Rosario Candela
Rosario Candela | |
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née Pizzurro) | |
Buildings | 740 Park Avenue 778 Park Avenue 834 Fifth Avenue 960 Fifth Avenue One Sutton Place South |
Rosario Candela (March 7, 1890 – October 3, 1953) was an
Life
Early life and education
Born in Montelepre, Italy in 1890, Candela immigrated to New York in 1906.[4][5] He returned to Italy after his arrival to study there and returned to the US in 1909.[citation needed] His father was Michele Candela, a plasterer, and his mother was Josephine Pizzurro. He gained admission to the Columbia University School of Architecture and graduated in 1915.[6] Keenly aware of his talent, he went so far as to erect a velvet rope around his drafting table to prevent other students from copying his designs.[7]
Career
After graduation, Candela worked briefly as a draftsman for the
Candela's greatest work would occur during the latter half of the 1920s, when he designed numerous apartment buildings on the
The exteriors of his buildings tended to be understated, particularly in view of some of the more exuberant styles popular during the period.[
During the Great Depression, work fell off dramatically and Candela received only sporadic commissions. While the quantity declined considerably, the quality of his designs rarely suffered. During this time, he expressed his interest in codes and ciphers, publishing two books on the topic.[9] He continued his practice up until his death in 1953. Chesley Bonestell, first an architect, and later a noted science fiction illustrator, painted two pictures for him, one of his home and one of his son.[citation needed]
Cryptography
Candela began studying cryptography in 1930 after learning about the accomplishments of the Army Signal Corps in WWI.[10] He decrypted messages originally coded in 1898 by Commandant Étienne Bazeries of the French Army. Commandant Bazeries was "one of the most brilliant cryptologists of his era,"[11] and developed an encryption method considered unbreakable.[12] Candela wrote a book, The Military Cipher of Commandant Bazeries, in 1938 detailing how he broke Bazeries' code. Starting in 1941, Candela taught a class on cryptography and cryptanalytics at Hunter College in New York. At the time, the course was considered the only one of its kind offered to the public in the United States.[10] When the war came, he worked for the OSS — the forerunner of the CIA.[13]
Books by Candela
- Candela, Rosario (1938). The Military Cipher of Commandant Bazeries — An Essay in Decrypting. New York: Cardanus Press. OCLC 814084.
- Candela, Rosario (1946). Isomorphism and Its Applications in Cryptanalytics. New York: Cardanus Press. OCLC 708605.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-0385512091.
- Alpern, Andrew; Christopher Gray, preface. David Netto, foreword. ISBN 978-0-926494-20-6
Work
Buildings
All within New York City unless otherwise noted. Source: Rosario Candela listing in Emporis Buildings
Early 1900s
- 575 West End Avenue, 1914
1920s
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1930s
- 1220 Park Avenue, 1930
- 770 Park Avenue, 1930[20]
- 1040 Fifth Avenue, 1930
- 1021 Park Avenue, 1930
- 834 Fifth Avenue, 1930
- 12 East 88th Street, 1931
- 1500 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois, 1931
- 56 Seventh Avenue, 1931
- 778 Park Avenue, 1931[20]
- 2 Beekman Place, 1932
- 3 Times Square (Rialto Theatre), 1935 (replaced by Reuters Building, 2001)
- Normandie Theatre (51 East 53rd Street), 1936 (demolished in the 1950s)
- 19 East 72nd Street, with Mott B. Schmidt, 1936[21]
- Regency Park, 1937
- 955 Fifth Avenue, 1938
Outside of New York City:
- Personal Normandy Style home in Harrison, New York 1930
- Personal homes of friends in Bronxville and Tarrytown
1940s
- 44 East 67th Street, 1941
- 135 East 54th Street, 1948
- 1 East 66th Street, 1948
Twin apartments on Collins Ave. In Mount Vernon abutting the Fleetwood train station.
- 3103 Fairfield Avenue, Riverdale, The Bronx (1949)
1950s
- Montclair on the Park, St. Louis, MO, 1951
- Public School 87, NY, NY, 1953[22]
Projects
- 960 Fifth Avenue, with Warren & Wetmore, 1929
Footnotes
- ^ "Newsday (Nassau Edition) 07 Oct 1953, page 93".
- ^ Lee, Linda (2001-10-11). "CURRENTS: ARCHITECTURE; An Inside Look At Grand Apartments". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ISBN 0-926494-20-1. OCLC 46385874.
- ^ U.S. Immigration Service. List or Manifest of Alien Passengers for the U.S. Immigration Officer at Port of Arrival (Ship Manifest), Immigration Service Form 500 B. S.S. Napolitan Prince sailing from Palermo on November 12, 1906 and arriving in Port of New York on November 27, 1906. American Family Immigration History Center (Ellis Island Archives) posted this manifest online at www.ellisisland.org.
- ^ U.S. Immigration Service. List or Manifest of Alien Passengers for the U.S. Immigration Officer at Port of Arrival (Ship Manifest), Immigration Service Form 500 B. S.S. Sicilian Prince sailing from Palermo on October 22, 1906 and arriving in Port of New York on November 08, 1906. American Family Immigration History Center (Ellis Island Archives) posted this manifest online at www.ellisisland.org.
- ^ a b Gray, Christopher (1988-09-11). "Apartments by Candela: Grandest of the Grand". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ^ OCLC 60669137.
- ^ OCLC 46385874. Excerpted from book review by Carter B. Horsley
- ^ a b c Gray, Christopher (2006-02-05). "A Renowned Architect's Less Renowned Designs". The New York Times.
- ^ a b The New York Times. "Deciphering Military Codes Is Course In Hunter College Evening Division", September 28, 1941, D7.
- ^ Candela, Rosario. The Military Cipher of Commandant Bazeries (New York: Cardanus Press, 1938), 3.
- ^ Rosario, p. 10
- ^ Joanna Scutts (May 17, 2018). "Rosario Candela and the invention of high-rise luxury". NY Curbed. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
- ISBN 0-926494-20-1. OCLC 46385874.
- ^ New York 1930: Architecture Between the Two World Wars, Robert A.M. Stern et al.
- ^ American Guild of Organists. "Second Presbyterian Church". Retrieved 2007-10-10.
- ^ Gray, Christopher (2004-09-05). "Streetscapes: An Elegant 1920's Building at an Unshowy Address". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ^ Gray, Christopher (1990-10-21). "Streetscapes: 740 Park Avenue; Repairs for a '29 Luxury Co-op". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ^ Barbanel, Josh (2006-11-09). "A Classic Candela With a Storied Past, but Few Takers". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ^ a b Gray, Christopher (2003-06-08). "Streetscapes: 770 and 778 Park Avenue, at 73rd Street; Fraternal-Twin Examples of East Side Superluxury". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ^ Gray, Christopher (1996-09-29). "A 30's Building Where the Duplex Was King". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ^ "Two New Schools In Building Plans". The New York Times. 1952-11-15. Retrieved 2015-11-18.