Ministry of the Interior
- Serviciul Român de Informații(Romanian Intelligence Service);
- Serviciul de Protecție și Pază(Protection and Guard Service, provides protection to Romanian and foreign officials);
- Serviciul de Telecomunicații Speciale (Special Telecommunications Service);
- Serviciul de Informații Externe(Foreign Intelligence Service).
See also
- List of the Chiefs of the General Staff of Romania
- List of generals of the Romanian Armed Forces
- List of countries by number of active troops
- Foreign relations of Romania
- Equipment of the Romanian Armed Forces
- Romanian Land Forces
- Romanian Air Force
- Romanian Naval Forces
Citations
- ^ "Șeful Statului Major al Apărării". defense.ro.
- ^ "Romania Ends Conscription". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 8 April 2008.
- ^ a b International Institute for Strategic Studies 2023, p. 126.
- ^ a b "Situația cu efectivele Armatei României participante la misiuni internaționale". SMAp.
- ^ https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-defence-budget-2024#:~:text=The%20Romanian%20government%20will%20ensure,still%20below%202.5%25%20of%20GDP.
- ^ https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-defence-budget-2024#:~:text=The%20Romanian%20government%20will%20ensure,still%20below%202.5%25%20of%20GDP.
- ^ [1] Archived 2015-01-18 at the Wayback Machine Gandul, 13 January 2015.
- ^ a b c d International Institute for Strategic Studies 2023, pp. 140–141.
- ^ "Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014-2023)" (PDF). NATO. 7 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ "Country report and updates". War Resisters' International. 15 June 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- ^ "Romania Ends Conscription". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 8 April 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- ^ "End to National Service Cheers Young Romanians". iwpr.net. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- ^ "LEGE 446 30/11/2006 - Portal Legislativ". legislatie.just.ro. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- ^ Șomâcu, Cornel (23 April 2015). "Înființarea armatei pământene în zorii secolului al XIX-lea" (in Romanian).
- ^ (in Romanian) Liviu Maior, 1848–1849. Români și unguri în revoluție (Romanians and Hungarians in the revolution), Bucharest, Editura Enciclopedică, 1998.
- ^ "Repere istorice". mapn.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 12 September 2023.
- Jiu and Corabia, the demonstration is absolutely necessary to facilitate my movements.)
- ^ a b Hall (2000), p. 117.
- ^ Hall (2000), pp. 117–18.
- ^ Vincent Esposito, Atlas of American Wars, Vol 2, text for map 40
- ^ John Keegan, World War I, pg. 308.
- ^ World War I Documents, Articles 248-263 Archived 2007-12-10 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on February 28, 2008.
- ^ Leo Niehorster, Army Group Antonescu, 22 June 1941 Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, accessed June 2011
- ^
Constantiniu, Florin, O istorie sinceră a poporului român ("An Honest History of the Romanian People"), Ed. Univers Enciclopedic, București, 1997, ISBN 973-9243-07-X.
- ^ a b c d Spencer C. Tucker, ABC-CLIO, Sep 6, 2016, World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection, p. 1422
- ^ Mark Axworthy, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945, p. 58
- ^ Mark Axworthy, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945, pp. 127-128
- ^ Samuel W. Mitcham, Stackpole Books, 2007, The German Defeat in the East, 1944-45, p. 163
- ^ Joseph Rothschild, University of Washington Press, May 1, 2017, East Central Europe between the Two World Wars, p. 317
- ^ David M. Glantz, Jonathan M. House, University Press of Kansas, Jul 13, 2019, Stalingrad, p. 351
- ^ Steven J. Zaloga, Bloomsbury Publishing, Apr 20, 2013, Tanks of Hitler’s Eastern Allies 1941–45, p. 31
- ^ Mark Axworthy, London: Arms and Armour, 1995, Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945, pp. 153 and 221
- ^ Румыния полностью вывела свои войска из Ирака // REGNUM.RU от 21 августа 2009
- ^ Румыния // "Зарубежное военное обозрение", № 9 (798), сентябрь 2013. стр. 91
- ^ Tony Perry. Romania shows its support for the U.S.-led mission in Afghanistan // "Los Angeles Times" от 19 августа 2010
- ^ "Central structures under the direct command of the minister of national defence". Ministry of National Defence.
- ^ "Conducere". Statul Major al Apărării.
- ^ "Direcții". Statul Major al Apărării.
- ^ "Categorii de forțe". Statul Major al Apărării.
- ^ "Comandamente". Statul Major al Apărării.
- ^ "Reprezentanțe". Statul Major al Apărării.
- ^ "Alte structuri". Statul Major al Apărării.
- ^ Adamowski, Jaroslaw (8 August 2017). "Romania to Award Armored Vehicles Deal to Germany's Rheinmetall".
- ^ a b Ministry of National Defence, Strategia de transformare a Armatei României ("Strategy for the transformation of the Romanian Army") Archived 2008-02-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ https://sg.mapn.ro/proiecte/Strategia%20militara%20a%20Romaniei%201.pdf
- ^ "The Bucharest Parliament approved the procedure for the purchase of 32 F-35 aircraft". romanianbusinessjournal.ro. 24 October 2023.
References
- IISS (2018). The Military Balance 2018. Routledge. ISBN 9781857439557.
- IISS (2020). The Military Balance 2020. Routledge. ISBN 978-0367466398.
- ISBN 9781032508955.
Further reading
- Daniel N. Nelson, 'Armies, Security, and Democracy in Southeastern Europe,' Armed Forces & Society, Vol. 28, No.3, Spring 2002.
External links
- (in English) Official site of the Romanian Ministry of Defence (MoD)
- (in English) Official site of the Romanian General Staff
- (in Romanian) Official site of the Romanian Land Forces
- (in Romanian) Official site of the Romanian Air Force
- (in English) Official site of the Romanian Naval Forces
- (in Romanian) Romania Military